Volatile metabolic monitoring of glycemic status in diabetes using electronic olfaction

Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 534-544

  Dalton, Pamela ^a   Gelperin, Alan ^a   Preti, George ^a  

^a MONELL CHEMICAL SENSES CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETONE;

BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; BREATH ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIABETES CONTROL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; ELECTRONIC OLFACTION TECHNOLOGY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HUMAN; ODOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SELF MONITORING; SELF REPORT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TECHNOLOGY; URINALYSIS; VOLATILIZATION;

ADOLESCENT; BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; BLOOD GLUCOSE; CHILD; CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS; DIABETES MELLITUS; ELECTRONICS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MILITARY MEDICINE; ODORS; SMELL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 4344563940     PISSN: 15209156     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/1520915041705992     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Liddell K: Smell as a diagnostic marker. Postgrad Med J 1976;52:136-138.
2. Phillips M: Breath tests in medicine. Sci Am 1992;267:74-79.
3. Penn D, Potts WK: Chemical signals and parasite-mediated sexual selection. Trends Ecol Evol 1998;13:391-396.
4. Labows J, Preti G, Hoelzle E, Ley den J, Kligman A: Analysis of human axillary volatiles: compounds of exogenous origin. J Chromatogr 1979;163:294-299.
5. De Boever EH, Loesche WJ: Assessing the contribution of anaerobic microflora of the tongue to oral malodor. J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126:1384-1393.
6. Tonzetich J: Oral malodour: an indicator of health status and oral cleanliness. Int Dent J 1978;28:309-319.
7. Tonzetich J: Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. J Periodontol 1977;48:13-20.
8. Zeng C, Spielman AI, Vowels BR, Leyden JJ, Biemann K, Preti G: A human axillary odorant is carried by apolipoprotein D. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:6626-6630.
9. Spielman AI, Sunavala G, Harmony JA, Stuart WD, Leyden JJ, Turner G, Vowels BR, Lam WC, Yang S, Preti G: Identification and immunohistochemical localization of protein precursors to human axillary odors in apocrine glands and secretions. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:813-818.
10. Spielman AI, Zeng XN, Leyden JJ, Preti G: Proteinaceous precursors of human axillary odor: isolation of two novel odor-binding proteins. Experientia 1995;51:40-47.
11. Zeng X-N, Leyden JJ, Brand JG, Spielman AI, McGingley K, Preti G: Analysis of characteristic odors from human male axillae. J Chem Ecol 1992;18:1039-1055.
12. Zeng C, Leyden JJ, Spielman AI, Preti G: Analysis of characteristic human female odors: qualitative comparisons to males. J Chem Ecol 1996;22:237-257.
13. Zeng X-N, Leyden JJ, Brand JG, Spielman AI, McGingley CM, Preti G: An investigation of human apocrine gland secretion for axillary odor precursors. J Chem Ecol 1992;18:1039-1055.
14. Huggins GR, Preti G: Vaginal odors and secretions. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1981;24:355-377.
15. Nordstrum K, McGinley K, Cappiello L, Zechman J, Leyden JJ: Kertatolysis: the role of Micrococcus sedentarius. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:1320-1325.
16. Kanda F, Yagi E, Fukuda M, Nakajima K, Ohta T, Nakata O: Elucidation of chemical compounds responsible for foot malodour. Br J Dermatol 1990;122:771-776.
17. Bernier UR, Kline DL, Barmard.D.R., Schreck CE, Yost RA: Analysis of human skin emanations by gas chromatography/mass spectometry. 2. Identification of volatile compounds that are candidate attractants for the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti). Anal Chem 2000;72:747-756.
18. Haze S, Gozu Y, Nakamura S, Kohno Y, Sawano K, Ohta H, Yamazaki K: 2-Nonenal newly found in human body odor tends to increase with aging. J Invest Dermatol 2001;116:520-524.
19. Crofford OB, Mallard RE, Winton RE, Rogers NL, Jackson CJ, Keller U: Acetone in breath and blood. Criminal Sci 1978;(88):128-139.
20. Kundu SK, Bruzek JA, Nair R, Judilla AM: Breath acetone analyzer: diagnostic tool to monitor dietary fat loss. Clin Chem 1993;39:87-92.
21. Levey S, Balchum OJ, Medrano V, Jung R: Studies of metabolic products in expired air. II. Acetone. J Lab Clin Med 1964;63:574-584.
22. Rooth G, Ostensen S: Acetone in alveolar air, and the control of diabetes. Lancet 1966;19:1102-1105.
23. Stewart RD, Boettner EA: Expired-air acetone in diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1964;270:1035-1038.
24. Rooth G: Insulin action measured by acetone disappearance, preliminary report. Acta Med Scand 1967; 182:271-272.
25. Sulway MJ, Malinas MJ: Acetone in diabetic ketoacidosis. Lancet 1970;I:736-740.
26. Trotter MD, Sulway MJ, Trotter E: The rapid determination of acetone in breath and plasma. Clin Chim Acta 1971;35:137-143.
27. Rooth G, Tibbling G: Free fatty acid, glycerol, and alveolar acetone in obese women during phenformin treatment. Acta Med Scand 1968;184:263-267.
28. Teranishi R, Mon TR, Robinson AB, Gary P, Pauling L: Gas chromatography of volatiles from breath and urine. Anal Chem 1972;44:18-20.
29. Sastry SD, Buck KT, Janak J, Dressier M, Preti G: Volatiles emitted by humans. Biochem Appl Mass Spectrom 1980;34(Suppl 1):1086-1129.
30. Zlatkis A, Brazell RS, Poole CF: The role of organic volatile profiles in clinical diagnosis. Clin Chem 1981;27:789-797.
31. Kronert K, Kunzel M, Reutter B, Zimmermann C, Liebich HM, Luft D, Eggstein M: Urinary excretion patterns of endogenously produced alcohols in type 1 (IDDM) and type 2 (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus compared with healthy control subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Prac 1990;10:161-165.
32. Lochner A, Weisner S, Zlatkis A, Middleditch BS: Gas Chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis of volatile constituents in saliva. J Chromatogr 1968; 378:267-282.
33. Zlatkis A, Poole CF, Brazeli R, Spencer PS: Volatile metabolites in sera of normal and diabetic patients. J Chromatogr 1980;182:137-145.
34. Conkle JP, Camp BJ, Welch BE: Trace composition of human respiratory breath. Arch Environ Health 1975;36:290-295.
35. Krotoszynski B, Gabriel G, O'Neill H, Claudio MP: A characterization of human expired air: a promising investigative and diagnostic technique. J Chromatogr Sci 1977;15:239-244.
36. Manolis A: The diagnostic potential of breath analysis. Clin Chem 1983;29:5-15.
37. Phillips M, Greenberg J: Detection of endogenous acetone in normal human breath. J Chromatogr 1987;422:235-238.
38. Crofford OB, Mallard RE, Winton RE, Rogers NL, Jackson JC, Keller U: Acetone in breath and blood. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 1977;88:128-139.
39. Liebich HM: Gas Chromatographic mass spectrometric determination of total 4-heptanone, a new marker in diabetes mellitus. J Chromatogr A 1983; 273:67-75.
40. Paredi P, Biernacki W, Invernizzi G, Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ: Exhaled carbon monoxide levels elevated in diabetes and correlated with glucose concentration in blood: a new test for monitoring the disease? Chest 1999;116:1007-1011.
41. Nelson N, Lagesson V, Nosratabadi AR, Ludvigsson J, Tagesson C: Exhaled isoprene and acetone in newborn infants and in children with diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Res 1998;44:363-367.
42. Evans ND, Gnudi L, Rolinski OJ, Birch DJ, Pickup JC: Non-invasive glucose monitoring by NAD(P)H autofluorescence spectroscopy in fibroblasts and adipocytes: a model for skin glucose sensing. Diabetes Technol Ther 2003;5:807-816.
43. Pickup J, Rolinski O, Birch D: In vivo glucose sensing for diabetes management: progress towards non-invasive monitoring. Br Med J 1999;319:1289.
44. Borriello SP: Science, medicine, and the future. Near patient microbiological tests. Br Med J 1999;319: 298-301.
45. Greenwood JE, Crawley BA, Clark SL, Chadwick PR, Ellison DA, Oppenheim BA, McCollum CN: Monitoring wound healing by odour. J Wound Care 1997;6:219-221.
46. Pavlou AK, Turner AP, Magan N: Recognition of anaerobic bacterial isolates in vitro using electronic nose technology. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002;35:366-369.
47. Mohamed EI, Bruno E, Linder R, Alessandrini M, Di Girolamo A, Poppl SJ, Puija A, De Lorenzo A: A novel method for diagnosing chronic rhinosinusitis based on an electronic nose. An Otorrinolaringol Ibero Am 2003;30:447-457.
48. Thaler ER: The diagnostic utility of an electronic nose: rhinologic applications. Laryngoscope 2002; 112:1533-1542.
49. Aathithan S, Plant JC, Chaudry AN, French GL: Diagnosis of bacteriuria by detection of volatile organic compounds in urine using an automated headspace analyzer with multiple conducting polymer sensors. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:2590-2593.
50. Boilot P, Mines EL, Gardnerr JW, Pitt R, John S, Mitchell J, Morgan DW: Classification of bacteria responsible for ENT and eye infections using the Cyranose system. IEEE Sensors J 2002;2:247-253.
51. Chandiok S, Crawley BA, Oppenheim BA, Chadwick PR, Higgins S, Persaud KC: Screening for bacterial vaginosis: a novel application of artificial nose technology. J Clin Pathol 1997;50:790-791.
52. Hay P, Tummon A, Ogunfile M, Adebiyi A, Adefowora A: Evaluation of a novel diagnostic test for bacterial vaginosis: 'the electronic nose.' Int J STD AIDS 2003;4:114-118.
53. Probert CS, Jones PR, Ratcliffe NM: A novel method for rapidly diagnosing the causes of diarrhea. Gut 2004;53:58-61.
54. Di Natale C, Macagnano A, Martinelli E, Paolesse R, D'Arcangelo G, Roscioni C, Finazzi-Agro A, D'Amico A: Lung cancer identification by the analysis of breath by means of an array of non-selective gas sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2003;18:1209-1218.
55. Lai SY, Deffenderfer OF, Hanson W, Phillips MP, Thaler ER: Identification of upper respiratory bacterial pathogens with the electronic nose. Laryngoscope 2002;112:975-979.
56. Mohamed EI, Linder R, Perriello G, Di Daniele N, Poppl SJ, De Lorenzo A: Predicting Type 2 diabetes using an electronic nose-based artificial neural network analysis. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2002;15:215-221.
57. Ping W, Yi T, Xie HB, Shen FR: A novel method for diabetes diagnosis based on electronic nose. Biosensors Bioelectron 1997;12:1031-1036.
58. Zhang Q, Wang P, Li J, Gao X: Diagnosis of diabetes by image detection of breath using gas-sensitive LAPS. Biosens Bioelectron 2000;15:249-256.
59. Persaud KC, Pisanelli AM, Evans P: Medical diagnostics and health monitoring. In: Pearce TC, Schiffman SS, Nagle HT, Gardner JW, eds. Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2003:445-460.
60. Turner APF, Magan N: Electronic noses and disease diagnostics. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004;2:161-166.
61. Devos M, Patte F, Rouault J, Laffort P, Van Gemert LJ: Standardized Human Olfactory Thresholds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
62. Hopfield JJ: Odor space and olfactory processing: collective algorithms and neural implementation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:12506-12511.
63. Hines EL, Boilot P, Gardner JW, Gongora MA: Pattern analysis for electronic noses. 2003;133-160.
64. Linster C, Cleland TA: Configurational and elemental odor mixture perception can arise from local inhibition. J Comput Neurosci 2004;16:39-47.
65. Persaud K, Dodd GH: Analysis of discrimination mechanisms of the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose. Nature 1982;299:352-355.
66. Buck L, Axel R: A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell 1991;65:175-187.
67. Mombaerts P: Seven-transmembrane proteins as odorant and chemosensory receptors. Science 1999; 286:707-711.
68. Zhang X, Firestein S: The olfactory gene superfamily in the mouse. Nat Neurosci 2002;5:124-133.
69. Gelperin A, Hopfield JJ: Electronic and computational olfaction. In: Given P, ed. Chemistry of Taste. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2002: 289-317.
70. Nanto H, Stetter JR: Introduction to chemosensors. In: Pearce TC, Schiffman SS, Nagle HT, Gardner JW, eds. Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2003:79-104.
71. Asson-Batres MA, Ahmad O, Smith WB: Expression of the cellular retinoic acid binding proteins, type II and type I, in mature rat olfactory epithelium. Cell Tissue Res 2003;312:9-19.
72. Farbman AI: Developmental biology of olfactory sensory neurons. Semin Cell Biol 1994;5:3-10.
73. Graziadei PPC, Graziadei-Monti GA: Neurogenesis and neuron regeneration in the olfactory system of mammals. I. Morphological aspects of differentiation and structural organization of the olfactory sensory neurons. J Neurocytol 1979;8:1-18.
74. Chase R, Rieling J: Autoradiographic evidence for receptor cell renewal in the olfactory epithelium of a snail. Brain Res 1986;384:232-239.
75. Tillman ES, Koscho ME, Grubbs RH, Lewis NS: Enhanced sensitivity to and classification of volatile carboxylic acids using arrays of linear poly(ethylenimine)-carbon black composite vapor detectors. Anal Chem 2003;75:1748-1753.
76. Tillman ES, Lewis NS: Mechanism of enhanced sensitivity of linear pory(ethylenimine)-carbon black detectors to carboxylic acid vapors. Sensor Actuat B Chem 2003;96:329-342.
77. Guan S: Frequency encoding of resonant mass sensors for chemical vapor detection. Anal Chem 2003;75:4551-4557.
78. Bailer MK, Lang HP, Fritz J, Gerber C, Gimzewsk JK, Drechsler U, Rothuizen H, Despont M, Vettiger P, Battiston FM, Ramseyer JP, Fornaro P, Meyer E, Guntherodt HJ: A cantilever array-based artificial nose. Ultramicroscopy 2000;82:1-9.
79. Headrick JJ, Sepaniak MJ, Lavrik NV, Datskos PG: Enhancing chemi-mechanical transduction in microcantilever chemical sensing by surface modification. Ultramicroscopy 2003;97:417-424.
80. Albert KJ, Walt DR: Information coding in artificial olfaction multisensor arrays. Anal Chem 2003;75: 4161-4167.
81. Dickinson TA, White J, Kauer JS, Walt DR: A chemical-detecting system based on a cross-reactive optical sensor array. Nature 1996;382:697-700.
82. Epstein JR, Walt DR: Fluorescence-based fibre optic arrays: a universal platform for sensing. Chem Soc Rev 2003;32:203-214.
83. Crone BK, Dodabalapur A, Sarpeshkar R, Gelperin A, Katz HE, Bao Z: Organic oscillator and adaptive amplifier circuits for chemical vapor sensing. J Appl Phys 2002;91:10140-10146.
84. Someya T, Katz HE, Gelperin A, Lovinger AJ, Dodabalapur A: Vapor sensing with α,ω-dihexylquarterthiophene field-effect transistors: the role of grain boundaries. Appl Phys Lett 2002;81:3079-3081.
85. Crone B, Dodabalapur A, Gelperin A, Torsi L, Katz HE, Lovinger AJ, Sarpeshkar R, Bao Z: Electronic sensing of vapors with organic transistors. Appl Phys Lett 2001;78:2229-2231.
86. Lofdahl M, Utaiwasin C, Carlsson A, Lundstrom I, Eriksson M: Gas response dependence on gate metal morphology of field-effect devices. Sensor Actuat B Chem 2001;80:183-192.
87. Hatfield JV, Covington JA, Gardner JW: GasFETs incorporating conducting polymers as gate materials. Sensor Actuat B Chem 2000;65:253-256.
88. Gelperin A, Dawson JL, Cazares SM, Seung HS: Rapid fruit cultivar identification by an artificial olfactory system. In: Hurst WJ, ed. Electronic Noses and Sensor Array Based Systems. Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., 1999:263-274.
89. Vanneste E, Geise HJ: Commercial electronic nose instruments. In: Pearce TC, Schiffman SS, Nagle HT, Gardner JW, eds. Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2003:161-179.
90. 2 using tin oxide nanowire sensors. Adv Mater 2003;15:997-1000.
91. Kong J, Franklin NR, Zhou C, Chapline MG, Peng S, Cho K, Dai, H: Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors. Science 2000;287:622-625.
92. Ong KG, Zeng K, Grimes CA: A wireless, passive carbon nanotube-based gas sensor. IEEE Sensors J 2002;2:82-88.
93. Cui Y, Wei Q, Park H, Lieber CM: Nanowire nanosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of biological and chemical species. Science 2001;293:1289-1292.
94. Javey A, Kim H, Brink M, Wang Q, Ural A, Guo J, Mclntyre P, McEuen P, Lundstrom M, Dai H: High-kappa dielectrics for advanced carbon-nanotube transistors and logic gates. Nat Mater 2002;1:241-246.
95. Li YM, Mann D, Rolandi M, Kim W, Ural A, Hung S, Javey A: Preferential growth of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes by a plasma enhanced CVD method. Nano Lett 2004;4:317-321.
96. Torsi L, Lovinger AJ, Crone B, Someya T, Dodabalapur A, Katz HE, Gelperin A: Correlation between oligothiophene thin film transistor morphology and vapor responses. J Phys Chem B 2002;106:12563-12568.
97. Zhong Z, Wang D, Cui Y, Bockrath MW, Lieber CM: Nanowire crossbar arrays as address decoders for integrated nanosystems. Science 2003;302:1377-1379.
98. Belkin M, Niyogi P: Laplacian eigenmaps for dimensionality reduction and data representation. Neural Computat 2003;15:1373-1396.
99. Lee DD, Seung HS: Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization. Nature 1999;401: 788-791.
100. Roweis ST, Saul LK: Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding. Science 2000;290:2323-2326.
101. Seung HS, Lee DD: Cognition. The manifold ways of perception. Science 2000;290:2268-2269.
102. Tenenbaum JB, de Suva V, Langford JC: A global geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Science 2000;290:2319-2323.
103. Ludvigsson J, Hanas R: Continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring improved metabolic control in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: a controlled crossover study. Pediatrics 2003;111:933-938.
104. Morgott DA: Acetone. In: Clayton GD, Clayton FE, eds. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993:149-281.
105. White JE, Williams LB, Atkisson MS, Kauer JS: DNA-based fluorescent chemosensors for direct detection of volatile compounds in an artificial nose [abstract]. Assoc Chemoreception Sci Annu Meeting Abstr 2004;26:32.
106. Chen M, Daly M, Williams N, Williams S, Williams C, Williams G: Non-invasive detection of hypoglycaemia using a novel, fully biocompatible and patient friendly alarm system. Br Med J 2000;321:1565-1566.
107. Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, Garcia R, Shulman GI: Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004;350:664-671.
108. Hebner TR, Wu CC, Marcy D, Lu MH, Sturm JC: Ink-jet printing of doped polymers for organic light emitting devices. Appl Phys Lett 1998;72:519-521.
109. Madigan C, Hebner TR, Sturm JC, Register RA, Troian S: Lateral dye distribution with ink-jet dye doping of polymeric organic light emitting diodes. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 2000;624:211-216.
110. Pschenitzka F, Sturm JC: Three-color organic light-emitting diodes patterned by masked dye diffusion. Appl Phys Lett 1999;74:1913-1915.
111. Wu CC, Theiss SD, Gu G, Lu MH, Sturm JD, Wagner S, Forrest SR: Integration of organic LEDs and amorphous Si TFT's onto flexible and lightweight metal foil substrates. IEEE Elec Dev Lett 1997;18: 609-611.
112. Dawson RMA, Shen Z, Lu MH, Sturm JC: Design of an improved pixel for a polysilicon active-matrix organic LED display. Dig Soc Info Display Inter Symp 1998;29:11-14.