Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds

Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 129-172

  Koppmann, Ralf ^a   Wildt, Jürgen ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WUPPERTAL   (Germany)

^b FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Esters; Formaldehyde; Oxidation; Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVCS); Photochemical processes

Indexed keywords

EID: 42349105208     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470988657.ch4     Document Type: Chapter

References (224)

1. Alvarado, A., Tuazon, E.C., Aschmann, S.M., Arey, J. and Atkinson, R. (1999) Products and mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals and O3 with 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol. Atmospheric Environment, 33 (18): 2893-905.
2. Anderson, L.G., Lanning, J.A., Barrell, R., Miyagishima, J., et al. (1996). Sources and sinks of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde: An analysis of Denver's ambient concentration data. Atmospheric Environment, 30: 2113-23.
3. Andreae, M.O. and Merlet, P. (2001). Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15: 955-66.
4. Andreae, M.O., Talbot, R.W., Andreae, T.W. and Harriss, R.C. (1988) Formic and acetic acid over the central Amazon region, Brazil 1. Dry season. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93 (D2): 1616-24.
5. Apel, E.C., Calvert, J.G., Riemer, D., et al. (1998a) Measurements comparison of oxygenated volatile organic compounds at a rural site during the 1995 SOS Nashville Intensive. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 103 (D17): 22295-316.
6. Apel, E.C., Calvert, J.G., Greenberg, J.P., et al. (1998b) Generation and validation of oxygenated volatile organic carbon standards for the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville Intensive. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 103 (D17): 22281-94.
7. Apel, E.C., Riemer, D.D., Hills, A., et al. (2002). Measurement and interpretation of isoprene fluxes and isoprene, methacrolein, and methyl vinyl ketone mixing ratios at the PROPHET site during the 1998 Intensive. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107 (D3): ACH 7-1 to ACH 7-15.
8. Arey, J., Winer, A.M., Atkinson, R., Aschmann, S.M., Long, W.D. and Morrison, C.L. (1991). The emission of (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and other oxygenated hydrocarbons from agricultural plant species. Atmospheric Environment, 24A (5/6): 1063-75.
9. Arlander, D., Croun, D.R., Farmer, J.C., Menzia, F.A. and Westberg, H.H. (1990). Gaseous oxygenated hydrocarbons in the remote marine troposphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95: 16.391-16.403.
10. Arlander, D.W., Brüning, D., Schmidt, U. and Ehhalt, D.H. (1995a) The distribution of acetaldehyde in the lower troposphere during TROPOZ II. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 22: 243-9.
11. Arlander, D.W., Brüning, D., Schmidt, U. and Ehhalt, D.H. (1995b) The tropospheric distribution of formaldehyde during TROPOZ II. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 22: 251-68.
12. Arnold, F., Bürger, V., Droste-Franke, B., et al. (1997). Acetone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Impact on trace gases and aerosols. Geophysical Research Letter, 24: 3017-20.
13. Atkinson, R. (1997). Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of volatile organic compounds: 1. Alkanes and alkenes. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 26: 215-90.
14. X. Atmospheric Environment, 34: 2063-101.
15. Atkinson, R., Arey, J., Aschmann, S.M., Corchnoy, S.B. and Shu, Y. (1995). Rate constants for the gas phase reactions of cis-3-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexenylacetate, trans-2-hexenal, and linalool with OH and NO3 radicals and O3 at 296 ± 2 K, and OH radical formation yields from the O3 reactions. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 27: 941-55.
16. Báez, A.P., Belmont, R. and Padilla, H. (1995). Measurements of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the atmosphere of Mexico City. Environmental Pollution, 89: 163-7.
17. Baker, B., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J. and Fall, R. (2001). Canopy level fluxes of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, acetone and methanol by a portable relaxed eddy accumulation system. Environmental Science and Technology, 35: 1701-8.
18. Barker, M., Hengst, M., Schmid, J., et al. (2006). Volatile organic compounds in the exhaled breath of young patients with cystic fibrosis. European Respiratory Journal, 27: 929-36.
19. Beauchamp, J., Hansel, A., Kleist, E., et al. (2005) Ozone induced emissions of biogenic VOC from tobacco: Relationships between ozone uptake and emission of LOX products. Plant, Cell and Environment, 28 (10): 1334-43.
20. Benning, L. (1997) Messungvon C1-C2-Aldehyd-Konzentrationen währendder Feldmesskampagne POPCORN: Ihr Einfluss auf die Radikalchemie. PhD Thesis, Univeristy of Cologne, Germany.
21. Benning, L. and Wahner, A. (1998). Measurements of atmospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) during POPCORN 194 using 2.4-DNPH coated silica cartridges. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 31: 105-17.
22. Biesenthal, T.A., Bottenheim, J.W., Shepson, P.B. and Brickell, P.C. (1998) The chemistry of biogenic hydrocarbons at a rural site in eastern Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 103 (D19): 25487-98.
23. Blitz, M.A., Heard, D.E. and Piling, M.J. (2004). Pressure and temperature-dependent quantum yields for the photodissociation of acetone between 279 and 327.5 nm. Geophysical Research Letter, 31: L06111.
24. Bossmeyer, J. (2006) Studies of aldehydes in an atmosphere simulation chamber. Report of the Research Center Jülich, Germany, JÜL-4218.
25. Boudries, H., Bottenheim, J.W., Guimbaud, C., et al. (2002). Distribution and trends of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the high Arctic derived from measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer and interstitial snow air during the ALERT2000 field campaign. Atmospheric Environment, 36: 2573-83.
26. Burns, W.F., Tingey, D.T., Evans, R.C. and Bates, E.H. (1983) Problems with a nafion membrane dryer for drying chromatographic samples. Journal of Chromatography, 269 (1): 1-9.
27. Buttery, R.G. and Ling, L.C. (1993) Volatile components of tomato fruit and plant parts: relationship and biogenesis In R. Teranishi, R.G. Buttery and H. Sugisawa (Eds) Bioactive Volatile Compounds from Plants. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 23-34.
28. Cantrell, C.A., Davidson, J.A., McDaniel, A.H., Shetter, R.E. and Calvert, J.G. (1990). Temperature-dependent formaldehyde cross-sections in the near-ultraviolet spectral region. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 94: 3902-8.
29. Carlier, P., Hannachi, H. and Mouvier, G. (1986). The chemistry of carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere-A review. Atmospheric Environment, 20: 2079-99.
30. Chatfield, R.B., Gardner, E.P. and Calvert, J.G. (1987). Sources and sinks of acetone in the troposhere: behavior of reactive hydrocarbons and a stable product. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92: 4208-16.
31. Chebbi, A. and Carlier, P. (1996) Carboxylic acids in the troposphere, occurrence, sources, and sinks: A review. Atmospheric Environment, 30 (24): 4233-49.
32. Christensen, C.S., Skov, H., Nielsen, T. and Lohse, C. (2000). Temporal variation of carbonyl compound concentrations at a semi-rural site in Denmark. Atmospheric Environment, 34: 287-96.
33. Ciccioli, P., Cecinato, A., Brancaleoni, E. and Frattoni, M. (1992). Use of carbon adsorption traps combined with high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of polar and non-polar C4-C14 hydrocarbons involved in photochemical smog formation. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography Chromatography Communications, 15: 75-84.
34. Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M., Cucinato, A. and Brachetti, A. (1993). Ubiquitous occurrence of semi-volatile carbonyl compounds in tropospheric samples and their possible sources. Atmospheric Environment, 27A: 1891-901.
35. Cojocariu, C., Kreuzwieser, J. and Rennenberg, H. (2004). Correlation of short chained carbonyls emitted from Picea abies with physiological and environmental parameters. New Phytologist, 162: 717-27.
36. Cooper, D.J. and Saltzman, E.S. (1991). Measurements of atmospheric dimethyl sulfide and carbon disulfide in the western Atlantic boundary layer. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 12: 153-68.
37. Crocco, J.R. (1997). World methanol demand forecast to grow 2.7% over five years. Hydrocarbon Process, 76: 25.
38. Croft, K.P.C., Jüttner, F. and Slusarenko, A.J. (1993). Volatile products of the lipoxygenase pathway evolved from (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaves inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phaseolicola. Plant Physiology, Bd. 101 (1S13-24.
39. Crutzen, P.J., Heidt, L.E., Krasnec, J.P., Pollock, W.H. and Seiler, W. (1979). Biomass burning as a source of atmospheric gases CO, H2, N2O, NO, CH3Cl, and COS. Nature, 282: 253-7.
40. Enders, G., Dlugi, R., Steinbrecher, R., et al. (1992). Biosphere atmosphere interactions integrated research in a European coniferous forest ecosystem. Atmospheric Environment, 26A (1): 171-90.
41. Fall, R. (1999), Biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds from higher plants. In: C.N. Hewitt (Eds) Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere. San Diego: Academic Press. 43-96.
42. Fall, R. and Benson, A. (1996) Leaf methanol-The simplest natural product form plants. Trends in Plant Science, 1 (9): 296-301.
43. Fall, R., Karl, T., Hansel, A., Jordan, A. and Lindinger, W. (1999). Volatile organic compounds emitted after leaf wounding. On-line analysis by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104: 15963-74.
44. Fall, R., Karl, T., Jordan, A. and Lindinger, W. (2001). Biogenic C5 VOCs: release from leaves after freeze-thaw wounding and occurrence in air at a high mountain observatory. Atmospheric Environment, 35: 3905-16.
45. Fehsenfeld, F., Calvert, J., Fall, R., et al. (1992). Emissions of volatile organic compounds from vegetation and the implications for atmospheric chemistry. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Bd. 6: S.389-430.
46. Feng, Y., Wen, S., Chen, Y., et al. (2005). Ambient levels of carbonyl compounds and their sources in Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment, 39: 1789-800.
47. Ferrari, C.P., Kaluzny, P., Roche, A., Jacob, V. and Foster, P. (1998) Aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes in the atmosphere of Grenoble. Chemosphere, 37 (8): 1587-601.
48. Ferronato, C., Orlando, J.J. and Tyndall, G.S. (1998). Rate and mechanism of the reactions of OH and Cl with 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (atmospheric chemistry). Journal of Geophysical Research, 103: (D19), 25579-86.
49. Finlayson-Pitts, B.J. and Pitts, J.N. (2000). Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
50. Fisher, A.J., Grimes, H.D. and Fall, R. (2003). The biochemical origin of pentenol emissions from wounded leaves. Phytochemistry, 62: 159-63.
51. Folkers, A. (2001) Sauerstoffhaltige flüchtige organische Verbindungen in der Troposphäre: Entwicklung und Anwendung einer gaschromatographischen Nachweismethode. PhD Thesis, University of Cologne, Germany.
52. Foulger, B.E. and Simmonds, P.G. (1979) Drier for field use in the determination of trace atmospheric gases. Analytical Chemistry, 51 (7): 1089-90.
53. Fried A., Lee, Y.-N., Frost, G., et al. (2002) Airborne CH2O measurements over the North Atlantic during the 1997 NARE campaign: Instrument comparisons and distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107 (D4): 4039.
54. Galbally, I. and Kirstine, W. (2002). The production of methanol by flowering plants and the global cycle of methanol. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 43: 195-229.
55. Gardner, H.W. (1995). Biological roles and biochemistry of the lipoxygenase pathway. Hort Science, Bd. 30 (2): S.197-2.
56. Gerzhenzon, J. and Croteau, R. (1991) Terpenoids In G.A. Rosenthal and M.R. Berenbaurn (Eds), Herbivores. Their interaction with secondary plant metabolites, Vol. 1: The chemical participants. Academic Press.
57. Giese, M., Bauer-Doranth, U., Langebartels, C. and Sandermann H. Jr. (1994). Detoxification of formaldehyde by spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum L.) and by soybean (Glycine max L.) cell-suspension cultures. Plant Physiology, 104: 1301-9.
58. Goldan, P.D., Kuster, W.C., Fehsenfeld, F.C. and Montzka, S.A. (1993) The observation of a C5 alcohol emission in a north American pine forest. Geophysical Research Letters, 20 (11): 1039-42.
59. Goldan, P.D., Kuster, W.C., Fehsenfeld, F. and Montzka, S.A. (1995a) Hydrocarbon measurements in the southeastern United States: The Rural Oxidants in the Southern Environment (ROSE) Program 1990. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100 (D12): 25945-63.
60. Goldan, P.D., Trainer, M., Kuster, W.C., et al. (1995b) Measurements of hydrocarbons, oxygenated hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides in an urban basin in Colorado: Implications for emission inventories. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100 (D11): S22771-83.
61. Goldstein, A.H. and Schade, G.W. (2000). Quantifying biogenic and anthropogenic contributions to acetone mixing ratios in a rural environment. Atmospheric Environment, 34: 4997-5006.
62. 3OH in 1997 Alaskan biomass burning plumes by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Journal of Geophysical Research, 89 (D17): 22147-66.
63. de Gouw, J.A., Howard, C.J., Custer, T.G. and Fall, R. (1999). Emissions of volatile organic compounds from cut grass and clover are enhanced during the drying process. Geophysical Research Letters, 26: 811-14.
64. Grabmer, W., Kreuzwieser, J., Wisthaler, A., et al. (2006). VOC emissions from Norway spruce (Picea abies L. [Karst]) twigs in the field-Results of a dynamic enclosure study. Atmospheric Environment, 40: 128-137.
65. Graedel, T.E. and Eisner, T. (1988). Atmospheric formic acid from formicine ants: A preliminary assessment. Tellus, 40B: 335-9.
66. Graedel, T.E., Hawkins, D.T. and Claxton, L.D. (1986). Atmospheric Chemical Compounds: Sources, Occurrence, and Bioessay. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
67. Granby, K., Christensen, C.S. and Lohse, C. (1997). Urban and semirural observations of carboxylic acids and carbonyls. Atmospheric Environment, 31: 1403-15.
68. Graus, M., Schnitzler, J.P., Hansel, A., et al. (2004). Transient release of oxygenated volatile organic compounds during light-dark transitions in grey poplar leaves. Plant Physiology, 135: 1967-75.
69. Greenberg, J.P., Lee, B., Helmig, D. and Zimmerman, P.R. (1994). Fully automated gas chromatograph-flame ioniyation detector system for the in situ determination of atmosperic nonmethane hydrocarbons at low parts per trillion concentration. Journal of Chromatography A, 676: 389-98.
70. Grosjean, D. (1989). Organic acids in southern California Air: Ambient concentrations, mobile source emissions, in situ formation and removal processes. Environmental Science and Technology, 23: 1506-14.
71. Grosjean, D., Williams, E.L. and Grosjean, E. (1993). Atmospheric chemistry of isoprene and of its carbonyl products. Environmental Science and Technology, 27: 830-40.
72. Grosjean, E. and Grosjean, D. (1995). Carbonyl products of the ozone unsaturated alcohol reaction. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100: 22815-20.
73. Grosjean, E. and Grosjean, D. (1997). The gas phase reaction of unsaturated oxygenates with ozone carbonyl products and comparison with the alkene-ozone reaction. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 27: 271-89.
74. Grossman, D., Moortgat, G.K., Kibler, M., et al. (2003) Hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, carbonyl compounds, and organic acids measured at Pabstthum during BERLIOZ. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (D4): 8250.
75. Guenther, A., Hewitt, C.N., Erickson, D., et al. (1995). A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research, Bd. 100 (D5): S8873-92.
76. Guenther, A.B., Zimmerman, P.R., Harley, P.C., Monson, R.K. and Fall, R. (1993). Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Model evaluation and sensitivity analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research, Bd. 98 (D7): 12609-17.
77. Gunz, D.W. and Hoffmann, M.R. (1990). Atmospheric chemistry of peroxides. A review. Atmospheric Environment, 24A: 1601-33.
78. Hak, C., Pundt, I., Trick, S., et al. (2005). Intercomparison of four different in-situ techniques for ambient formaldehyde measurements in urban air. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 5: 2881-900.
79. Hansel, A., Jordan, A., Warneke, C., Holzinger, R. and Lindinger, W. (1998). Improved detection limit of the proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometer: On-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at mixing ratios of a few pptv. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, Bd. 12 (13): S871-5.
80. Harley, P., Fridd-Stroud, V., Greenberg, J., Guenther, A. and Vasconcellos, P. (1998) Emission of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol by pines: A potentially large natural source of reactive carbon to the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103 (D19): 25479-86.
81. Harley, P., Fridd-Stroud, V., Greenberg, J., Guenther, A. and Vasconcellos, P. (1999). Emission of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol by pines: A potentially large natural source of reactive carbon to the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, Bd. 103 (D19): S25475-86.
82. Harriman, R.W., Tieman, D.M. and Hanada, A.K. (1991). Molecular cloning of tomato pectin methyl-esterase gene and its expression in Rutgers, ripening inhibitor, non-ripening, and never ripe tomato fruits. Plant Physiology, 97: 80-87.
83. Harris, G.W., Mackay, G.I., Iguchi, T., Mayne, L.K. and Schiff, H.I. (1989). Measurements of formaldehyde in the troposphere by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 8: 119-37.
84. Hatanaka, A. (1993). The biogeneration of green odour by green leaves. Phytochemistry, Bd. 34 (5): S1201-18.
85. Hartmann, W.K., Andreae, M.O. and Helas, G. (1989). Measurements of organic acids over central Germany. Atmospheric Environment, 23: 1531-33.
86. Heiden, A.C., Hoffmann, T., Kahl, J., et al. (1999). Emission of volatile organic compounds from ozone-exposed plants. Ecological Application, 94: 1160-7.
87. Heiden, A.C., Kobel, K., Langebartels, C., Schuh-Thomas, G. and Wildt, J. (2003). Emissions of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from plants, part I: Emissions from lipoxygenase activity. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 45: 143-72.
88. Heikes, B.G., Chang, W., Pilson, M.E.Q., et al. (2002) Atmospheric methanol budget and ocean implication. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16 (4): 1133.
89. Helas, U.H., Kessel, M., Kesselmeier, J., et al. (1992). Biosphere atmosphere interactions integrated research in a European coniferous forest ecosystem. Atmospheric Environment, 26A (1): 1992.
90. Hellen, H., Hakola, H., Reissell, A. and Ruuskanen, T.M. (2004). Carbonyl compounds in boreal coniferous forest air in Hyytiälä, Southern Finland. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 4: 2991-3011.
91. Helmig, D. and Greenberg, J.P. (1994) Automated in situ gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of ppt level volatile organic trace gases using multistage solid-adsorbent trapping. Journal of Chromatography A, 677 (1): 123-32.
92. Helmig, D., Klinger, L.F., Guenther, A., Vierling, L., Geron, C. and Zimmerman, P. (1999a) Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions (BVOCs) I: Identifications from three continental sites in the U.S. Chemosphere, 38 (9): 2163-2187.
93. Helmig, D., Klinger, L.F., Guenther, A., Vierling, L., Geron, C. and Zimmerman, P. (1999b) Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions (BVOCs) II: Landscape flux potentials from three continental sites in the U.S. Chemosphere, 38 (9): 2189-204.
94. Herlihy, L.J., Galloway, J.N. and Mills, A.L. (1987). Bacterial utilization of formic and acetic acid in rainwater. Atmospheric Environment, 21: 2397-402.
95. Hofmann, U., Hofmann, R. and Kesselmeier, J. (1992) Cryogenic trapping of reduced sulfurcom-pounds using a nafion drier and cotton wadding as an oxidant scavenger. Atmospheric Environment A, 26 (13): 2445-9.
96. Holzinger, R., Warneke, C., Hansel, A., et al. (1999). Biomass burning as a source of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and hydrogen cyanide. Geophysical Research Letters, 26: 1161-4.
97. Isidorov, V.A., Zenkevich, I.G. and Ioffe, B.V. (1985). Volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of forests. Atmospheric Environment, 19: 1-8.
98. Jacob, D.J. and Wofsy, S.C. (1988). Photochemistry of biogenic emissions over the Amazon forest. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93: 1477-86.
99. Jacob, D.J., Field, B.D., Jin, E.M., et al. (2002). Atmospheric budget of acetone. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, (D10): 4100.
100. Jaeglé, L., Jacob, D.J., Brune, W.H. et al. (2000) Photochemistry of HOχ in the upper troposphere at northern midlatitudes, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105: 3877-92.
101. X radicals in the upper troposphere. Atmospheric Environment, 35: 469-89.
102. Jang, M., Czoschke, N.M., Lee, S. and Kamens, R.M. (2002) Heterogeneous atmospheric aerosol production by acid-catalyzed particle-phase reactions. Science, 298 (5594): 814-17.
103. Joseph, G. and Kelsey, R.G. (2000). Physiology of growth of duglar-fir seedlings treated with ethanol solutions. Plant Science, Bd. 150 (2): S191-9.
104. Kalberer, M., Paulsen, D., Sax, M., et al. (2004). Identification of polymers as major components of atmospheric organic aerosols. Science, 303: 1659-62.
105. Karl, T., Fall, R., Jordan, A. and Lindinger, W. (2001a) On-line analysis of reactive VOCs from urban lawn mowing. Environmental Science and Technology, Bd. 35 (14): S2926-31.
106. Karl, T., Guenther, A., Jordan, A., Fall, R. and Lindinger, W. (2001b) Eddy covariance measurement of biogenic oxygenated VOC emissions from hay harvesting. Atmospheric Environment, 35:491-5.
107. Karl, T., Guenther, A., Spirig, C., Hansel, A. and Fall, R. (2003). Seasonal variation of biogenic VOC emissions above a mixed hardwood forest in northern Michigan. Geophysical Research Letters, 30: 2186.
108. Karl, T., Harley, P., Baker, B., Jardine, K., Nemitz, E. and Guenther, A. (2005). The bi-directional exchange of oxygenated VOCs between aloblollypine (Pinustaeda) plantation and the atmosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussion, 5: 5875-907.
109. Kawamura, K. and Kaplan, I.R. (1990). Stabilities of carboxylic acids and phenols in Los Angeles rainwaters during storage. Water Resource, 24 (II): 1419-23.
110. Kawamura, K., Ng, L.-L. and Kapian, I.R. (1985). Determination of organic acids (C1-Cl10) in the atmosphere, motor exhausts, and engine oils. Environmental Science and Technology, 19: 1082-6.
111. 6 carbonyls in Los Angeles air and motor vehicle exhaust. Atmospheric Environment, 34: 4175-91.
112. Kean, A.J., Grosjean, E., Grosjean, D. and Harley, R.A. (2001). On-road measurement of carbonyls in California light-duty vehicle emissions. Environmental Science and Technology, 35: 4198-4204.
113. Keeler, G.J., Japar, S.M., Brachaczek, W.W., Gorse, R.A. Jr, Norbeck, J.M. and Pierson, W.R. (1990). The sources of aerosol elemental carbon at Allegheny Mountain. Atmospheric Environment, 24A: 2795-2805.
114. Kelly, T.J. and Fortune, C.R. (1994). Continuous monitoring of gaseous formaldehyde using an improved fluorescence approach. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 54: 249-63.
115. Kelly, T.J., Callahan, P.J., Pleil, J. and Evans, G.F. (1993) Method development and field measurements for polar volatile organic compounds in ambient air. Environmental Science and Technology, 27 (6): 1146-53.
116. Kesselmeier, J. (2001). Exchange of short chain oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) between plants and the atmosphere: A compilation of field and laboratory studies. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 39: 219-33.
117. Kesselmeier, J. and Staudt, M. (1999) Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC): An overview on emission, physiology and ecology. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 33 (1): 23-88.
118. Kesselmeier, J., Bode, K., Gerlach, C. and Jork, E.M. (1998) Exchange of atmospheric formic and acetic acid with trees and crop plants under controlled chamber and purified air conditions. Atmospheric Environment, 32 (10): 1765-75.
119. Kesselmeier, J., Bode, K., Hofmann, U., et al. (1997). Emission of short chained organic acids, aldehydes and monoterpenes from Quercus ilex L. and Pinus Pinea L. in relation to physiological activities, carbon budget and emission algorithms. Atmospheric Environment, 31: 119-33.
120. Khan, I. and Brimblecombe, P. (1992). Henry's law constants of low molecular weight (< 130) organic acids. Journal of Aerosol Science, 23 (Suppl. 1): 897-900.
121. Khoder, M.I., Shakour, A.A., Farag, S.A. and Abdel Hameed, A.A. (2000) Indoor and outdoor formaldehyde concentrations in homes in residential areas in Greater Cairo. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2 (2): 123-6.
122. Kimmerer, T.W. and Kozlowski, T.T. (1982). Ethylene, ethane, acetaldehyde and ethanol production by plants under stress. Plant Physiology, Bd. 69 (4): S840-7.
123. Kirstine, W., Galbally, I., Ye, Y. and Hooper, M. (1998). Emissions of volatile organic compounds (primarily oxygenated species) from pasture. Journal of Geophysical Research, Bd. 103 (D9): S10605-19.
124. Knoeppel, H., Versiono, B., Schlitt, H., Peil, A., Schauenburg, H. and Vissers, H. (1980) Proceedings of the first European Symposium on Physical-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants. Ispra, 16-18 October 1979, Commission of the European Communities.
125. Knudsen, J.T., Tollsten, L. and Bergström, L.B. (1993). Floral scents-A checklist of volatile compounds isolated by head-space technique. Phytochemistry, Bd. 33 (2): S253-80.
126. Koch, E., Wózniak, P., Gawlowski, J. and Niedzielski, J. (1997) Removal of water from multibed carbon traps with adsorbed polar volatile organic compounds. Chemia Analityczna, 42 (1): 49-56.
127. König, G., Brunda, M., Puxbaum, H., Hewitt, C.N., Duckham, S.C. and Rudolph, J. (1995) Relative contribution of oxygenated hydrocarbons to the total biogenic VOC emissions of selected mid-European agricultural and natural plant species. Atmospheric Environment, 29 (8): 861-74.
128. Koppmann, R., Khedim, A., Rudolph, J., et al. (1997). Emissions of organic trace gases from savanna fires in southern Africa during the 1992 southern African fire atmosphere research initiative and their impact on the formation of tropospheric ozone. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102: 18879-88.
129. Kotzias, D., Konidari, C. and Sparta, C. (1997) Volatile carbonyl compounds of biogenic origin: Emission and concentration in the atmosphere. In: G. Helas, J. Slanina and R. Steinbrecher (Eds.) Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere. The Hague, The Netherlands SPB Academic Publishing.
130. Kreuzwieser, J., Scheerer, U. and Rennenberg, H. (1999). Metabolic origin of acetaldehyde emitted by poplar (Populus tremula x P. alba) trees. Journal of Experimental Botany, Bd. 50 (335): S757-65.
131. Kreuzwieser, J., Kühnemann, F., Martis, A., Rennenberg, H. and Urban, W. (2000). Diurnal pattern of acetaldehyde emission by flooded poplar trees. Physiologia Plantarum, Bd. 108 (1): S79-86.
132. Krinke, S. (1999) Experimentelle Bestimmung der Depositionsgeschwindigkeit von Formaldehyd und Ozon über einem Laubwaldbestand. PhD thesis, University of Cologne, Germany.
133. de Laat, A.T.J., de Gouw, J.A., Lelieveld, J. and Hansel, A. (2001). Model analysis of trace gas measurements and pollution impact during INDOEX. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106 (28): 469-28, 480.
134. Lacaux, J.-P., Cachier, H. and Delmas, R. (1993) Biomass burning in Africa: An overview of its impact on atmospheric chemistry In: PJ. Crutzen and J.G. Goldammer (Eds) Fire in the Environment: The Ecological, Atmospheric, and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires. pp. 159-91, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England.
135. Lamanna, M.S. and Goldstein, A.H. (1999) In situ measurements of C2-C10 volatile organic compounds above a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine plantation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (D17): 21247-62.
136. Lawrence, J.E. and Koutrakis, P. (1994). Measurement of atmospheric formic and acetic acids: Methods evaluation and results from field studies. Environmental Science and Technology, 28: 957-64.
137. Lee, Y.-N., Zhou, X. and Hallok, K. (1995) Atmospheric carbonyl compounds at a rural site in the southeastern United States, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100: 25933-44.
138. Leibrock, E. and Slemr, J. (1997) Method for measurement of volatile oxygenated hydrocarbons in ambient air. Atmospheric Environment, 31 (20): 3329-39.
139. Levy, S. and Staehelin, L.A. (1992). Synthesis, assembly and function of plant cell wall macromolecules. Current Opinions in Cell Biology, 4: 856.
140. Lewis, N.B. and Yamamot, E. (1990). Lignin: occurrence, biogenesis and biodegradation. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, Bd. 41: S455-96.
141. Li, Y., Wang, J., Chen, Z.R. and Zhou, X.T. (2001) Artificial neural network for the quantitative analysis of air toxic VOCs. Analytical Letters, 34 (12): 2203-19.
142. Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1999). The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoids biosynthesis in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 50: 47-65.
143. Lobert, J.M., Scharffe, D.H., Hao, W.M. et al. (1991) Experimental evaluation of biomass burning emissions: nitrogen and carbon containing compounds In: J. Levine (Ed.) Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA and London, GB, pp. 290-304.
144. Löfgren, L., Berglund, P.M. Nordlinder, R., Pertersson, G. and Ramnäs, O. (1991). Selective assessment of C2-C6 alkenes in air by adsorption sampling and gas-chromatography. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Bd. 45 (1): S39-44.
145. MacDonald, R.C. and Fall, R. (1993a) Acetone emissions from conifer buds. Phytochemistry, 34: 991-3.
146. MacDonald, R.C. and Fall, R. (1993b) Detection of substantial emissions of methanol from plants to the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 27A: 1709-13.
147. MacDonald, R.C. and Kimmerer, T.W. (1993). Metabolism of transpired ethanol by eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.). Plant Physiology, Bd. 102 (1): S173-9.
148. Mannschreck, K. (2001) Experimentelle Bestimmung von städtischen Emissionen anhand von Konzentrationsmessungen im Lee einer Stadt, Untersuchungen zum Beitrag verschiedener Quelltypen und Vergleich mit einem Emissionsberechnungsmodell. Berichte des Forschungszen-trums Jülich (Jül.): 3846.
149. Marandino, C.A., de Bruyn, W.J., Miller, S.D., Prather, M.J. and Saltzmann, M.E. (2005). Oceanic uptake and the global atmospheric acetone budget. Geophysical Research Letter, 32: L15806.
150. Matsunaga, S., Mochida, M. and Kawamura, K. (2003). Growth of organic aerosols by biogenic semi-volatile carbonyls in the forestal atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 37: 2045-50.
151. McClenny, W.A., Pleil, J.D. Holdren, M.W. and Smith, R.N. (1984) Automated cryogenic preconcentration and gas-chromatographic determination of volatile organic-compounds in air. Analytical Chemistry, 56 (14): 2947-51.
152. McKeen, S.A., Gierczak, T., Burkholder, J.B. et al. (1997). The photochemistry of acetone in the upper troposphere: A source of odd-hydrogen radicals. Geophysical Research Letter, 24: 3177-80.
153. Meller, R. and Moortgat, G.K. (2000) Temperature dependence of the absorption cross-sections of formaldehyde between 223 and 323 K in the wavelength range 225-375 nm. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 (D6): 7089-101.
154. Merk, S. and Riederer, M. (1997). Sorption of volatile C1 to C6 alkanols in plant cuticles. Journal of Experimental Botany, 48: 1095-104.
155. Morgan, E.D. and Tyler, R.C. (1977). Microchemical methods for the identification of volatile pheromones. Journal of Chromatography, 134: 174-7.
156. Mudgett, M.B. and Clarke, S. (1993). Characterization of plant L-isoaspartyl methyltransferases that may be involved in seed survival: Purification, cloning and sequence analysis of the wheat germ enzyme. Biochemistry, Bd. 32 (41): S11100-11.
157. Müller, J.-F. (1992). Geographical distribution and seasonal variation of surface emissions and deposition velocities of atmospheric trace gases. Journal of Geophysical Research, Bd. 97 (D4): S3787-804.
158. Müller, K. (1997). Determination of aldehydes and ketones in the atmosphere: A comparative long time study at an urban and a rural site in Eastern Germany. Chemosphere, 35: 2093-106.
159. Müller, K., Haferkorn, S., Grabmer, W. et al. (2006). Biogenic carbonyl compounds within and above a coniferous forest in Germany. Atmospheric Environment, 40: 81-91.
160. Nash, T. (1953). The colorimetric estimation of formaldehyde by means of the Hantzsch reaction. Journal of Biochemistry, 55: 416-21.
161. Nemecek-Marshall, M., MacDonald, R.C., Franzen, F.J., Wojciechowski, C.L. and Fall, R. (1995). Methanol emission from leaves. Plant Physiology, Bd. 108 (4): S1359-68.
162. Niinemets, Ü. and Reichstein, M. (2003). Controls of the emission of plant volatiles through stomata: Differential sensitivity of emission rates to stomatal closure explained. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (D7): 4208.
163. Obendorf, R.L., Koch, J.L., Gorecki, R.J., Amable, R.A. and Aveni, M.T. (1990). Methanol accumulation in maturing seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany, Bd. 41 (225): S489-95.
164. O'Hara, D. and Singh, H.B. (1988). Sensitive gas chromatographic detection of acetaldehyde and acetone using a reduction gas detector. Atmospheric Environment, 22: 2613-15.
165. O'Neill, M., Albersheim, P. and Darvill, A. (1990) The pectic polysaccharides of primary cell walls. In: Methods in Plant Biochemistry, Bd. 2, London: Academic Press, 415-41.
166. Orlando, J.J., Noziére, B., Tyndall, G.S. et al. (2000) Product studies of the OH-and ozone-initiated oxidation of some monoterpenes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 (D9): 11561-72.
167. Owen, S., Boissard, C., Street, R.A., Duckham, C., Csiky, O. and Hewitt, C.N. (1997). Screening of 18 Mediterranean plant species for volatile organic compound emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 31 (SI): 101-18.
168. de Paula Pereira, P.A., Santos, E.T.S., De Freitas Verreira, T. and De Andrade, J.B. (1999) Determination of methanol and ethanol by gas chromatography following air sampling onto florosil cartridges and their concentrations at urban sites in the three largest cities in Brazil. Talanta, 49 (2): 245-52.
169. Pleil, J.D. and Lindstrom, A.B. (1995) Measurement of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath as collected in evacuated electropolished canisters. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Application, 665 (2): 271-9.
170. Pope, F.D., Smith, C.A., Ashfold, M.N.R. and Orr-Ewing, J. (2005). High resolution absorption cross sections of formaldehyde at wavelengths from 313 to 320 nm. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 7: 79-84.
171. Possanzini, M., Di Palo, V., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M. and Ciccioli, P. (2000). A train of DNPH-coated cartridges for the determination of carbonyls from C1 to C12 in air and emission samples. Atmospheric Environment, 34: 5311-18.
172. Puxbaum, H. (1997) Biogenic emission of alcohols, ester, ether and higher aldehydes. In: G. Helas, J. Slanina and R. Steinbrecher (Eds) Biogenic Volatile Organic Carbon Compounds in the Atmosphere, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: SPA Academic Publishing.
173. Puxbaum, H., Simeonov, V. and Kalina, M.F. (1998) Ten years trends (1984-1993) in the precipitation chemistry in central Austria. Atmospheric Environment, 32 (2): 193-202.
174. Ratte, M., Plass-Dülmer, C., Koppmann, R. and Rudolph, J. (1993). Production mechanism of C2-C4 hydrocarbons in sea water: Field measurements and experiments. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7: 369-378.
175. Reiner, T., Möhler, O. and Arnold, F. (1999) Measurements of acetone, acetic acid, and formic acid in the northern midlatitude upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (D11): 13943-52.
176. Reissell, A., Harry C., Aschmann, S.M. (1999). Formation of acetone from the OH radical-and O3-initiated reactions of a series of monoterpenes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104: 13869-79.
177. Ricard, J., Noat, G., Diamantidis, G., Woudstra, M. and Ricard, J. (1986). Electrostatic effects and the dynamics of enzyme reactions at the surface of plant cells. A theory of the ionic control of a complex multienzyme system. European Journal of Biochemistry, Bd. 155 (1): S199-202.
178. Riederer, M., Daiss, A., Gilbert, N. and Kohle, H. (2002). Semi-volatile organic compounds at the leaf/atmosphere interface: Numerical simulation of dispersal and foliar uptake. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53: 1815-23.
179. Riemer, D., Pos, W., Milne, P., et al. (1998). Observations of nonmethane hydrocarbons and oxygenated volatile organic compounds at a rural site in the southeastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103: 28111-28.
180. Rogers, J.D. (1990). Ultraviolet absorption cross-section and atmospheric photodissociation rate constants of formaldehyde. Journal of Physical Chemistry, Bd. 94: S4011-15.
181. Rosen, M.E. and Pankow, J.F. (1991). Adsorption/thermal desorption for the determination of volatile organic compounds in water. Journal of Chromatography, 537: 321-8.
182. Rottenberger, S., Kuhn, U., Wolf, A., et al. (2004) Exchange of short-chain aldehydes between Amazonian vegetation and the atmosphere. Ecological Applications, 14 (4): 247-62.
183. Sanhueza, E. and Andreae, M.O. (1991) Emission of formic and acetic acids from tropical savanna soils., Geophysical Research Letter, 18: 1707-10.
184. Satsumabayashi, H., Kurita, H., Yokouchi, Y. and Ueda, H. (1989). Mono-and di-carboxylic acids under long-range transport of air pollution in central Japan. Tellus, 41B: 219-29.
185. Schade, G.W. and Custer, T.G. (2004). OVOC emission from agricultural soil in northern Germany during the 2003 European heat wave. Atmospheric Environment, 38: 6105-14.
186. Schade, G.W. and Goldstein, A.H. (2001) Fluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from a ponderosa pine plantation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106 (D3): 3111-24.
187. Schade, G.W., Goldstein, A.H., Gray, D.W. and Lerdau, M.T. (2000). Canopy and leaf level 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol fluxes from a ponderosa pine plantation. Atmospheric Environment, 34: 3535-44.
188. Schuh, G., Heiden, A.C., Hoffmann, Th., et al. (1997). Emissions of volatile organic compounds from sunflower and beech: dependence on temperature and light intensity. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 27: 291-318.
189. Seinfeld, J.H. and Pandis, S.N. (2000). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. Wiley, New York.
190. Seskar, M. Shulaev, V. and Raskin, I. (1998). Endogenous methyl salicylate in pathogen-inoculated tobacco plants. Plant Physiology, 116: 387-92.
191. Shao, M. and Wildt, J. (2002). Quantification of acetone emissions from pine plants. Science in China (B), 45: 532-40.
192. Shao, M., von Czapiewski, K.C., Heiden, A.C., et al. (2001). Volatile organic compound emissions from scots pine: Mechanisms and description by algorithms. Journal of Geophysical Research, Bd. 106 (D17): S20483-91.
193. Shepson, P.B., Hastie, D.R. Schiff, H.I. et al. (1991). Atmospheric concentrations and temporal variations of C1-C3 carbonyl compounds at two rural sites in central Ontario. Atmospheric Environment, 25A: 2001-15.
194. Shulaev, V. Silverman, P. and Raskin, I. (1997). Airborne signalling by methyl salicylate in plant pathogen resistance. Nature, 385: 718-21.
195. Sin, D.W.M., Wong, S.C. and Louie, P.K.K. (2001). Trends of ambient carbonyl compounds in the urban environment of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 35: 5961.
196. Singh, H., Chen, Y., Tabazadeh, A., et al. (2000). Distribution and fate of selected oxygenated organic species in the troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105: 3795-805.
197. Singh, H.B., Tabazadeh, A., Evans, M.J., et al. (2003) Oxygenated volatile organic chemicals in the oceans: Interferences and implications based on atmospheric observations and air-sea exchange models. Geophysical Research Letter, 30 (16): 1862.
198. Singh, H.B., Kanakidou, M., Crutzen, P.J. and Jacob, D.J. (1995). High concentrations and photochemical fate of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the global troposphere. Nature, 378: 50-4.
199. Singh, H.B., O'Hara, D., Herlth, K., et al. (1994). Acetone in the atmosphere: Distribution, sources, and sinks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99: 1805-19.
200. Singh, H.B. and Zimmerman, P.R. (1992) Atmospheric distribution and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons In: J.O. Nriagu (Ed.) Gaseous Pollutants: Characterization and Cycling, Wiley-Interscience. Wiley, New York
201. Singh, H.B. and Hanst, P.L. (1981). Peroxyacetyl nitrate/PAN/in the unpolluted atmosphere-An important reservoir for nitrogen oxides. Geophysical Research Letter, 8: 941-4.
202. Slemr, J. and Junkermann, W. (1996). Temporal variations in formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone and budget of formaldehyde at a rural site in Southern Germany. Atmospheric Environment, 30: 3667-76.
203. Solberg, S., Schmidtbauer, N., Semb, A., Stordal, F. and Hov, O. (1996). Boundary-layer ozone depletion as seen in the Norwegian Arctic in spring. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 23: 301-32.
204. Staehelin, J., Graber, N. and Widmer, H.M. (1991) Automated-analysis of light-hydrocarbons in ambient air using the commercially available system AAR-KA 5890A-Technical adaptations and experience from field-measurements. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 43 (4): 197-208.
205. Sturges, W.T. and Elkins, J.W. (1993). Use of adsorbents to collect selected halocarbons and hydorhalocarbons of environmental interest from large air volumes. Journal of Chromatography, 642 (1-2): 123-34.
206. Tabazadeh, A., Yokelson, R.J., Singh, H.B., Hobbs, P.V., Crawford, J.H. and Iraci, L.T. (2004). Heterogeneous chemistry involving methanol in tropospheric clouds. Geophysical Research Letter, 31: L06114.
207. Talbot, R.W., Andreae, M.O., Berresheim, H., Jacob, D.J. and Beecher, K.M. (1990). Sources and sinks of formic, acetic, and pyruvic acids over central Amazonia. II-Wet season. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95: 16799-811.
208. Tingey, D.T., Turner, D.P. and Weber, J.A. (1991) Factors controlling the emission of monoterpenes and other volatile organic compounds. In: T.D Sharkey, E.A. Holland and H.A. Mooney (Eds) Trace gas emissions by plants, Academic Press, San Diego.
209. Vairavamurthy, A., Roberts, J.M. and Newman, L. (1992). Methods for determination of low molecular weight carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere, a review. Atmospheric Environment, 26A): 1965-1993.
210. Viskari, E.L., Vartiainen, M. and Pasanen, P. (2000). Seasonal and diurnal variation in formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations along a highway in Eastern Finland. Atmospheric Environment, 34:917-23.
211. Walter, A. and Schurr, U. (2005). Dynamics of leaf and root growth: Endogenous control versus environmental impact. Annals of Botany, 95, 891-900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mc1103
212. x chemistry. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Bd. 13 (1): S9-17.
213. Warneke, C., Luxembourg, S., de Gouw, J., Rinne, J., Guenther, A. and Fall, R. (2002). Disjunct eddy covariance measurements of oxygenated VOC fluxes from an alfalfa field before and after cutting. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107: ACH6-1 to ACH6-11.
214. Wedel, A., Müller, K.P., Ratte, M. and Rudolph, J. (1998). Measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOC) during POPCORN 1994: Applying a new on-line GC-MS-technique. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 31: 73-103.
215. Welke, B., Ettlinger, K. and Riederer, M. (1998). Sorption of volatile organic chemicals in plant surfaces. Environmental Science and Technology, 32: 1099-1104.
216. Wennberg, P.O., Hanisco, T.F., Jaeglé, L., et al. (1998). Hydrogen radicals, nitrogen radicals, and the production of O3 in the upper troposphere. Science, Bd. 279 (5347): S49-53.
217. Wildt, J., Kobel, K., Schuh-Thomas, G. and Heiden, A.C. (2003). Emissions of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from plants, part II: Emissions of saturated aldehydes. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 45: 173-96.
218. Winer, A.M., Arey, J., Atkinson, R., et al. (1992). Emission rates of organics from vegetation in California's Central Valley. Atmospheric Environment, 26A): 2647-59.
219. Wittrock, F., Richter, A., Oejten, H., et al. (2006). Simultaneous global observations of glyoxal and formaldehyde from space. Geophysical Research Letter, 33: L16804.
220. Wohlfrom, K.-H., Hauler, T., Arnold, F. and Singh, H. (1999). Acetone in the free troposphere and lower stratosphere: aircraft based CIMS and GC measurements over the North Atlantic and a first comparison. Geophysical Research Letters, 26: 2849-52.
221. Yokelson, R.J., Goode, J.G., Ward, D.E., et al. (1999). Emissions of formaldehyde, acetic acid, methanol, and other trace gases from biomass fires in North Carolina measured by airborne fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104: 30109-25.
222. Yokouchi, Y., Mukai, H., Nakajima, K. and Ambe, Y. (1990). Semi-volatile aldehydes as predominant organic gases in remote areas. Atmospheric Environment, 24A): 439-42.
223. Zeidler, J. and Lichtenthaler, H.K. (2001). Biosynthesis of2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol emitted from needles of pinus ponderosa via the non-mevalonat DOXP/MEP pathway of isoprenoid formation. Planta, Bd. 213 (2):S323-6.
224. Zhou, X. and Mopper, K. (1997). Photochemical production of low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds in seawater and surface microlayer and their air-sea exchange. Marine Chemistry, 56:, 201-13.