Gliomatosis cerebri: Growing evidence for diffuse gliomas with wide invasion

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 587-597

  Romeike, Bernd F M ^a   Mawrin, Christian ^a  

^a FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

Author keywords

Astrocytoma progression; Clonality; Diffuse glioma; Gliomatosis cerebri; Laterality; Oligodendroglioma; Prognostic factor; Tumor classification; Tumor infiltration

Indexed keywords

LOMUSTINE; PROCARBAZINE; TEMOZOLOMIDE; VINCRISTINE;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; BRAIN BIOPSY; CANCER GRADING; CANCER INVASION; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GLIOMA; GLIOSIS; HUMAN; MOLECULAR CLONING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; REVIEW; SEX RATIO; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASMS, NEUROEPITHELIAL; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS;

EID: 42249102762     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.4.587     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Nevin S. Gliomatosis cerebri. Brain 61, 170-191 (1938).
2. Scherer HJ. Cerebral astrocytomas and their derivatives. Am. J. Cancer 40, 159-197 (1940).
3. Scheinker IM, Evans JP. Diffuse cerebral glioblastosis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2, 78-189 (1943).
4. Kawano N, Miyasaka Y, Yada K, Atari H, Sasaki K. Diffuse cerebrospinal gliomatosis. Case report. J. Neurosurg. 49(2), 303-307 (1978).
5. Freund M, Hahnel S, Sommer C et al. CT and MRI findings in gliomatosis cerebri: a neuroradiologic and neuropathologic review of diffuse infiltrating brain neoplasms. Eur. Radiol. 11(2), 309-316 (2001).
6. Fuller GN, Kros JM. Gliomatosis cerebri. In: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK (Eds). IARC Press, Lyon, France, 50-52 (2007). •• The most important classification, updated in 2007. Very good overview of general up-to-date information.
7. Cummings TJ, Hulette CM, Longee DC et al. Gliomatosis cerebri: cytologic and autopsy findings in a case involving the entire neuraxis. Clin. Neuropathol. 18(4), 190-197 (1999).
8. Mawrin C, Aumann V, Kirches E et al. Gliomatosis cerebri: post-mortem molecular and immunohistochemical analyses in a case treated with thalidomide. J. Neurooncol. 55(1), 11-17 (2001).
9. Zülch KJ. Histological Typing of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (1979).
10. Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. Histological Typing of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg NY, USA (1993).
11. Lantos PL, Bruner JM. Gliomatosis cerebri. In: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Nervous System. Kleihues P, Cavenee WK (Eds). IARC Press, Lyon, France 92-93 (2000).
12. Blumbergs PC, Chin DK, Hallpike JF. Diffuse infiltrating astrocytoma (gliomatosis cerebri) with twenty-two-year history. Clin. Exp. Neurol. 19, 94-101 (1983).
13. Barth PG, Stam FC, Hack W, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Gliomatosis cerebri in a newborn. Neuropediatrics 19(4), 197-200 (1988).
14. Jennings MT, Frenchman M, Shehab T et al. Gliomatosis cerebri presenting as intractable epilepsy during early childhood. J. Child Neurol. 10(1), 37-45 (1995). • Large review of 151 patients.
15. Taillibert S, Chodkiewicz C, Laigle-Donadey F et al. Gliomatosis cerebri: a review of 296 cases from the ANOCEF database and the literature. J. Neurooncol. 76(2), 201-205 (2006). •• Largest recent review, describes prognostic factors and effects of therapy.
16. Perkins GH, Schomer DF, Fuller GN, Allen PK, Maor MH. Gliomatosis cerebri: improved outcome with radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 56(4), 1137-1146 (2003).
17. Suzuki T, Izumoto S, Fujimoto Y et al. Clinicopathological study of cellular proliferation and invasion in gliomatosis cerebri: important role of neural cell adhesion molecule L1 in tumour invasion. J. Clin. Pathol. 58(2), 166-171 (2005).
18. Li L, He F, Litofsky NS, Recht LD, Ross AH. Profiling of genes expressed by PTEN haploinsufficient neural precursor cells. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 24(4), 1051-1061 (2003).
19. Galatioto S, Marafioti T, Cavallari V, Batolo D. Gliomatosis cerebri. Clinical, neuropathological, immunohistochemical and morphometric Studies. Zentralbl. Pathol. 139(3), 261-267 (1993).
20. Nishioka H, Ito H, Miki T. Difficulties in the antemortem diagnosis of gliomatosis cerebri: report of a case with diffuse increase of gemistocyte-like cells, mimicking reactive gliosis. Br. J. Neurosurg. 10(1), 103-107 (1996).
21. Schober R, Mai JK, Volk B, Wechsler W. Gliomatosis cerebri: bioptical approach and neuropathological verification. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 113(3-4), 131-137 (1991).
22. Wilson NW, Symon L, Lantos PL. Gliomatosis cerebri: report of a case presenting as a focal cerebral mass. J. Neurol. 234(6), 445-447 (1987).
23. Cervos-Navarro J, Artigas J, Aruffo C, Iglesias J. The fine structure of gliomatosis cerebri. Virchows Arch. A. Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 411(1), 93-98 (1987).
24. Artigas J, Cervos-Navarro J, Iglesias JR, Ebhardt G. Gliomatosis cerebri: clinical and histological findings. Clin. Neuropathol. 4(4), 135-148 (1985).
25. Balko MG, Blisard KS, Samaha FJ. Oligodendroglial gliomatosis cerebri. Hum. Pathol. 23(6), 706-707 (1992).
26. Gutowski NJ, Gomez-Anson B, Torpey N et al. Oligodendroglial gliomatosis cerebri: (1)H-MRS suggests elevated glycine/inositol levels. Neuroradiology 41(9), 650-653 (1999).
27. Tancredi A, Mangiola A, Guiducci A, Peciarolo A, Ottaviano P. Oligodendrocytic gliomatosis cerebri. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 142(4), 469-472 (2000).
28. Blümcke I, Muller S, Buslei R, Riederer BM, Wiestler OD. Microtubule-associated protein-2 immunoreactivity: a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of low-grade neuroepithelial tumors. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 108(2), 89-96 (2004).
29. Mawrin C. Molecular genetic alterations in gliomatosis cerebri: what can we learn about the origin and course of the disease? Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 110(6), 527-536 (2005).
30. Hulette CM. Microglioma, a histiocytic neoplasm of the central nervous system. Mod. Pathol. 9(3), 316-319 (1996).
31. Watanabe K, Sato K, Biernat W et al. Incidence and timing of p53 mutations during astrocytoma progression in patients with multiple biopsies. Clin. Cancer Res. 3(4), 523-530 (1997).
32. Kannuki S, Hirose T, Horiguchi H, Kageji T, Nagahiro S. Gliomatosis cerebri with secondary glioblastoma formation: report of two cases. Brain Tumor Pathol. 15(2), 111-116 (1998).
33. Mawrin C, Lins H, Kirches E et al. Distribution of p53 alterations in a case of gliomatosis cerebri. Hum. Pathol. 34(1), 102-106 (2003).
34. Pyhtinen J, Paakko E. A difficult diagnosis of gliomatosis cerebri. Neuroradiology 38(5), 444-448 (1996).
35. Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. Primary and secondary glioblastomas: from concept to clinical diagnosis. Neuro-oncol. 1(1), 44-51 (1999).
36. Kim DG, Yang HJ, Park IA et al. Gliomatosis cerebri: clinical features, treatment, and prognosis. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 140(8), 755-762 (1998).
37. Vates GE, Chang S, Lamborn KR, Prados M, Berger MS. Gliomatosis cerebri: a review of 22 cases. Neurosurgery 53(2), 261-271 (2003). • Recent good clinical review.
38. Peretti-Viton P, Brunel H, Chinot O et al. Histological and MR correlations in gliomatosis cerebri. J. Neurooncol. 59(3), 249-259 (2002).
39. Grossman SA, O'Neill A, Grunnet M et al. Phase III study comparing three cycles of infusional carmustine and cisplatin followed by radiation therapy with radiation therapy and concurrent carmustine in patients with newly diagnosed supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial 2394. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(8), 1485-1491 (2003).
40. Buckner JC, O'Fallon JR, Dinapoli RP et al. Prognosis in patients with anaplastic oligoastrocytoma is associated with histologic grade. J. Neurooncol. 84(3), 279-286 (2007).
41. Houillier C, Lejeune J, Benouaich-Amiel A et al. Prognostic impact of molecular markers in a series of 220 primary glioblastomas. Cancer 106(10), 2218-2223 (2006).
42. Akman F, Cooper RA, Sen M, Tanriver Y, Kentli S. Validation of the Medical Research Council and a newly developed prognostic index in patients with malignant glioma: how useful are prognostic indices in routine clinical practice? J. Neurooncol. 59(1), 39-47 (2002).
43. Polin RS, Marko NF, Ammerman MD et al. Functional outcomes and survival in patients with high-grade gliomas in dominant and nondominant hemispheres. J. Neurosurg. 102(2), 276-283 (2005).
44. Jung V, Romeike BF, Henn W et al. Evidence of focal genetic microheterogeneity in glioblastoma multiforme by area-specific CGH on microdissected tumor cells. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 58(9), 993-999 (1999).
45. Loeper S, Romeike BF, Heckmann N et al. Frequent mitotic errors in tumor cells of genetically micro-heterogeneous glioblastomas. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 94(1-2), 1-8 (2001).
46. Romeike BF, Jung V, Feiden W et al. Distribution of epidermal growth factor receptor protein correlates with gain in chromosome 7 revealed by comparative genomic hybridization after microdissection in glioblastoma multiforme. Pathol. Res. Pract. 197(6), 427-431 (2001).
47. Yamada SM, Hayashi Y, Takahashi H et al. Histological and genetic diagnosis of gliomatosis cerebri: case report. J. Neurooncol. 52(3), 237-240 (2001).
48. Hecht BK, Turc-Carel C, Chatel M et al. Chromosomes in gliomatosis cerebri. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 14(2), 149-153 (1995).
49. Kattar MM, Kupsky WJ, Shimoyama RK et al. Clonal analysis of gliomas. Hum. Pathol. 28(10), 1166-1179 (1997).
50. Kirches E, Mawrin C, Schneider-Stock R et al. Mitochondrial DNA as a clonal tumor cell marker: gliomatosis cerebri. J. Neurooncol. 61(1), 1-5 (2003).
51. Kirches E, Michael M, Woy C et al. Loss of heteroplasmy in the displacement loop of brain mitochondrial DNA in astrocytic tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26(1), 80-83 (1999).
52. Kirches E, Krause G, Warich-Kirches M et al. High frequency of mitochondrial DNA mutations in glioblastoma multiforme identified by direct sequence comparison to blood samples. Int. J. Cancer 93(4), 534-538 (2001).
53. Sanchez-Cespedes M, Parrella P, Nomoto S et al. Identification of a mononucleotide repeat as a major target for mitochondrial DNA alterations in human tumors. Cancer Res. 61(19), 7015-7019 (2001).
54. Kros JM, Zheng P, Dinjens WN, Alers JC. Genetic aberrations in gliomatosis cerebri support monoclonal tumorigenesis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 61(9), 806-814 (2002).
55. Herrlinger U, Felsberg J, Küker W et al. Gliomatosis cerebri: molecular pathology and clinical course. Ann. Neurol. 52, 390-399 (2002).
56. Sanson M, Cartalat-Carel S, Taillibert S et al. Initial chemotherapy in gliomatosis cerebri. Neurology 63(2), 270-275 (2004).
57. von Deimling A, Eibl RH, Ohgaki H. p53 mutations are sssociated with 17p allelic loss in grade II and grade III astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 52, 2987-2990 (1992).
58. Sidransky D, Mikkelsen T, Schwechheimer K et al. Clonal expansion of p53 mutant cells is associated with brain tumour progression. Nature 355(6363), 846-847 (1992).
59. Ohgaki H, Eibl RH, Wiestler OD et al. p53 mutations in nonastrocytic human brain tumors. Cancer Res. 51(22), 6202-6205 (1991).
60. Mawrin C, Kirches E, Schneider-Stock R et al. Analysis of TP53 and PTEN in gliomatosis cerebri. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 105(6), 529-536 (2003).
61. Mawrin C, Kirches E, Schneider-Stock R et al. Alterations of cell cycle regulators in gliomatosis cerebri. J. Neurooncol. 72(2), 115-122 (2005).
62. Tohma Y, Gratas C, Biernat W et al. PTEN (MMAC1) mutations are frequent in primary glioblastomas (de novo) but not in secondary glioblastomas. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 57(7), 684-689 (1998).
63. von Deimling A, von Ammon K, Schoenfeld D et al. Subsets of glioblastoma multiforme defined by molecular genetic analysis. Brain Pathol. 3(1), 19-26 (1993).
64. Loda M, Cukor B, Tam SW et al. Increased proteasome-dependent degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 in aggressive colorectal carcinomas. Nat. Med. 3(2), 231-234 (1997).
65. Catzavelos C, Bhattacharya N, Ung YC et al. Decreased levels of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 protein: prognostic implications in primary breast cancer. Nat. Med. 3(2), 227-230 (1997).
66. Piva R, Cavalla P, Bortolotto S et al. p27/kip1 expression in human astrocytic gliomas. Neurosci. Lett. 234(2-3), 127-130 (1997).
67. Asher R, Bignami A. Hyaluronate binding and CD44 expression in human glioblastoma cells and astrocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 203(1), 80-90 (1992).
68. Ylagan LR, Quinn B. CD44 expression in astrocytic tumors. Mod. Pathol. 10(12), 1239-1246 (1997).
69. Nakano A, Tani E, Miyazaki K, Yamamoto Y, Furuyama J. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in human gliomas. J. Neurosurg. 83(2), 298-307 (1995).
70. Oz B, Karayel FA, Gazio NL, Ozlen F, Balci K. The distribution of extracellular matrix proteins and CD44S expression in human astrocytomas. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 6(2), 118-124 (2000).
71. Leins A, Riva P, Lindstedt R et al. Expression of tenascin-C in various human brain tumors and its relevance for survival in patients with astrocytoma. Cancer 98(11), 2430-2439 (2003).
72. Burke D, Wilkes D, Blundell TL, Malcolm S. Fibroblast growth factor receptors: lessons from the genes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 23(2), 59-62 (1998).
73. Yamaguchi F, Saya H, Bruner JM, Morrison RS. Differential expression of two fibroblast growth factor-receptor genes is associated with malignant progression in human astrocytomas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91(2), 484-488 (1994).
74. Kunishio K, Okada M, Matsumoto Y, Nagao S. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 expression in astrocytic tumors. Brain Tumor Pathol. 20(2), 39-45 (2003).
75. Mawrin C, Schneider T, Firsching R et al. Assessment of tumor cell invasion factors in gliomatosis cerebri. J. Neurooncol. 73(2), 109-115 (2005).
76. Ariza A, Lopez D, Mate JL et al. Role of CD44 in the invasiveness of glioblastoma multiforme and the noninvasiveness of meningioma: an immunohistochemistry study. Hum. Pathol. 26(10), 1144-1147 (1995).
77. Kuppner MC, Van Meir E, Gauthier T, Hamou MF, de Tribolet N. Differential expression of the CD44 molecule in human brain tumours. Int. J. Cancer 50(4), 572-577 (1992).
78. Nagasaka S, Tanabe KK, Bruner JM et al. Alternative RNA splicing of the hyaluronic acid receptor CD44 in the normal human brain and in brain tumors. J. Neurosurg. 82(5), 858-863 (1995).
79. Bange J, Prechtl D, Cheburkin Y et al. Cancer progression and tumor cell motility are associated with the FGFR4 Arg(388) allele. Cancer Res. 62(3), 840-847 (2002).
80. Streit S, Bange J, Fichtner A et al. Involvement of the FGFR4 Arg388 allele in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 111(2), 213-217 (2004).
81. Jezequel P, Campion L, Joalland MP et al. G388R mutation of the FGFR4 gene is not relevant to breast cancer prognosis. Br. J. Cancer 90(1), 189-193 (2004).
82. Karim AB, Maat B, Hatlevoll R et al. A randomized trial on dose-response in radiation therapy of low-grade cerebral glioma: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Study 22844. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 36(3), 549-556 (1996).
83. Horst E, Micke O, Romppainen ML et al. Radiation therapy approach in gliomatosis cerebri - case reports and literature review. Acta Oncol. 39(6), 747-751 (2000).
84. Elshaikh MA, Stevens GH, Peereboom DM et al. Gliomatosis cerebri. Cancer 95(9), 2027-2031 (2002).
85. Cozad SC, Townsend P, Morantz RA et al. Gliomatosis cerebri. Results with radiation therapy. Cancer 78(8), 1789-1793 (1996).
86. Lodi R, Setola E, Tonon C et al. Gliomatosis cerebri: clinical, neurochemical and neuroradiological response to temozolomide administration. Magn. Reson. Imaging 21(9), 1003-1007 (2003).
87. Benjelloun A, Delavelle J, Lazeyras F, Dietrich PY. Possible efficacy of temozolomide in a patient with gliomatosis cerebri. Neurology 57(10), 1932-1933 (2001).
88. Levin N, Gomori JM, Siegal T. Chemotherapy as initial treatment in gliomatosis cerebri: results with temozolomide. Neurology 63(2), 354-356 (2004).
89. Cairncross JG, Ueki K, Zlatescu MC et al. Specific genetic predictors of chemotherapeutic response and survival in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 90(19), 1473-1479 (1998).
90. Galanis E, Buckner JC, Novotny P et al. Efficacy of neuroradiological imaging, neurological examination, and symptom status in follow-up assessment of patients with high-grade gliomas. J. Neurosurg. 93(2), 201-207 (2000).
91. Stark AM, Nabavi A, Mehdorn HM, Blomer U. Glioblastoma multiforme-report of 267 cases treated at a single institution. Surg. Neurol. 63(2), 162-169; discussion 169 (2005).
92. Yuile P, Dent O, Cook R, Biggs M, Little N. Survival of glioblastoma patients related to presenting symptoms, brain site and treatment variables. J. Clin. Neurosci. 13(7), 747-751 (2006).
93. Krex D, Klink B, Hartmann C et al. Long-term survival with glioblastoma multiforme. Brain 130(Pt 10), 2596-2606 (2007).
94. Inskip PD, Tarone RE, Brenner AV et al. Handedness and risk of brain tumors in adults. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 12(3), 223-225 (2003).