Am I the right candidate? Self-ascribed fit of women and men to a leadership position

Sex Roles

Volumn 58, Issue 9-10, 2008, Pages 682-688

  Bosak, Janine ^a   Sczesny, Sabine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Agency; Gender stereotypes; Leadership; Self Perception; Sex differences

Indexed keywords

EID: 42149152825     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-007-9380-4     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Abele, A. E. (2003). The dynamics of masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits: Findings from a prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 768-776.
2. Avery, D. R., Hernandez, M., & Hebl, M. R. (2004). Who's watching the race? Racial salience in recruitment advertising. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 146-161.
3. Avolio, B. J. (1999). Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organizations. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
4. Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industrial, military, and educational impact. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
6. Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.
7. Berscheid, E. (1966). Opinion change and communicator-communicatee similarity and dissimilarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 670-680.
8. Catalyst. (2006). 2005 Catalyst census of women corporate officers and top earners of the Fortune 500. Retrieved November 21, 2007 from http://www.catalystwomen.org/files/full/2005%20COTE.pdf.
9. Davies, P. G., Spencer, S. J., Quinn, D. M., & Gerhardstein, R. (2002). Consuming images: How television commercials that elicit stereotype threat can restrain women academically and professionally. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1615-1628.
10. Davies, P. G., Spencer, S. J., & Steele, C. M. (2005). Clearing the air: Identity safety moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women's leadership aspirations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 276-287.
11. Deal, J., & Stevenson, M. A. (1998). Perceptions of female and male managers in the 1990s. Sex Roles, 38, 287-300.
12. Duehr, E. E., & Bono, J. E. (2006). Men, women, and managers: Are stereotypes finally changing? Personnel Psychology, 59, 815-846.
13. Durkin, K. (1995). TV, sex roles, and children. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
14. Eagly, A. H. (2003). The rise of female leaders. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 34, 123-132.
15. Eagly, A. H. (2004). Few women at the top: How role incongruity produces prejudice and the glass ceiling. In D. van Knippenberg, & M. A. Hogg (Eds.) Leadership and power: Identity processes in groups and organizations (pp. 79-93). London: Sage Publications.
16. Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573-598.
17. Eagly, A. H., & Sczesny, S. (in press). Stereotypes about woman, men, and leaders: have times changed? In M. Barreto, M. Ryan, & M. Schmitt (Eds.), Barriers to diversity: The glass ceiling in the 21st Century. American Psychological Association.
18. Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735-754.
19. Ely, R. J. (1995). The power in demography: Women's social construction of gender identity at work. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 589-634.
20. Fondas, N. (1997). Feminization unveiled: Management qualities in contemporary writings. Academy of Management Review, 22, 257-282.
21. Heatherington, L., Daubman, K. A., Bates, C., Ahn, A., Brown, H., & Preston, C. (1993). Two investigations of "female modesty" in achievement situations. Sex Roles, 29, 739-753.
22. Heilman, M. E. (1983). Sex bias in work settings: The lack of fit model. Research in Organizational Behavior, 5, 269-298.
23. Hoppenstedt (2004). Presse: Die Frauen holen auf-weibliche Top-Manager sind selten, aber ihr Anteil steigt seit Jahren kontinuierlich [Press: Women are catching up-Female top managers are rare, but their proportion is increasing continuously over the years]: July 18, 2005, Hoppenstedt Firmeninformationen GmbH. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from http://www.hoppenstedt.de.
24. Hossiep, R., & Paschen, M. (1998). Das Bochumer Inventar zur berufsbezogenen Persönlichkeitsbeschreibung (BIP) [Bochum Inventory for the Description of Personality Traits in the Occupational Context]. Göttingen: Hogrefe-Verlag.
25. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 765-780.
26. Lips, H. M. (2000). College students' visions of power and possibility as moderated by gender. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 39-43.
27. Martin, C. L., Wood, C. H., & Little, J. K. (1990). The development of gender stereotype components. Child Development, 61, 1891-1904.
28. McCauley, C. D. (2004). Successful and unsuccessful leadership. In J. Antonakis, A. T. Cianciolo, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.) The nature of leadership (pp. 199-221). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
29. Perkins, L. A., Thomas, K. M., & Taylor, G. A. (2000). Advertising and recruitment: Marketing to minorities. Psychology and Marketing, 17, 235-255.
30. Rastetter, D. (2001). Frauen - die besseren Führungskräfte? "Soft Skills" als neue Anforderungen im Management [Do women make better leaders? Soft skills as new demands of management]. Journal für Psychologie, 5, 43-55.
31. Rynes, S. L., & Barber, A. E. (1990). Applicant attraction strategies: An organizational perspective. Academy of Management Review, 15, 286-310.
32. Santrock, J. (1994). Child development (6th ed.). Madison: Brown & Benchmark.
33. Sczesny, S. (2003). A closer look beneath the surface: Various facets of the think-manager-think-male stereotype. Sex Roles, 49, 353-364.
34. Sczesny, S., Bosak, J., Diekman, A., & Twenge, J. (2007). Dynamics of sex role stereotypes. In Y. Kashima, K. Fiedler, & P. Freytag (Eds.) Stereotype dynamics: Language-based approaches to the formation, maintenance, and transformation of stereotypes (pp. 137-163). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
35. Sczesny, S., Bosak, J., Neff, D., & Schyns, B. (2004). Gender stereotypes and the attribution of leadership traits. A cross-cultural comparison. Sex Roles, 51, 631-645.
36. Sieverding, M. (2003). Frauen unterschätzen sich: Selbstbeurteilungs-Biases in einer simulierten Bewerbungssituation [Women underevaluate themselves: Self-evaluation-biases in a simulated job interview]. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 34, 147-160.
37. Spence, J. T., & Buckner, C. E. (2000). Instrumental and expressive traits, trait stereotypes, and sexist attitudes. What do they signify? Psychology of Women Quaterly, 24, 44-62.
38. Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. L., & Stapp, J. (1974). The Personal Attributes Questionnaire: A measure of sex role stereotypes and masculinity-femininity. JSAS: Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4, 43-44.
39. Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. L., & Stapp, J. (1975). Ratings of self and peers on sex-role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 29-39.
40. Twenge, J. M. (1997). Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta- analysis. Sex Roles, 36, 305-325.
41. Twenge, J. M. (2001). Changes in women's assertiveness in response to status and roles. A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1931-1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 133-145.
42. Van Vianen, A. E. M., & Fischer, A. H. (2002). Illuminating the glass ceiling: The role of organizational culture preferences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 315-337.
43. Van Vianen, A. E. M., & Willemsen, T. M. (1992). The employment interview: The role of sex stereotypes in the evaluation of male and female job applicants in the Netherlands. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 471-491.