Magnesium in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and other conditions: A review

Nutrition in Clinical Practice

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 142-151

  Champagne, Catherine M ^a  

^a PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular; Hypertension; Magnesium; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; LACIDIPINE; MAGNESIUM; MAGNESIUM ASPARTATE; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; PLACEBO; POTASSIUM;

BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BONE DEVELOPMENT; BONE GROWTH; CALCIUM INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; FOOD COMPOSITION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LIFESTYLE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MEDICAL LITERATURE; META ANALYSIS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; POTASSIUM INTAKE; PREECLAMPSIA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STROKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; LIFE STYLE; MAGNESIUM; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS;

EID: 41949112775     PISSN: 08845336     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0884533608314533     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Ueshima K. Magnesium and ischemic heart disease: a review of epidemiological, experimental and clinical evidences. Magnes Rev. 2005;18:275-284.
2. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2005, with Chartbook on the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2004. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm. Accessed February 6, 2008.
3. Touyz RM. Magnesium and hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrology Hypertens. 2006;15:141-144.
4. Sontia B, Touyz RM. Role of magnesium in hypertension. Arch Biochem Biophysics. 2007;458:33-39.
5. Simons-Morton DG, Hunsberger SA, Van Horn L, et al. Nutrient intake and blood pressure in the Dietary Intervention in Children. Hypertension. 1997;29:930-936.
6. Ascherio A, Hennekens C, Willett WC, et al. Prospective study of nutritional factors, blood pressure, and hypertension among US women. Hypertension. 1996;27:1065-1072.
7. Witteman JC, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of nutritional factors and hypertension among US women. Circulation. 1989;80:1320-1327.
8. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, et al. A prospective study of nutritional factors and hypertension among US men. Circulation. 1992;86:1475-1484.
9. Joffres MR, Reed DM, Yano K. Relationship of magnesium intake and other dietary factors to blood pressure: the Honolulu heart study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;45:469-475.
10. Zhao L, Stamler J, Yan LL, et al; for the INTERMAP Research Group. Blood pressure differences between northern and southern Chinese: role of dietary factors. The International Study on Macronutrients and Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2004;43:1332-1337.
11. Stamler J, Elliott P, Appel L, et al; for the INTERMAP Research Group. Higher blood pressure in middle-aged American adults with less education - role of multiple dietary factors: the INTERMAP Study. J Human Hypertens. 2003;17:655-664.
12. Song Y, Sesso HD, Manson JE, Cook NR, Buring JE, Liu S. Dietary magnesium intake and risk of incident hypertension among middle-aged and older US women in a 10-year follow-up study. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:1616-1621.
13. Lancaster KJ, Smiciklas-Wright H, Weitzel LB, Mitchell DC, Friedmann JM, Jensen GL. Hypertension-related dietary patterns of rural older adults. Prev Med. 2004;38:812-818.
14. Geleijnse JM, Grobbee DE, Kok FJ. Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19(suppl 3):S1-S4.
15. Sugiyama T, Xie D, Graham-Maar RC, Inoue K, Kobayashi Y, Stettler N. Dietary and lifestyle factors associated with blood pressure among U.S. adolescents. J Adoles Health. 2007;40:166-172.
16. Dickinson HO, Mason JM, Nicolson DJ, et al. Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2006;24:215-233.
17. Charlton KE, Steyn K, Levitt NS, et al. Ethnic differences in intake and excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in South Africans. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005;12:355-362.
18. Charlton KE, Phil M, Steyn K, et al. Diet and blood pressure in South Africa: intake of foods containing sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in three ethnic groups. Nutrition. 2005;21:39-50.
19. Townsend MS, Fulgoni VL, Stern JS, Adu-Afarwuah S, McCarron DA. Low mineral intake is associated with high systolic blood pressure in the Third and Fourth National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:261-269.
20. Itoh K, Kawasaki T, Nakamura M. The effects of high oral magnesium supplementation on blood pressure, serum lipids and related variables in apparently healthy Japanese subjects. Br J Nutr. 1997;78:737-750.
21. Cappuccio FP, Markandu ND, Beynon GW, Shore AD, Sampson B, MacGregor GA. Lack of effect of oral magnesium on high blood pressure: a double blind study. Br Med J. 1985;291:235-238.
22. Witteman JCM, Grobbee DE, Dcrkx FHM, Bouillon R, de Bruijn AM, Hofman A. Reduction of blood pressure with oral magnesium supplementation in women with mild to moderate hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60:129-135.
23. Doyle L, Flynn A, Cashman K. The effect of magnesium supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism on blood pressure in healthy young adult females. European J Clin Nutr. 1999;53:255-261.
24. Sacks FM, Willett WC, Smith A, Brown LE, Rosner B, Moore TJ. Effect on blood pressure of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in women with low habitual intake. Hypertension. 1998;31(pt 1):131-138.
25. Wu G, Tian H, Han K, Xi Y, Yao Y, Ma A. Potassium magnesium supplementation for four weeks improves small distal artery compliance and reduced blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2006;28:489-497.
26. Jee SH, Miller ER III, Guallar E, Singh VK, Appel LJ, Klag MJ. The effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:691-696.
27. Beilin LJ. Update on lifestyle and hypertension control. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2004;26:739-746.
28. Wexler R, Aukerman G. Nonpharmacologic strategies for managing hypertension. Am Fam Physician. 2006;73:1953-1956.
29. Dickinson HO, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, et al. Magnesium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(3):CD004640.
30. Standley CA, Batia L, Yuch G. Magnesium sulfate effectively reduces blood pressure in an animal model of preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006;19:171-176.
31. Sibai BM. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:402-410.
32. Sibai BM. Magnesium sulfate prophylaxis in preeclampsia: lessons learned from recent trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1520-1526.
33. The Magpie Trial Collaborative Group. Do women with preeclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulfate? The Magpie Trial: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359: 1877-1890.
34. Witlin AG, Sibai BM. Magnesium sulfate in preeclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92:883-889.
35. Frederick IO, Williams MA, Dashow E, Kestin M, Zhang C, Leisenring WM. Dietary fiber, potassium, magnesium and calcium in relation to the risk of preeclampsia. J Reprod Med. 2005;50:332-344.
36. Kisters K, Gremmier B, Hausberg M. Preventing pregnancy-induced hypertension: the role of calcium and magnesium. J Hypertens. 2006;24:201-202.
37. Adam B, Malatyalioglu E, Alvur M, Talu C. Magnesium, zinc and iron levels in pre-eclampsia. J Matern Fetal Med. 2001;10:246-250.
38. Oken E, Ning Y, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rich-Edwards JW, Olsen SF, Gillman MW. Diet during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17:663-668.
39. Vaskonen T. Dietary minerals and modification of cardiovascular risk factors. J Nutr Biochem. 2003;14:492-506.
40. Arsenian MA. Magnesium and cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1993;3:271-310.
41. Liao F, Folsom AR, Brancati FL. Is low magnesium concentration a risk factor for coronary heart disease? The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am Heart J. 1998;13:480-490.
42. Weglicki W, Quamme G, Tucker K, Haigney M, Resnick L. Potassium, magnesium, and electrolyte imbalance and complications in disease management. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2005;1:95-112.
43. Haas NA, Kemke J, Schulze-Neick I, Lange PE. Effect of increasing doses of magnesium in experimental pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30: 2102-2109.
44. Blache D, Devaux S, Joubert O, et al. Long-term moderate magnesium-deficient diet shows relationships between blood pressure, inflammation and oxidant stress defense in aging rats. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006;41:277-284.
45. Tubek S. Role of trace elements in primary arterial hypertension. Is mineral water style or prophylaxis? Biol Trace Element Res. 2006;114:1-5.
46. Rylander R, Arnaud MJ. Mineral water intake reduces blood pressure among subjects with low urinary magnesium and calcium levels. BMC Public Health. 2004;4:56-60.
47. Rosenlund M, Berglind N, Hallqvist J, Bellander T, Bluhm G. Daily intake of magnesium and calcium from drinking water in relation to myocardial infarction. Epidemiology. 2005;16:570-576.
48. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernan MA, et al. Intake of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber and risk of stroke among US men. Circulation. 1998;98:1198-1204.
49. Ding EL, Mozaffarian D. Optimal dietary habits for the prevention of stroke. Semin Neurol. 2006;26:11-23.
50. Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Chen H, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Kiel DP. Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:727-736.
51. Liu S, Choi HK, Ford E, et al. A prospective study of dairy intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1579-1584.
52. Lopez-Ridaura R, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:134-140.
53. He K, Liu K, Davilgus ML, et al. Magnesium intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome among young adults. Circulation. 2006;113:1675-1682.
54. Rayssiguier Y, Gueux E, Nowacki W, Rock E, Mazur A. High fructose consumption combined with low dietary magnesium intake may increase the incidence of the metabolic syndrome by inducing inflammation. Magnes Res. 2006;19:237-243.
55. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al; for the DASH Collaborative Research Group. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1117-1124.
56. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al; for the DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:3-10.
57. Champagne CM. Dietary interventions on blood pressure: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trials. Nutr Rev. 2006;64:S53-S56.
58. Khan NA, McAlister FA, Lewanczuk RZ, et al; for the Canadian Hypertension Education Program. The 2005 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: part II - therapy. Can J Cardiol. 2005;21:657-672.
59. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH. NIH Publication No. 06-4082. Originally Printed 1998. Revised April 2006. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/ hbp/dash/new_dash.pdf. Accessed September 5, 2007.
60. Champagne CM. Hypertension: nutritional management. In: Caballero B, Allen L, Prentice A, eds. Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition. London, UK: Elsevier/Academic Press; 2006:513-523.
61. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 19. 2006. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/ SR19/sr19_doc.pdf. Accessed February 6, 2008.
62. Svetkey LP, Harsha DW, Vollmer WM, et al. PREMIER: a clinical trial of comprehensive lifestyle modification for blood pressure control: rationale, design and baseline characteristics. Ann Epidemiol. 2003;13:462-471.
63. Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, et al; Writing Group of the PREMIER Collaborative Research Group. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289:2083-2093.
64. Elmer PJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, et al; for the PREMIER Collaborative Research Group. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on diet, weight, physical fitness, and blood pressure control: 18-month results of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:485-495.
65. Myers VH, Champagne CM. Nutritional effects on blood pressure. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2007;18:20-24.
66. Karppanen H, Karppanen P, Mervaala E. Why and how to implement sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium changes in food items and diets? J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19(suppl 3):S10-S19.