The mental health impact of terrorism in Israel: A repeat cross-sectional study of Arabs and Jews

Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

Volumn 117, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 369-380

  Gelkopf, M ^a,b,c   Solomon, Z ^c   Berger, R ^b   Bleich, A ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^b NATAL: The Israel Trauma Center for Victims of Terror and War

^c TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Cross cultural comparison; Minority groups; Posttraumatic symptom disorder; Terrorism; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARAB; ARTICLE; BIRTHPLACE; COPING BEHAVIOR; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPRESSION; EDUCATION; FEMALE; FUTURE ORIENTATION SCALE; GENDER; HUMAN; INCOME; INTERVIEW; ISRAEL; JEW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MINORITY GROUP; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RELIGION; SAFETY; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TERRORISM;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ARABS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; ISRAEL; JEWS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; QUESTIONNAIRES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TERRORISM; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 41849088125     PISSN: 0001690X     EISSN: 16000447     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01164.x     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2006) http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism- %20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Palestinian%20terror%20since%202000/ Victims%20of%20Palestinian%20Violence%20and%20Terrorism%20sinc Accessed September 15, 2007.
2. Cohen Silver R, Holman A, McIntosh DN, Poulin M, Gil-Rivas V. Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological responses to September 11. J Am Med Assoc 2002 288 : 1235 1244.
3. Person C, Tracy M, Galea S. Risk factors for depression after a disaster. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006 194 : 659 666.
4. Bleich A, Gelkopf M, Melamed Y, Solomon Z. Mental health and resiliency in Israeli society following 4 years of terrorism. BMC Med 2006 4 : 21.
5. Grieger TA, Fulelrton CS, Ursano RJ. Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and perceived safety 13 months after September 11. Psychiatr Serv 2004 55 : 1061 1063.
6. Stein BD, Elliott MN, Jaycox LH et al. A national longitudinal study of the psychological consequences of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks: reactions, impairment, and self-help. Psychiatry 2004 67 : 105 117.
7. Bonnanno GA, Galea S, Bucciarelli A, Vlahov D. Psychological resilience after disaster: New York city in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack. Psychol Sci 2006 17 : 181 186.
8. Ford JD, Adams ML, Daily WF. Factors associated with receiving help and risk factors for disaster-related distress among Connecticut adults 5-15 months after the September 11th terrorist incident. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005 40 : 1 10.
9. Shalev AY, Tuval R, Frenkiel-Fishman S, Hadar H, Eth S. Psychological responses to continuous terror: a study of two communities in Israel. Am J Psychiatry 2006 163 : 667 673.
10. Bleich A, Gelkopf M, Solomon Z. Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and coping behaviors among a nationally representative sample in Israel. J Am Med Assoc 2003 290 : 612 620.
11. Gidron Y. Posttraumatic stress disorder after terrorist attacks: a review. J Nerv Ment Dis 2002 190 : 118 121.
12. Tolin DF, Foa EB. Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: a quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychol Bull 2006 132 : 959 992.
13. Kinzie DJ, Boehnlein JK, Riley C, Sparr L. The effects of September 11 on traumatized refugees: reactivation of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2002 190 : 437 441.
14. Adams RE, Boscarino JA. Predictors of PTSD and delayed PTSD after disaster: the impact of exposure and psychosocial resources. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006 194 : 485 493.
15. Schuster MA, Stein BD, Jaycox L et al. A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. N Engl J Med 2001 345 : 1507 1512.
16. Ai A, Evans-Campbell T, Santangelo LK, Cascio T. The traumatic impact of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and the potential protection of optimism. J Interpers Violence 2006 21 : 689 700.
17. Holman EA, Cohen-Silver R. Future-oriented thinking and adjustment in a nationwide longitudinal study following the September 11th terrorist attacks. Motiv Emot 2005 29 : 389 410.
18. Solomon Z, Gelkopf M, Bleich A. Is terror gender-blind? Gender differences in reaction to terror events. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005 40 : 947 954.
19. Gil S. Evaluation of premorbid personality factors and pre-event posttraumatic stress symptoms in the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms associated with a bus explosion in Israel. J Trauma Stress 2005 18 : 563 567.
20. Zeidner M. Individual differences in psychological reactions to terror attack. Pers Individ Dif 2006 40 : 771 781.
21. Hobfoll SE, Canetti-Nisim D, Johnson RJ. Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and defensive coping among Jews and Arabs in Israel. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006 74 : 207 218.
22. Fothergill A, Maestas EGM, DeRouen J. Race, ethnicity and disasters in the United States: a review of the literature. Disasters 1999 23 : 156 173.
23. Norris FH, Friedman MJ, Watson PJ, Byrne CM, Diaz E, Kaniasty K. 60000 disaster victims speak: part I and II. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry 2002 65 : 207 260.
24. Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000 68 : 748 766.
25. Chu TQ, Seery MD, Ence WA, Holman A, Cohen-Silver R. Ethnicity and gender in the face of a terrorist attack: a national longitudinal study of immediate responses and outcomes two years after September 11. Basic Appl Soc Psych 2006 28 : 200 224.
26. Rubin J, Brewin CR, Greenberg N, Simpson J, Wesseley S. Psychological and behavioural reactions to the bombings in London on 7 July 2005: cross sectional survey of a representative sample of Londoners. Br Med J 2005 331 : 606 613.
27. Mussalam N, Ginzburg K, Lev-Shalem L, Solomon Z. The psychological effects of Intifada Al Aqsa: acute stress disorder and distress in Palestinian-Israeli Students. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2005 42 : 96 105.
28. Somer E, Maguen S, Or-Chen K, Litz BT. Managing terror: differences between Jews and Arabs in Israel. Int J Psychol, 2007 42 : 1 9.
29. Beals J, Manson SM, Shore JH et al. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among American Indian Vietnam veterans: disparities and context. J Trauma Stress 2002 15 : 89 97.
30. Quarantelli E. Future disaster trends and policy implications for developing countries. Newark, DE : Disaster Research Center, 1994.
31. Blanchard-Boehm D. Risk communication in Southern California: ethnic and gender. Responses to 1995, Revised, Upgraded Earthquake Probabilities. Research Report. Boulder, CO : Natural Hazards Research and Application Information Center, 1997.
32. Kirschenbaum A. "Terror, adaptation and preparedness: a trilogy for survival". J Homeland Secur Emerg Manage 2006 3 : 1, Article 3.
33. Goltz JD, Russel LA, Bourque LB. Initial behavioral response to a rapid onset. Disaster: a case study. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 1992 10 : 43 69.
34. Kaniasty K, Norris F. A test of the support deterioration model in the context of natural disaster. J Pers Soc Psychol 1993 64 : 395 408.
35. Perilla JL, Norris FH, Lavizzo EA. Ethnicity, culture and disaster response: identifying and explaining ethnic differences in PTSD six months after Hurricane Andrew. J Soc Clin Psychol 2002 21 : 20 45.
36. Loo CM, Fairbank JA, Chemtob C. Adverse Race-related events as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder in Asian American Vietnam Veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 2005 193 : 455 463.
37. Montiel C. Political trauma and recovery in a protracted conflict: understanding contextual effects. J Peace Psychol 2000 6 : 93 111.
38. Pastor LH. Culture as examining the causes and consequences of collective trauma. Psychiatr Ann 2004 34 : 616 622.
39. Sa'adi AH. Catastrophe, memory and identity: Al-Nakbah as a component of Palestinian identity. Isr Stud 2002 7 : 175 198.
40. Abu-Saad I. Separate and unequal: the role of the State Educational System in maintaining the subordination of Israel's Palestinian Arab Citizens. Social identities. J Stud Race Nation Cult 2004 10 : 101 127.
41. Anderson L. Acculturative stress: a theory of relevance to black Americans. Clin Psychol Rev 1991 11 : 685 702.
42. Burhis RY, Dayan J. Acculturation orientations towards Israeli Arabs and Jewish immigrants in Israel. Int J Psychol 2004 39 : 118 131.
43. Or Commission. Official investigative commission to investigate the clashes between the security forces and Israeli citizens during October 2000. Jerusalem. 2003 http://www.7th-day.co.il/medina/vadat-or.htm [Hebrew], Accessed September 15, 2007.
44. Ben Meir E. Israeli Arabs: to whom do they pledge allegiance? Nativ J Politics Arts 2002 15 : 85.
45. Eid J, Johnson BN, Saus ER. Trauma narratives and emotional processing. Scand J Psychol 2005 46 : 503 510.
46. Al-Krenawi A. Socio-political aspects of mental health practice with Arabs in the Israeli context. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2005 42 : 126 136.
47. Goodman R, Kish L. Controlled Selection: a technique in probability sampling. J Am Stat Assoc 1950 45 : 350 372.
48. Cardena E, Koopman C, Classen C, Waelde LC, Spiegel D. Psychometric properties of the Stanford acute stress reaction questionnaire (SASRQ). J Trauma Stress 2000 13 : 719 734.
49. Silver-Cohen R, Holman EA, McIntosch DN, Poulin M, Gil-Rivas V. Nationawide longitudinal study of responses to September 11. J Am Med Assoc 2002 288 : 1235 1244.
50. Galea S, Ahern J, Resnick H et al. Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. N Engl J Med 2002 346 : 982 987.
51. Saigh PA. The children's future orientation scale. New York : City University of New York Graduate School, 1997.
52. Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretical based approach. J Pers Soc Psychol 1989 56 : 267 283.
53. Lynn K, Roger D. A psychometric re -assessment of the COPE questionnaire. Pers Individ Diff 2000 29 : 331 335.
54. Roger D, Jarvis G, Najarian B. Detachment and coping: the construction and validation of a new scale for measuring coping strategies. Pers Individ Diff 1993 15 : 619 626.
55. Adams RE, Boscarino JA. Differences in mental health outcomes among whites, African Americans, and Hispanics Following a Community Disaster. Psychiatry 2005 68 : 250 265.
56. Galea S, Vlahov D, Resnick H et al. Trends of probable post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Am J Epidemiol 2003 158 : 514 524.
57. Somer E, Ruvio A, Soref E, Sever E. Terrorism, distress and coping: high versus low impact regions and direct versus indirect civilian exposure. Anxiety Stress Coping 2005 18 : 165 182.
58. Lewin TJ, Carr VJ, Webster RA. Recovery from post-earthquake psychological morbidity: who suffers and who recovers? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1998 32 : 15 20.
59. Kaniasty K, Norris F. In search of altruistic community: patterns of social support mobioization following Hurricane Hugo. Am J Community Psychol 1995 23 : 447 477.
60. Palinkas LA, Petterson JS, Russel JC, Downs MA. Ethnic differences in symptoms of post-traumatic stress after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Prehosp Disaster Med 2004 19 : 102 112.
61. Hobfoll SE. Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Rev Gen Psychol 2002 6 : 307 324.
62. Baltes PB. On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny: selection, optimization, and compensation as foundation of development theory. Am Psychol 1997 52 : 366 380.
63. Aspinall LG, Taylor SE. A stitch in time: self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychol Bull 1997 121 : 417 436.
64. Gross JJ, Levenson RW. Hiding feelings: the acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotions. J Abnorm Psychol 1997 106 : 95 103.
65. Shipherd JC, Beck JG. The effects of suppressing trauma-related thoughts on women with rape-related PTSD. Behav Res Ther 1999 37 : 99 112.
66. Triandis H. Some dimensions of intercultural variations and their implications for community psychology. J Comp Psychol 1983 1 : 285 301.
67. Mirowsky J, Ross C. Mexican culture and its emotional contradictions. J Health Soc Behav 1984 25 : 2 13.
68. Layne CM, Warren JS, Watson P, Shalev A. Risk, vulnerability, resistance, and resilience: towards an integrative conceptualization of posttraumatic adaptation. In Friedman MJ, Kean TM, Resick PA, eds. PTSD: science & practice; a comprehensive handbook. New York : Guilford, 2007 : 497 521.
69. Ritsner M, Ponizovsky A. Psychological symptoms among an immigrant population: a prevalence study. Compr Psychiatry 1998 39 : 21 27.
70. Oyserman D, Kemmelmeier M, Fryberg S, Brosh H, Hart-Johnson T. Racial-ethnic self-schemas. Soc Psychol Q 2003 66 : 333 347.