Terror, adaptation and preparedness: A trilogy for survival

Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 57-91

  Kirschenbaum, Alan ^a  

^a TECHNION ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Preparedness; Social resilience; Terrorism

Indexed keywords

EID: 33644927229     PISSN: 15477355     EISSN: 15477355     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2202/1547-7355.1178     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Anderson, J.W. 1968. Cultural adaptation to threatened disasters. Human Organization 27:298-307.
2. Beggs, J.J., Haines, V.A. and Hurlbert, J.S. 1996. The effects of personal network and local community contexts on the receipt of formal aid during disaster recovery. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:57-78.
3. Bland, S.H., O'leary, E.S., Farinaro, E. and Jossa, F. 1997. Social network disturbances and psychological distress following earthquake evacuation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 185:188-194.
4. Bleich, A., Gelkopf, M. and Solomon, Z. 2003. Exposure to terrorism, stress related mental health representative sample in Israel. Journal of American Medical Association 290: 5.
5. Brown, L.M., Shiang, J. and Bongar, B. 2003. Crisis intervention, in G. Stricker & T. A. Widiger (eds) Handbook of Psychology: Clinical Psychology Vol 8 (pp. 431-451), New York, John Wiley & Sons.
6. Bruce, J.P. 1999. Disaster loss mitigation as an adaptation to climate variability and change. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 4:295-306.
7. Briere, J. & Elliott, D.P. 2000. Characteristics and long-term sequelae of natural disaster exposure in the general population. Journal of Traumatic Stress 13: 661-679.
8. Cole, S. 2004. Performance and protection in an adaptive transaction model. Disaster Prevention and Management 13: 280-289.
9. Collins, R. 2004. Rituals of solidarity and security in the wake of terror. Sociological Theory 22:53-87.
10. Dawson, D.2002. The marriage of Max and Darwin? History and Theory 41: 43-59.
11. Drabek T.E. 1986. Human Responses To Disaster: An Inventory Of Sociological Findings. NY: Springer-Verlag.
12. Einav, S., Feigenberg, Z., Weissman, C. and others. 2004. Evacuation priorities in mass casualty terror-related events: implications for contingency planning. Annals of Surgery 239(3): 304-10.
13. Enarson, E. & Phillips, B. 2004. "Invitation to a new feminist disaster sociology: integrating feminist theory and methods." in B. Phillips and B. Morrow (eds) Women and Disasters, International Research Committee on Disaster: Xlibris.
14. Enarson, E. & Morrow, B.H. (eds.) 1998. The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through the Eyes of Women. Westport, Conn. Praeger Press.
15. Enders, J. 2001. Measuring community awareness and preparations for emergencies. Australian Journal of Emergency Management 16: 45-58.
16. Erlandson, David, et al. 1993. Doing Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, Sage Publications.
17. nd ed). New York. University Press of America.
18. Folkman, S. & Lazarus, R.S. 1980. An analysis of coping in a middle aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 21: 219-239.
19. Folkman, S., Lazarus, R.S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., Delongis, A. and Gruen, R.J. 1989. Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 5: 992-1003.
20. Fothergill, A., Maestas, E.G.M. and Darlington, J.D. 1999. Race, ethnicity and disasters in the United States: a review of the literature. Disasters 23: 156-173.
21. Gidron, Y., Gal, R., and Zahavi, S. 1999. Bus commuters coping strategies and anxiety from terrorism: an example of the Israeli experience. Journal of Traumatic Stress 12: 185-192.
22. Gidron, Y., Kaplan, Y., Velt. A, and others. 2004. Prevalence and moderators of terror-related post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in Israeli citizens. Israel Medical Association Journal 6: 387-91.
23. Gillespie, D.F. & Streeter C. L., 1987 Conceptualizating and measuring disaster preparedness, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:155-176.
24. Granot, H. 1996. Disaster subcultures. Disaster Prevention and Management 5:36-40.
25. Hodgkinson, P.E. 1998. Coping with Catastrophe: a Handbook of Post-Disaster Psychological Aftercare. London, Routledge.
26. Israel National Trauma Center, 2005. http://www.health.gov.il/
27. Jacobs, L. & Worthley, R. 1999. Comparative study of risk appraisal: a new look at risk assessment in different countries Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 59: 225-247.
28. Jackson, E.L. & Mukerjee, T. 1974. Human adjustment to the earthquake hazard of San Francisco, California. In G.F. White (Ed.). Natural hazards: Local, National and Global (160-166). New York: Oxford University Press.
29. Jerusalem Post 2004. Israel Faces Terror. Vol. 33, No.3.
30. Kaniasty, K. & Norris, F.H. 2000. Help seeking comfort and receiving social support: The role of Ethnicity and context of need. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 4: 545-581.
31. _ & _ 2001. Social support dynamics in adjustment to disasters, in B.H. Sarason & S. Duck (eds).. Personal relationships: Implications for clinical and community psychology. (pp. 201-224). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
32. Kauffman, S.A. 1994. The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. NY: Oxford U Press.
33. Kirschenbaum, A. 1992. Warning and evacuation during a mass disaster: a multivariate decision making model. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10: 91-114.
34. _ 1996. Residential ambiguity and residential relocation decisions: population and areas at risk. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14: 79-96.
35. _ 2001a. The organization of chaos: the structure of disaster management in E. Vigoda (ed), Public Administration: An Interdisciplinary Analysis. 259-286. N.Y. Marcel-Dekker Inc.
36. _ 2001b. Mass terrorism and the distribution of gas masks in Israel: a longitudinal cohort analysis. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19: 245-267.
37. _ 2002. Disaster preparedness: a conceptual and empirical reevaluation. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 20: 5-28.
38. _ 2003. Chaos Organization and Disaster Management. New York, Marcel Dekker.
39. _ 2003a. The odds of being a victim. In A. Kirschenbaum, Chaos Organization and Disaster Management. New York, Marcel Dekker Press pp. 135-176.
40. _ 2004. Generic sources of disaster communities: a social network approach. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 24: 94-129.
41. _ 2005. Preparing for the inevitable: environmental risk perceptions and disaster preparedness. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 24: in press.
42. Lai, G. & Wong, O. 2002. The tie effect on information dissemination: the spread of a commercial rumor in Hong Kong. Social Networks 24: 49-75.
43. Larson, G. & Enander, A. 1997. Preparing for disaster: public attitudes and actions. Disaster Prevention and Management An International Journal. 6:11-21.
44. Laska, S.B., 1990. Homeowner adaptation to flooding: an application of the general hazards coping theory. Environment and Behavior 22: 320-357.
45. Lindell, M.K. & Perry, R.W. 1992.Behavioral Foundations of Community Emergency Planning. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Press.
46. Major, A.M. & Atwood, L.E. 2004. Assessing the usefulness of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's terrorism advisory system. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 22: 77-101.
47. McCubbin, H., Olson,D.H. & Patterson, J.M. 1983. Beyond family crisis: family adaptation. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1: 73-93.
48. Mileti, D.S. & Peek, L. 2000. Social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. Journal of Hazardous Materials 75:181-194.
49. Moghadam, A. 2003. Palestinian suicide terrorism in the second Intifada: motivations and organizational aspects. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 26: 65-92.
50. National Security Studies Center (NSSC) 2004. http://nssc.Haifa.ac.il/ terror/statistics.html.
51. th: An Account of Post-Disaster Research. University of Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Sciences.
52. Neal, D.M. & Phillips, B.D. 1995. Effective Emergency Management: reconsidering the bureaucratic approach. Disasters 19: 327-337.
53. Norris, F.H., Friedman, M.J. and Watson, P.J. 2003. 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 65: 207-239.
54. North, C.S. & Pfefferbaum, B. 2002. Research on the mental health effects of terrorism. Journal of the American Medical Association 288: 633-636.
55. Oliver-Smith, A. 1986. Natural disasters and cultural responses. Studies in Third World Societies 36: 1-254.
56. Palm, R. & Hodgson, M. 1991. After the California Earthquake Experience: Attitude and Behavior Change. Chicago, Ill, University of Chicago Press.
57. Paton, D., Smith,L.M. and Johnston, D. M. 2000. Volcanic hazards: risk perception and preparedness. New Zealand Journal of Psychology 29: 8488.
58. Pedahzur, A. & Canneti-Nisim, D. The social and religious characteristics of suicide bombers and their victims with some additional comments about the Israeli's public reaction. Terrorism and Political Violence. 2004, London, Routledge Press.
59. Peek, L.A. & Sutton, J.N. 2003. An exploratory comparison of disasters, riots and terrorist acts. Disasters 27: 319-323.
60. Peleg, K., Aharonson-Daniel, L., Michael, M, and others. 2003. Patterns of injury in hospitalized terrorist victims. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 21: 258-62.
61. Peleg K., Aharonson-Daniel, L., Stein, M. and others. 2004. Gunshot and explosion injuries: characteristics, outcomes, and implications for care of terror-related injuries in Israel. Annals of Surgery 239: 311-8.
62. Pennebaker, J.W.& Harber, K.D., 1993. A social stage model of collective coping: the Loma Prieta earthquake and the Persian Gulf War. The Journal of Social Issues 49: 125-145.
63. Perry, R.W. & Lindell, M.K 1991.The effects of ethnicity on evacuation decision-making. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9: 47-68.
64. Perry, P.W., Lindell, M.K. and Greene, M.R 1981. Evacuation Planning in Emergency Management, Lexington, MA, Heath Lexington Books.
65. Phillips, B.D. 1993. Cultural diversity in disaster." International Journal of Mass Emergencies 11: 99-110.
66. _ 1998. Housing low income and minority groups after Loma Prieta: some policy considerations." In the National Report to Congress on the Loma Prieta Earthquake, Wash D.C., U.S. Geological Survey.
67. Quarentelli, E.L.(Ed.) 1998. What is a Disaster? Perspectives on the Question. Routledge: London.
68. Roberts, A. 2002. The changing faces of terrorism, http:www.bbc.co.uk/ history/war/sept_11. Visited 20.7.2004.
69. Roberts, J.T. & Em, M. 2003. Fear at work, fear at home: surveying the new geography of dread in America post 9/11. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters: 21:41-55.
70. Rogers, G.O., 1997. Dynamic risk perception in two communities: risk events and changes in perceived risk. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 40: 59-79.
71. Rosenfeld, L.B., Caye,J.S., Ayalon, O. Lahad, M. 2003. When Their World Falls Apart: Helping Families and Children Manage the Effects of Disasters. Wash DC. National Association of Social Workers Press.
72. Rubin, C.B. 1985. Community Recovery from Major Disasters. University of Colorado, Monograph No. 41. Boulder, Colorado.
73. Russell, L..A., Gotz, J.D., Bourque, L.B. 1995. Preparedness and hazard mitigation actions before and after two earthquakes. Environment and Behavior 27: 744-770.
74. Schlenger, W.E., Caddell, J.M., Ebert, L. et al 2002. Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: findings from the national study of American's reactions to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association 288; 581-588.
75. Schmuck, H. 2000. "An act of Allah": religious explanations for floods in Bangladesh as survival strategy. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18: 85-95.
76. Schuster, M.A., Stein, B.D., Jaycox, L.H., Colins, R.L., Marshall, G.N., Elliot, M.N., Zhou, A.J., Kanouse, D.E., Morrison, J.L. and Berry, S.H. 2001. A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine 345: 1507-1512.
77. Seitz, S. 1998. Coping strategies in an ethnic minority group: the Aeta of Mount Pinatuba. Disasters 22: 76-90.
78. Silver, R.C., Holman, A., McIntosh D.N., Poulin, M. & Gil-Rivas, V. 2002. Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological responses to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association 288: 1235-1244.
79. Sorensen, J.H. & Mileti, D.S. 1989. Warning systems for nuclear power plant emergencies. Nuclear Safety 30: 358-370.
80. Stecklov, G. & Goldstein, J.R. 2004. Terror attacks influence driving behavior in Israel. Proceedings of the Nation al Academy of Sciences of the United States 101, 14551-14557.
81. Stein, B.D., Elliot, M.N., Jaycox, L.H., Collins, R.L., Berry, S.H., Klein, D.J. & Schuster, M.A. 2004. A national longitudinal study of the psychological consequences of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks: reactions, impairment, and help-seeking. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 67:105-118.
82. Strous, R.D., Stryjer, R., Keret, N., Bergin, M. and Kotler, M. 2003. Reactions of psychiatric and medical inpatients to terror and security instability in Israel. Journal of Nervous and Medical Disease 191: 126-129.
83. Terrorism files, 2004a.http://www.terrorismfiles.org/encyclopedia/ terrorism.html/ Visited at 20.7.2004
84. th century.html. Visited at 20.7.2004.
85. The Interdisciplinary Center Herzlia.(2005). http://www.idc.org.il
86. The 9/11 Commission Report. 2004. Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
87. Triandis, H.C., 2001. Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality 69: 907-924.
88. Ursano, R.L.& Norwood, A.E. 2003. Trauma and Disaster: Responses and Management. Arlington, Va., American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
89. Wachtdendorf, T.& Kendra, J.M. 2002. Rising from the ashes: organizational adaptation following the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center Attack. Association paper, International Sociological Association, Brisbane, Australia.
90. Waisman, Y., Aharonson-Daniel, L., Mor, M. and others (2003). The impact of terrorism on children: a two-year experience. Prehospital Disaster Medicine 18: 242-248.
91. Wallenius, C. 2001. Why do people sometimes fail when adapting to danger? A theoretical discussion from a psychological perspective. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 19: 145-180.
92. Waters, M.R. & Ravesloot, J.C. 2003. Disaster or catastrophe: human adaptation to high- and low-frequency landscape processes - a reply to Ensor, Ensor and Devries. American Antiquity 68: 400.
93. Weichseigartner, J. 2001. Disaster mitigation: the concept of vulnerability revisited. Disaster Prevention and Management 10: 85-95.
94. Widmeyer Inc., 2003. Public Perspectives on the Mental Health Effects of Terrorism: A National Poll. Wash DC, Widmeyer Research and Polling.
95. Zoleta-Nantes, D.B. 2002. Differential impacts of flood hazards among street children, the urban poor and residents of wealthy neighborhoods in metro Manila, Philippines. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 7: 239-266.