Haemoglobin, oxygen carriers and perioperative organ perfusion

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 63-80

  Kocian, Roman ^a   Spahn, Donat R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

anaemia; anaemia tolerance; artificial oxygen carriers; haemoglobin solutions; oxygen consumption; oxygen delivery; oxygen transport; perfluorocarbon; transfusion; transfusion adverse effects

Indexed keywords

ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIASPIRIN CROSSLINKED HEMOGLOBIN; EFAPROXIRAL; ENZYME CROSSLINKED POLYHEMOGLOBIN; FLUOROCARBON; FLUOSOL DA; HEMOGLOBIN; HEMOGLOBIN DERIVATIVE; HEMOGLOBIN RAFFIMER; HETASTARCH; IRON; LIPOSOME; MALEIMIDE ACTIVATED POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL MODIFIED HEMOGLOBIN; NITRIC OXIDE; PERFLUOROOCTYL BROMIDE; POLYMER; POLYMERIZED HEMOGLOBIN; RECOMBINANT HEMOGLOBIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZERO LINKED HEMOGLOBIN;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ANEMIA; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION; BLEEDING TIME; BLOOD AUTOTRANSFUSION; BLOOD CLOTTING TEST; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTION; BRADYCARDIA; CARDIOTOXICITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG FEVER; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SAFETY; DYSPHAGIA; EMULSION; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GERIATRIC PATIENT; HEART DISEASE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART PROTECTION; HEART SURGERY; HEMATOCRIT; HEMODILUTION; HIP ARTHROPLASTY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; JAUNDICE; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OLIGURIA; ORGAN PERFUSION; OXYGEN AFFINITY; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE; OXYGEN TRANSPORT; PANCREAS DISEASE; PANCREATITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; TISSUE OXYGENATION; TRANSFUSION RELATED ACUTE LUNG INJURY; TUMOR; URINARY TRACT DISEASE; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE; VASOCONSTRICTION; WOUND HEALING;

ANEMIA; BLOOD SUBSTITUTES; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; FLUOROCARBONS; HEMOGLOBINS; HUMANS; INTRAOPERATIVE CARE; OXYGEN; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PERIOPERATIVE CARE;

EID: 41049088349     PISSN: 15216896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2007.10.003     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Morisaki H., and Sibbald W.J. Tissue oxygen delivery and the microcirculation. Critical Care Clinics 20 2 (2004) 213-223
2. Jamnicki M., Kocian R., van der Linden P., et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution: physiology, limitations, and clinical use. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 17 6 (2003) 747-754
3. Spahn D.R., Leone B.J., Reves J.G., and Pasch T. Cardiovascular and coronary physiology of acute isovolemic hemodilution: a review of nonoxygen-carrying and oxygen-carrying solutions. Anesthesia and Analgesia 78 5 (1994) 1000-1021
4. Weiskopf R.B., Feiner J., Hopf H., et al. Heart rate increases linearly in response to acute isovolemic anemia. Transfusion 43 2 (2003) 235-240
5. Nozaki J., Kitahata H., Tanaka K., et al. The effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in the absence or presence of beta-adrenergic blockade in dogs. Anesthesia and Analgesia 94 5 (2002) 1120-1126 table of contents
6. Hemmer M. Regional blood flow and hemorrhage. How far do the protective mechanisms go?. Intensive Care Medicine 22 10 (1996) 1006-1008
7. Hébert P.C., Van der Linden P., Biro G., and Hu L.Q. Physiologic aspects of anemia. Critical Care Clinics 20 2 (2004) 187-212
8. Borst M.M., Leschke M., Konig U., and Worth H. Repetitive hemodilution in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension: effects on pulmonary hemodynamics, gas exchange, and exercise capacity. Respiration 66 3 (1999) 225-232
9. Deem S., Hedges R.G., McKinney S., et al. Mechanisms of improvement in pulmonary gas exchange during isovolemic hemodilution. Journal of Applied Physiology 87 1 (1999) 132-141
10. Spahn D.R., Schmid E.R., Seifert B., and Pasch T. Hemodilution tolerance in patients with coronary artery disease who are receiving chronic beta-adrenergic blocker therapy. Anesthesia and Analgesia 82 4 (1996) 687-694
11. Spahn D.R., Zollinger A., Schlumpf R.B., et al. Hemodilution tolerance in elderly patients without known cardiac disease. Anesthesia and Analgesia 82 4 (1996) 681-686
12. Viele M.K., and Weiskopf R.B. What can we learn about the need for transfusion from patients who refuse blood? The experience with Jehovah's Witnesses. Transfusion 34 5 (1994) 396-401
13. Weiskopf R.B., Viele M.K., Feiner J., et al. Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia. Journal of the American Medical Association 279 3 (1998) 217-221
14. Zollinger A., Hager P., Singer T., et al. Extreme hemodilution due to massive blood loss in tumor surgery. Anesthesiology 87 4 (1997) 985-987
15. DeFoe G.R., Ross C.S., Olmstead E.M., et al. Lowest hematocrit on bypass and adverse outcomes associated with coronary artery bypass grafting. Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 71 3 (2001) 769-776
16. Fang W.C., Helm R.E., Krieger K.H., et al. Impact of minimum hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass on mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Circulation 96 9 Suppl (1997) II-194-II-199
17. Licker M., Ellenberger C., Sierra J., et al. Cardiovascular response to acute normovolemic hemodilution in patients with coronary artery diseases: assessment with transesophageal echocardiography. Critical Care Medicine 33 3 (2005) 591-597
18. Licker M., Ellenberger C., Sierra J., et al. Cardioprotective effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Chest 128 2 (2005) 838-847
19. Rao S.V., Jollis J.G., Harrington R.A., et al. Relationship of blood transfusion and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The Journal of the American Medical Association 292 13 (2004) 1555-1562
20. Hébert P.C., Wells G., Blajchman M.A., et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. New England Journal of Medicine 340 6 (1999) 409-417
21. Hébert P.C., Yetisir E., Martin C., et al. Is a low transfusion threshold safe in critically ill patients with cardiovascular diseases?. Critical Care Medicine 29 2 (2001) 227-234
22. Spahn D.R., Dettori N., Kocian R., and Chassot P.G. Transfusion in the cardiac patient. Critical Care Clinics 20 2 (2004) 269-279
23. Spahn D.R., Seifert B., Pasch T., and Schmid E.R. Haemodilution tolerance in patients with mitral regurgitation. Anaesthesia 53 1 (1998) 20-24
24. Licker M., Ellenberger C., Murith N., et al. Cardiovascular response to acute normovolaemic haemodilution in patients with severe aortic stenosis: assessment with transoesophageal echocardiography. Anaesthesia 59 12 (2004) 1170-1177
25. Licker M., Sierra J., Kalangos A., et al. Cardioprotective effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing valve replacement. Transfusion 47 2 (2007) 341-350
26. Weiskopf R.B., Feiner J., Hopf H.W., et al. Oxygen reverses deficits of cognitive function and memory and increased heart rate induced by acute severe isovolemic anemia. Anesthesiology 96 4 (2002) 871-877
27. Weiskopf R.B., Kramer J.H., Viele M., et al. Acute severe isovolemic anemia impairs cognitive function and memory in humans. Anesthesiology 92 6 (2000) 1646-1652
28. Llewelyn C.A., Hewitt P.E., Knight R.S., et al. Possible transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by blood transfusion. Lancet 363 9407 (2004) 417-421
29. Houston F., Foster J.D., Chong A., et al. Transmission of BSE by blood transfusion in sheep. Lancet 356 9234 (2000) 999-1000
30. Hunter N., Foster J., Chong A., et al. Transmission of prion diseases by blood transfusion. Journal of General Virology 83 Pt 11 (2002) 2897-2905
31. Aguzzi A., and Glatzel M. vCJD tissue distribution and transmission by transfusion - a worst-case scenario coming true?. Lancet 363 9407 (2004) 411-412
32. Kopko P.M., and Holland P.V. Transfusion-related acute lung injury. British Journal of Haematology 105 2 (1999) 322-329
33. Wallis J.P. Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) - under-diagnosed and under-reported. British Journal of Anaesthesia 90 5 (2003) 573-576
34. Rana R., Fernández-Pérez E.R., Khan S.A., et al. Transfusion-related acute lung injury and pulmonary edema in critically ill patients: a retrospective study. Transfusion 46 9 (2006) 1478-1483
35. Toy P., Popovsky M.A., Abraham E., et al. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: definition and review. Critical Care Medicine 33 4 (2005) 721-726
36. Silliman C.C., Ambruso D.R., and Boshkov L.K. Transfusion-related acute lung injury. Blood 105 6 (2005) 2266-2273
37. Blumberg N., and Heal J.M. Blood transfusion immunomodulation: the silent epidemic. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 122 2 (1998) 117-119
38. Vamvakas E.C. Transfusion-associated cancer recurrence and postoperative infection: meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. Transfusion 36 2 (1996) 175-186
39. Klein H.G. Immunomodulatory aspects of transfusion: a once and future risk?. Anesthesiology 91 3 (1999) 861-865
40. Amato A.C., and Pescatori M. Effect of perioperative blood transfusions on recurrence of colorectal cancer: meta-analysis stratified on risk factors. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 41 5 (1998) 570-585
41. Taylor R.W., O'Brien J., Trottier S.J., et al. Red blood cell transfusions and nosocomial infections in critically ill patients. Critical Care Medicine 34 9 (2006) 2302-2308 quiz 2309
42. Spahn D.R., and Madjdpour C. Physiologic transfusion triggers: do we have to use (our) brain?. Anesthesiology 104 5 (2006) 905-906
43. Spahn D.R., Smith L.R., Veronee C.D., et al. Acute isovolemic hemodilution and blood transfusion. Effects on regional function and metabolism in myocardium with compromised coronary blood flow. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 105 4 (1993) 694-704
44. Leung J.M., Weiskopf R.B., Feiner J., et al. Electrocardiographic ST-segment changes during acute, severe isovolemic hemodilution in humans. Anesthesiology 93 4 (2000) 1004-1010
45. Carson J.L., Noveck H., Berlin J.A., and Gould S.A. Mortality and morbidity in patients with very low postoperative Hb levels who decline blood transfusion. Transfusion 42 7 (2002) 812-818
46. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Transfusion and Adjuvant Therapies. Practice guidelines for perioperative blood transfusion and adjuvant therapies: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Transfusion and Adjuvant Therapies. Anesthesiology 105 1 (2006) 198-208
47. Simon T.L., Alverson D.C., AuBuchon J., et al. Practice parameter for the use of red blood cell transfusions: developed by the Red Blood Cell Administration Practice Guideline Development Task Force of the College of American Pathologists. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 122 2 (1998) 130-138
48. Arifin D.R., and Palmer A.F. Polymersome encapsulated hemoglobin: a novel type of oxygen carrier. Biomacromolecules 6 4 (2005) 2172-2181
49. Spahn D.R., and Kocian R. The place of artificial oxygen carriers in reducing allogeneic blood transfusions and augmenting tissue oxygenation. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 50 6 Suppl (2003) S41-S47
50. 2 carriers: status in 2005. Current Pharmaceutical Design 11 31 (2005) 4099-4114
51. Winslow R.M. Current status of oxygen carriers ('blood substitutes'): 2006. Vox Sanguinis 91 2 (2006) 102-110
52. Spahn D.R., and Pasch T. Physiological properties of blood substitutes. News in Physiological Sciences 16 (2001) 38-41
53. Winslow R.M. Blood substitutes. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 40 3 (2000) 131-142
54. Stowell C.P., Levin J., Spiess B.D., et al. Progress in the development of RBC substitutes. Transfusion 41 2 (2001) 287-299
55. Kasper S.M., Walter M., Grune F., et al. Effects of a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC-201) on hemodynamics and oxygen transport in patients undergoing preoperative hemodilution for elective abdominal aortic surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 83 5 (1996) 921-927
56. Dietz N.M., Martin C.M., Beltran-del-Rio A.G., and Joyner M.J. The effects of cross-linked hemoglobin on regional vascular conductance in dogs. Anesthesia and Analgesia 85 2 (1997) 265-273
57. Schechter A.N., and Gladwin M.T. Hemoglobin and the paracrine and endocrine functions of nitric oxide. New England Journal of Medicine 348 15 (2003) 1483-1485
58. Gulati A., Sharma A.C., and Singh G. Role of endothelin in the cardiovascular effects of diaspirin crosslinked and stroma reduced hemoglobin. Critical Care Medicine 24 1 (1996) 137-147
59. Gulati A., and Rebello S. Role of adrenergic mechanisms in the pressor effect of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 124 1 (1994) 125-133
60. 2 carriers on microvascular pressure. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 288 5 (2005) H2146-H2153
61. Rohlfs R.J., Bruner E., Chiu A., et al. Arterial blood pressure responses to cell-free hemoglobin solutions and the reaction with nitric oxide. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 20 (1998) 12128-12134
62. Migita R., Gonzales A., Gonzales M.L., et al. Blood volume and cardiac index in rats after exchange transfusion with hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Journal of Applied Physiology 82 6 (1997) 1995-2002
63. Habler O.P., Kleen M.S., Hutter J.W., et al. Effects of hyperoxic ventilation on hemodilution-induced changes in anesthetized dogs. Transfusion 38 2 (1998) 135-144
64. Kemming G.I., Meisner F.G., Kleen M., et al. Hyperoxic ventilation at the critical haematocrit. Resuscitation 56 3 (2003) 289-297
65. van Bommel J., Trouwborst A., Schwarte L., et al. Intestinal and cerebral oxygenation during severe isovolemic hemodilution and subsequent hyperoxic ventilation in a pig model. Anesthesiology 97 3 (2002) 660-670
66. Kleen M., Habler O., Hutter J., et al. Normovolaemic haemodilution and hyperoxia have no effect on fractal dimension of regional myocardial perfusion in dogs. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 162 4 (1998) 439-446
67. Tsai A.G., Cabrales P., Winslow R.M., and Intaglietta M. Microvascular oxygen distribution in awake hamster window chamber model during hyperoxia. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285 4 (2003) H1537-H1545
68. Meier J., Kemming G.I., Kisch-Wedel H., et al. Hyperoxic ventilation reduces 6-hour mortality at the critical hemoglobin concentration. Anesthesiology 100 1 (2004) 70-76
69. Zimmerman J.J. Deciphering the dark side of free hemoglobin in sepsis. Critical Care Medicine 27 4 (1999) 685-686
70. Doherty C.P., Weaver L.T., and Prentice A.M. Micronutrient supplementation and infection: a double-edged sword?. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 34 4 (2002) 346-352
71. Javadi P., Bucman T.G., Stromberg P.E., et al. High-dose exogenous iron following cecal ligation and puncture increases mortality rate in mice and is associated with an increase in gut epithelial and splenic apoptosis. Critical Care Medicine 32 5 (2004) 1178-1185
72. Ma Z., Monk T.G., Goodnough L.T., et al. Effect of hemoglobin- and Perflubron-based oxygen carriers on common clinical laboratory tests. Clinical Chemistry 43 9 (1997) 1732-1737
73. Reppucci A.J., Mattia-Goldberg C., Przybelski R.J., et al. The effects of diaspirin-crosslinked hemoglobin on the assessment of immunohematology profiles. Transfusion 37 11-12 (1997) 1143-1148
74. Winslow R.M. Red cell substitutes. Seminars in Hematology 44 1 (2007) 51-59
75. Brandt J.L., Frank N.R., and Lichtman H.C. The effects of hemoglobin solutions on renal functions in man. Blood 6 11 (1951) 1152-1158
76. Miller J.H., and McDonald R.K. The effect of hemoglobin on renal function in the human. Journal of Clinical Investigation 30 10 (1951) 1033-1040
77. Savitsky J.P., Doczi J., Black J., and Arnold J.D. A clinical safety trial of stroma-free hemoglobin. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23 1 (1978) 73-80
78. Rosen A.L., Gould S.A., Sehgal L.R., et al. Effect of hemoglobin solution on compensation to anemia in the erythrocyte-free primate. Journal of Applied Physiology 68 3 (1990) 938-943
79. Jahr J.S., and Varma N. PolyHeme. Northfield Laboratories. IDrugs 7 5 (2004) 478-482
80. Gould S.A., Moore E.E., Moore F.A., et al. Clinical utility of human polymerized hemoglobin as a blood substitute after acute trauma and urgent surgery. Journal of Trauma 43 2 (1997) 325-331 discussion 331-332
81. Gould S.A., Moore E.E., Hoyt D.B., et al. The first randomized trial of human polymerized hemoglobin as a blood substitute in acute trauma and emergent surgery. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 187 2 (1998) 113-120 discussion 120-122
82. Gould S.A., Moore E.E., Hoyt D.B., et al. The life-sustaining capacity of human polymerized hemoglobin when red cells might be unavailable. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 195 4 (2002) 452-455 445-452; discussion
83. Kasper S.M., Grune F., Walter M., et al. The effects of increased doses of bovine hemoglobin on hemodynamics and oxygen transport in patients undergoing preoperative hemodilution for elective abdominal aortic surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 87 2 (1998) 284-291
84. Levy J.H., Goodnough L.T., Greilich P.E., et al. Polymerized bovine hemoglobin solution as a replacement for allogeneic red blood cell transfusion after cardiac surgery: results of a randomized, double-blind trial. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 124 1 (2002) 35-42
85. LaMuraglia G.M., O'Hara P.J., Baker W.H., et al. The reduction of the allogenic transfusion requirement in aortic surgery with a hemoglobin-based solution. Journal of Vascular Surgery 31 2 (2000) 299-308
86. Sprung J., Kindscher J.D., Wahr J.A., et al. The use of bovine hemoglobin glutamer-250 (Hemopure) in surgical patients: results of a multicenter, randomized, single-blinded trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia 94 4 (2002) 799-808 table of contents
87. 2 carriers after 2 h of hemorrhagic shock in conscious hamsters. American Journal of Physiology 272 1 Pt 2 (1997) H525-H537
88. Cheng D.C., Mazer C.D., Martineau R., et al. A phase II dose-response study of hemoglobin raffimer (Hemolink) in elective coronary artery bypass surgery. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 127 1 (2004) 79-86
89. Hill S.E., Gottschalk L.I., and Grichnik K. Safety and preliminary efficacy of hemoglobin raffimer for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 16 6 (2002) 695-702
90. Greenburg A.G., and Kim H.W. Use of an oxygen therapeutic as an adjunct to intraoperative autologous donation to reduce transfusion requirements in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 198 3 (2004) 373-383 discussion 384-385
91. Chatterjee R., Welty E.V., Walder R.Y., et al. Isolation and characterization of a new hemoglobin derivative cross-linked between the alpha chains (lysine 99 alpha 1---lysine 99 alpha 2). Journal of Biological Chemistry 261 21 (1986) 9929-9937
92. Vandegriff K.D., Medina F., Marini M.A., and Winslow R.M. Equilibrium oxygen binding to human hemoglobin cross-linked between the alpha chains by bis (3,5-dibromosalicyl) fumarate. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 30 (1989) 17824-17833
93. Xu L., Sun L., Rollwagen F.M., et al. Cellular responses to surgical trauma, hemorrhage, and resuscitation with diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin in rats. Journal of Trauma 42 1 (1997) 32-41
94. Meisner F.G., Kemming G.I., Habler O.P., et al. Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin enables extreme hemodilution beyond the critical hematocrit. Critical Care Medicine 29 4 (2001) 829-838
95. Lamy M.L., Daily E.K., Brichant J.F., et al. Randomized trial of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin solution as an alternative to blood transfusion after cardiac surgery. The DCLHb Cardiac Surgery Trial Collaborative Group. Anesthesiology 92 3 (2000) 646-656
96. Schubert A., Przybelski R.J., Eidt J.F., et al. Diaspirin-crosslinked hemoglobin reduces blood transfusion in noncardiac surgery: a multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia 97 2 (2003) 323-332 table of contents
97. Sloan E.P., Koenigsberg M., Gens D., et al. Diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) in the treatment of severe traumatic hemorrhagic shock: a randomized controlled efficacy trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association 282 19 (1999) 1857-1864
98. Kerner T., Ahlers O., Veit S., et al. DCL-Hb for trauma patients with severe hemorrhagic shock: the European "On-Scene" multicenter study. Intensive Care Medicine 29 3 (2003) 378-385
99. Hoffman S.J., Looker D.L., Roehrich J.M., et al. Expression of fully functional tetrameric human hemoglobin in Escherichia coli. Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 21 (1990) 8521-8525
100. Looker D., Abbott-Brown D., Cozart P., et al. A human recombinant haemoglobin designed for use as a blood substitute. Nature 356 6366 (1992) 258-260
101. Siegel J.H., Fabian M., Smith J.A., and Costantino D. Use of recombinant hemoglobin solution in reversing lethal hemorrhagic hypovolemic oxygen debt shock. Journal of Trauma 42 2 (1997) 199-212
102. Olson J.S., Foley E.W., Rogge C., et al. No scavenging and the hypertensive effect of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 36 6 (2004) 685-697
103. Doherty D.H., Doyle M.P., Curry S.R., et al. Rate of reaction with nitric oxide determines the hypertensive effect of cell-free hemoglobin. Nature Biotechnology 16 7 (1998) 672-676
104. Loeb A.L., McIntosh L.J., Raj N.R., and Longnecker D.E. Resuscitation after hemorrhage using recombinant human hemoglobin (rHb1.1) in rats: effects on nitric oxide and prostanoid systems. Critical Care Medicine 26 6 (1998) 1071-1080
105. Sillerud L.O., Caprihan A., Berton N., and Rosenthal G.J. Efficacy of recombinant human Hb by 31P-NMR during isovolemic total exchange transfusion. Journal of Applied Physiology 86 3 (1999) 887-894
106. Razack S., D'Agnillo F., and Chang T.M. Crosslinked hemoglobin-superoxide dismutase-catalase scavenges free radicals in a rat model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Immobilization Biotechnology 25 1-2 (1997) 181-192
107. Powanda D.D., and Chang T.M. Cross-linked polyhemoglobin-superoxide dismutase-catalase supplies oxygen without causing blood-brain barrier disruption or brain edema in a rat model of transient global brain ischemia-reperfusion. Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Immobilization Biotechnology 30 1 (2002) 23-37
108. McCarthy M.R., Vandegriff K.D., and Winslow R.M. The role of facilitated diffusion in oxygen transport by cell-free hemoglobins: implications for the design of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Biophysical Chemistry 92 1-2 (2001) 103-117
109. Vandegriff K.D., Malavalli A., Wooldridge J., et al. MP4, a new nonvasoactive PEG-Hb conjugate. Transfusion 43 4 (2003) 509-516
110. Sakai H., Hara H., Yuasa M., et al. Molecular dimensions of Hb-based O(2) carriers determine constriction of resistance arteries and hypertension. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 279 3 (2000) H908-H915
111. Intaglietta M., Johnson P.C., and Winslow R.M. Microvascular and tissue oxygen distribution. Cardiovascular Research 32 4 (1996) 632-643
112. Winslow R.M., Vandegriff K., Wettstein R., et al. Autoregulation and vasoconstriction: foundation for a new generation of blood substitutes. Blood 100 (2002) 210 [abstract]
113. Tsai A.G., Cabrales P., Manjula B.N., et al. Dissociation of local nitric oxide concentration and vasoconstriction in the presence of cell-free hemoglobin oxygen carriers. Blood 108 10 (2006) 3603-3610
114. 2 therapeutics. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285 4 (2003) H1411-H1419
115. Wettstein R., Tsai A.G., Erni D., et al. Resuscitation with polyethylene glycol-modified human hemoglobin improves microcirculatory blood flow and tissue oxygenation after hemorrhagic shock in awake hamsters. Critical Care Medicine 31 6 (2003) 1824-1830
116. Drobin D., Kjellstrom B.T., Malm E., et al. Hemodynamic response and oxygen transport in pigs resuscitated with maleimide-polyethylene glycol-modified hemoglobin (MP4). Journal of Applied Physiology 96 5 (2004) 1843-1853
117. Winslow R.M., Lohman J., Malavalli A., and Vandegriff K.D. Comparison of PEG-modified albumin and hemoglobin in extreme hemodilution in the rat. Journal of Applied Physiology 97 4 (2004) 1527-1534
118. Bjorkholm M., Fagrell B., Przybelski R., et al. A phase I single blind clinical trial of a new oxygen transport agent (MP4), human hemoglobin modified with maleimide-activated polyethylene glycol. Haematologica 90 4 (2005) 505-515
119. Olofsson C., Ahl T., Johansson T., et al. A multicenter clinical study of the safety and activity of maleimide-polyethylene glycol-modified Hemoglobin (Hemospan) in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery. Anesthesiology 105 6 (2006) 1153-1163
120. Matheson B., Razynska A., Kwansa H., and Bucci E. Appearance of dissociable and cross-linked hemoglobins in the renal hilar lymph. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 135 6 (2000) 459-464
121. 2-affinity recombinant hemoglobin polymers in mouse. Journal of Applied Physiology 100 5 (2006) 1688-1691
122. Riess J.G. Overview of progress in the fluorocarbon approach to in vivo oxygen delivery. Biomaterials, Artificial Cells, and Immobilization Biotechnology 20 2-4 (1992) 183-202
123. Riess J.G. Oxygen carriers ("blood substitutes") - raison d'etre, chemistry, and some physiology. Chemical Reviews 101 9 (2001) 2797-2920
124. Cleman M., Jaffee C.C., and Wohlgelernter D. Prevention of ischemia during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty by transcatheter infusion of oxygenated Fluosol DA 20%. Circulation 74 3 (1986) 555-562
125. Young L.H., Jaffe C.C., Revkin J.H., et al. Metabolic and functional effects of perfluorocarbon distal perfusion during coronary angioplasty. American Journal of Cardiology 65 15 (1990) 986-990
126. Kent K.M., Cleman M.W., Cowley M.J., et al. Reduction of myocardial ischemia during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with oxygenated Fluosol. American Journal of Cardiology 66 3 (1990) 279-284
127. Bajaj A.K., Cobb M.A., Virmani R., et al. Limitation of myocardial reperfusion injury by intravenous perfluorochemicals. Role of neutrophil activation. Circulation 79 3 (1989) 645-656
128. Forman M.B., Perry J.M., Wilson B.H., et al. Demonstration of myocardial reperfusion injury in humans: results of a pilot study utilizing acute coronary angioplasty with perfluorochemical in anterior myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 18 4 (1991) 911-918
129. Spence R.K., McCoy S., Costabile J., et al. Fluosol DA-20 in the treatment of severe anemia: randomized, controlled study of 46 patients. Critical Care Medicine 18 11 (1990) 1227-1230
130. Gould S.A., Rosen A.L., Sehgal L.R., et al. Fluosol-DA as a red-cell substitute in acute anemia. New England Journal of Medicine 314 26 (1986) 1653-1656
131. Wahr J.A., Trouwborst A., Spence R.K., et al. A pilot study of the effects of a perflubron emulsion, AF 0104, on mixed venous oxygen tension in anesthetized surgical patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia 82 1 (1996) 103-107
132. Leese P.T., Noveck R.J., Shorr J.S., et al. Randomized safety studies of intravenous perflubron emulsion. I. Effects on coagulation function in healthy volunteers. Anesthesia and Analgesia 91 4 (2000) 804-811
133. Keipert P.E., Faithfull N.S., Bradley J.D., et al. Oxygen delivery augmentation by low-dose perfluorochemical emulsion during profound normovolemic hemodilution. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 345 (1994) 197-204
134. Holman W.L., Spruell R.D., Ferguson E.R., et al. Tissue oxygenation with graded dissolved oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 110 3 (1995) 774-785
135. Spahn D.R., van Brempt R., Theilmeier G., et al. Perflubron emulsion delays blood transfusions in orthopedic surgery. European Perflubron Emulsion Study Group. Anesthesiology 91 5 (1999) 1195-1208
136. Noveck R.J., Shannon E.J., Leese P.T., et al. Randomized safety studies of intravenous perflubron emulsion. II. Effects on immune function in healthy volunteers. Anesthesia and Analgesia 91 4 (2000) 812-822
137. Spahn D.R., Waschke K.F., Standl T., et al. Use of perflubron emulsion to decrease allogeneic blood transfusion in high-blood-loss non-cardiac surgery: results of a European phase 3 study. Anesthesiology 97 6 (2002) 1338-1349
138. Sakai H., Hamada K., Takeoka S., et al. Physical properties of hemoglobin vesicles as red cell substitutes. Biotechnology Progress 12 1 (1996) 119-125
139. Phillips W.T., Klipper R.W., Awasthi V.D., et al. Polyethylene glycol-modified liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin: a long circulating red cell substitute. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Theraputics 288 2 (1999) 665-670
140. Chang T.M. Future generations of red blood cell substitutes. Journal of Internal Medicine 253 5 (2003) 527-535
141. Pagel P.S., Hettrick D.A., Montgomery M.W., et al. RSR13, a synthetic modifier of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, enhances the recovery of stunned myocardium in anesthetized dogs. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Theraputics 285 1 (1998) 1-8
142. Wahr J.A., Gerber M., Venitz J., and Baliga N. Allosteric modification of oxygen delivery by hemoglobin. Anesthesia and Analgesia 92 3 (2001) 615-620
143. Eichelbrönner O., D'Almeida M., Sielenkämper A., et al. Increasing P(50) does not improve DO(2CRIT) or systemic VO(2) in severe anemia. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 283 1 (2002) H92-H101