Using positivity, transformational leadership and empowerment to combat employee negativity

Leadership & Organization Development Journal

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 110-126

  Avey, James B ^a   Hughes, Larry W ^b   Luthans, Kyle W ^b   Norman, Steven M ^c  

^a CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AT KEARNEY   (United States)

^c Wubben Hall and Science Center 232   (United States)

Author keywords

Armed forces; Leadership development; Norway; Personality; Process analysis; Transformational leadership

Indexed keywords

EID: 40749160438     PISSN: 01437739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/01437730810852470     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Andersson, L.M. and Bateman, T.S. (1997), “Cynicism in the workplace: some causes and effects”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 18, pp. 449-69.
2. Avey, J.B., Patera, J.L. and West, B.J. (2006), “Positive psychological capital: a new lens to view absenteeism”, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, Vol. 13, Winter, pp. 42-60.
3. Avolio, B.J., Bass, B. and Jung, D. (1999), “Re-examining the components of transformational and transaction using the multi-factor leadership questionnaire”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 72, pp. 441-62.
4. Avolio, B.J., Zhu, W. and Koh, W. (2004), “Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 25 No. 8, pp. 951-68.
5. Bandura, A. (1997), Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control, Freeman, New York, NY.
6. Baron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), “The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51 No. 6, pp. 1173-82.
7. Bass, B.M. (1985), Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations, Free Press, New York, NY.
8. Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1993), “Transformational leadership: a response to critiques”, in Ed. Chemmers, M.M. and Ed. Ayman, R. (Eds), Leadership Theory and Research: Perspective and Directions, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 49-58.
9. Bass, B.M. and Riggio, R.E. (2006), Transformational Leadership, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
10. Bluedorn, A. (1982), “A unified model of turnover from organizations”, Human Relations, Vol. 35, pp. 135-53.
11. Bonanno, G.A. (2005), “Clarifying and extending the construct of adult resilience”, American Psychologist, Vol. 60, pp. 265-7.
12. Bono, J.E. and Judge, T.A. (2003), “Self-concordance at work: toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 46, pp. 554-71.
13. Burns, J.M. (1978), Leadership, Free Press, New York, NY.
14. Cameron, K.S., Dutton, J.E. and Quinn, R.E. (Eds) (2003), Positive Organizational Scholarship, Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco, CA.
15. Crossley, C.D., Bennett, R.J., Jex, S.M. and Burnfield, J.L. (2007), “Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 92 No. 4, pp. 1031-42.
16. Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B.J. and Shamir, B. (2002), “Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: a field experiment”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45 No. 4, pp. 735-44.
17. Griffeth, R.W., Hom, P.W. and Gaertner, S. (2000), “A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of turnover: update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium”, Journal of Management, Vol. 26, pp. 463-88.
18. Hackman, J.R. and Oldham, G.R. (1980), Work Redesign, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
19. Hobfoll, S. (2002), “Social and psychological resources and adaptation”, Review of General Psychology, Vol. 6, pp. 307-24.
20. Howell, J.M., Neufeld, D.J. and Avolio, B.J. (2005), “Examining the relationship of leadership and physical distance with business unit performance”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 273-85.
21. Hu, L. and Bentler, P.M. (1999), “Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives”, Structural Equation Modeling: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 6, pp. 1-55.
22. Judge, T.A. and Bono, J.E. (2001), “Relationship of core self-evaluation traits – self-esteem, generalized self efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability – with job-satisfaction and performance: a meta-analysis”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86, pp. 80-92.
23. Judge, T.A. and Ilies, R. (2004), “Affect and job satisfaction: a study of their relationship at work and at home”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 89 No. 4, pp. 661-73.
24. Kanter, D.L. and Mirvis, P.H. (1989), The Cynical Americans: Living and Working in an Age of Discontent and Disillusion, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
25. Kark, R. and Shamir, B. (2002), “The dual effect of transformational leadership: priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers”, in Ed. Avolio, B.J. and Ed. Yammarino, F.J. (Eds), Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead, Elsevier Science, Oxford, pp. 67-91.
26. Kark, R., Shamir, B. and Chen, G. (2003), “The two faces of transformational leadership: empowerment and dependency”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88, pp. 246-55.
27. Kirkman, B.L., Rosen, B. and Tesluk, P.E. (2004), “The impact of team empowerment on virtual team performance: the moderating role of face-to-face interaction”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 175-92.
28. Kline, R.B. (2005), Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Guilford, New York, NY.
29. Lowe, K.B., Kroeck, K.G. and Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996), “Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 7, pp. 385-425.
30. Lum, L., Kervin, J., Clark, K., Reid, F. and Sirola, W. (1998), “Explaining nursing turnover intent: job satisfaction, pay satisfaction, or organizational commitment?”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 19, pp. 305-20.
31. Luthans, F. (2002 a), “The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 23, pp. 695-706.
32. Luthans, F. and Youssef, C.M. (2004), “Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management”, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 33, pp. 143-60.
33. Luthans, F. and Youssef, C.M. (2007), “Emerging positive organizational behavior”, Journal of Management, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 321-49.
34. Luthans, F., Youssef, C.M. and Avolio, B.J. (2007 a), Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive Edge, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
35. Luthans, F., Avolio, B., Walumbwa, F. and Li, W. (2005), “The psychological capital of Chinese workers: exploring the relationship with performance”, Management and Organization Review, Vol. 1, pp. 247-69.
36. Luthans, F., Avey, J.B., Avolio, B.J., Norman, S.M. and Combs, G.J. (2006), “Psychological capital development: toward a micro-intervention”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 27, pp. 387-93.
37. Luthans, K.W., Jensen, S., Lebsack, S. and Lebsack, R. (2007 b), “Optimism and employee performance in the banking industry”, paper presented at the Western Decision Sciences Institute, Denver, CO.
38. Masi, R.J. (1994), “Transformational leadership and its roles in empowerment, productivity, and commitment to quality”, Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 55 No. 10A (UMI No. 9506499).
39. Masten, A.S. (2001), “Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development”, American Psychologist, Vol. 56, pp. 227-39.
40. Masten, A.S. and Reed, M.G.J. (2002), “Resilience in development”, in Ed. Snyder, C.R. and Ed. Lopez, S. (Eds), Handbook of Positive Psychology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 74-88.
41. Nelson, D.L. and Cooper, C.L. (2007), Positive Organizational Behavior, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
42. Peterson, S.J. and Luthans, F. (2003), “The positive impact and development of hopeful leaders”, Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, Vol. 24, pp. 26-31.
43. Pierce, J.L., Kostova, T. and Dirks, K.T. (2003), “Toward a theory of psychological ownership in organizations”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 26, pp. 298-310.
44. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.C., Lee, J. and Podsakoff, N.P. (2003), “Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88, pp. 879-903.
45. Scheier, M.F. and Carver, C.S. (1985), “Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies”, Health Psychology, Vol. 4, pp. 219-47.
46. Seibert, S.E., Silver, S.R. and Randolph, W.A. (2004), “Taking empowerment to the next level: a multilevel model of empowerment, performance, and satisfaction”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 47, pp. 332-50.
47. Seligman, M.E.P. (1998), Learned Optimism, Pocket Books, New York, NY.
48. Seligman, M.E.P. and Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000), “Positive psychology”, American Psychologist, Vol. 55, pp. 5-14.
49. Shamir, B., House, R.J. and Arthur, M.B. (1993), “The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: a self-concept based theory”, Organization Science, Vol. 4, pp. 577-93.
50. Snyder, C.R. (2000), Handbook of Hope, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
51. Snyder, C.R. (2002), “Hope theory: rainbows in the mind”, Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 13, pp. 249-76.
52. Snyder, C.R. and Lopez, S. (Eds) (2002), Handbook of Positive Psychology, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
53. Snyder, C.R., Irving, L. and Anderson, J. (1991), “Hope and health: measuring the will and the ways”, in Ed. Snyder, C.R. and Ed. Forsyth, D.R. (Eds), Handbook of Social and Clinical Psychology: The Health Perspective, Pergamon, Elmsford, NY, pp. 285-305.
54. Spreitzer, G.M. (1995), “Psychological empowerment in the workplace: dimensions, measurement, and validation”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, pp. 1442-65.
55. Spreitzer, G.M. (1996), “Social structure characteristics of psychological empowerment”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39, pp. 483-504.
56. Spreitzer, G.M. and Mishra, A.K. (2002), “To stay or to go? Voluntary survivor turnover following an organizational downsizing”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 23, pp. 707-29.
57. Spreitzer, G.M., Kizilos, M.A. and Nason, S.W. (1997), “A dimensional analysis of the relationship between psychological empowerment and effectiveness, satisfaction and strain”, Journal of Management, Vol. 23, pp. 679-704.
58. Stajkovic, A.D. and Luthans, F. (1998), “Self-efficacy and work related performance: a meta-analysis”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 124, pp. 240-61.
59. Sutton, R.I. and Staw, B.M. (1995), “What theory is not”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 40, pp. 371-84.
60. Wanous, J.P., Reichers, A.E. and Austin, J.T. (2000), “Cynicism about organizational change: measurement, antecedents, and correlates”, Group and Organization Management, Vol. 25, pp. 132-53.
61. Wright, T.A. (2003), “Positive organizational behavior: an idea whose time has truly come”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 24, pp. 437-42.