Forest restoration and fire: Principles in the context of place

Conservation Biology

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 903-912

  Brown, Richard T ^a   Agee, James K ^b   Franklin, Jerry F ^b  

^a Defenders of Wildlife   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FIRE MANAGEMENT; FOREST MANAGEMENT; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; THINNING; WILDFIRE;

EID: 4043097009     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.521_1.x     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Agee, J. K. 1993. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
2. Agee, J. K. 1996. The influence of forest structure on fire behavior. Pages 52-68 in 17th annual forest vegetation management conference. Forest Vegetation Management Committee, Sacramento, California.
3. Agee, J. K. 1997a. Fire management for the 21st century. Pages 191-201 in K. A. Kohm, and J. F. Franklin, editors, Creating a forestry for the 21st century. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
4. Agee, J. K. 1997b. The severe weather wildfire: too hot to handle? Northwest Science 71:153-156.
5. Agee, J. K. 1998. The landscape ecology of western forest fire regimes. Northwest Science 72(special issue):24-34.
6. Agee, J. K. 1999. A coarse-filter strategy. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy 14(1):15-19.
7. Agee, J. K. 2002. The fallacy of passive management. Conservation Biology in Practice 3(1):18-25.
8. Agee, J. K. 2003. Monitoring postfire tree mortality in mixed-conifer forests of Crater Lake, Oregon. Natural Areas Journal 23:114-120.
9. Agee, J. K., and M. H. Huff. 1986. Structure and process goals for vegetation in wilderness areas. Pages 17-25 in R. C. Lucas, compiler. Proceedings of the national wilderness research conference: current research 1985. General technical report INT-212. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.
10. Agee, J. K., B. Bahro, M. A Finney, P. N. Omi, D. B. Sapsis, C. N. Skinner, J. W. van Wagtendonk, and C. P. Weatherspoon. 2000. The use of shaded fuelbreaks in landscape fire management. Forest Ecology and Management 127:55-66.
11. Agee, J. K., C. S. Wright, N. Williamson, and M. H. Huff. 2002. Foliar moisture content of Pacific Northwest vegetation and its relation to wildland fire behavior. Forest Ecology and Management 167:57-66.
12. Allen, C. D., M. S. Savage, D. A. Falk, K. F. Suckling, T. W. Swetnam, T. Schulke, P. B. Stacey, P. Morgan, M. Hoffman, and J. T. Klingel. 2002. Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: a broad perspective. Ecological Applications 12:1418-1433.
13. Arno, S. F., J. H. Scott, and M. G. Hartwell. 1995. Age-class structure of old growth ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir stands and its relationship to fire history. Research paper INT-RP-481. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
14. Belsky, A. J., and D. M. Blumenthal. 1997. Effects of livestock grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the interior West. Conservation Biology 11:315-327.
15. Bisson, P. A., B. E. Rieman, C. Luce, P. F. Hessburg, D. C. Lee, J. L. Kerschner, G. H. Reeves, and R. E. Gresswell. 2003. Fire and aquatic ecosystems of western USA: current knowledge and key questions. Forest Ecology and Management 178:213-229.
16. Biswell, H. H. 1989. Prescribed burning in California wildlands vegetation management. University of California Press, Berkeley.
17. Biswell, H. H., H. R. Kallander, R. Komarek, R. J. Vogl, and H. Weaver. 1973. Ponderosa fire management. Miscellaneous publication 2. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida.
18. Brown, P. M., M. R. Kaufmann, and W. D. Shepperd. 1999. Long-term, landscape patterns of past fire events in a montane ponderosa pine forest of central Colorado. Landscape Ecology 14:513-532.
19. Brown, R. 2000. Thinning, fire and forest restoration: a science-based approach for national forests in the interior Northwest. Defenders of Wildlife, Washington D.C.
20. Bull, E. L., and J. E. Hohman. 1993. The association between Vaux's swifts and old growth forest in northeastern Oregon. Western Birds 24:38-42.
21. Bull, E. L., R. S. Holthausen, and M. G. Henjum. 1992. Roost trees used by Pileated Woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:786-793.
22. Bull, E. L., C. G. Parks, and T. R. Torgersen. 1997. Trees and logs important to wildlife in the interior Columbia River Basin. General technical report PNW-391. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon.
23. Christensen, N. L. 1988. Succession and natural disturbance: paradigms, problems, and preservation of natural ecosystems. Pages 62-86 in J. K. Agee and D. R. Johnson, editors. Ecosystem management for parks and wilderness. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
24. Covington, W. W. 2000. Helping western forests heal: the prognosis is poor for United States forest ecosystems. Nature 408:135-136.
25. Covington, W., and M. Moore. 1994. Southwestern ponderosa pine forest structure: changes since Euro-American settlement. Journal of Forestry January 1994:39-47.
26. Daubemnire, R. 1968. Plants and environment. Harper and Row, New York.
27. Everett, R., R. Schellhaas, P. Ohlson, D. Spurbeck, and D. Keenum. 2003. Continuity in fire disturbance between riparian and adjacent sideslope Douglas-fir forests. Forest Ecology and Management 175:31-47.
28. Fahnestock, G. R., and J. K. Agee. 1983. Biomass consumption and smoke production by prehistoric and modern forest fires in western Washington. Journal of Forestry 81:653-657.
29. Fiedler, C. E. 1996. Silvicultural applications: restoring ecological structure and process in ponderosa pine forests. Pages 39-40 in C. C. Hardy and S. F. Arno, editors. The use of fire in forest restoration. General technical report INT-GTR-341. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.
30. Finney, M. A. 2001. Design of regular landscape fuel treatment patterns for modifying fire growth and behavior. Forest Science 47:219-228.
31. Finney, M. A., R. Bartlette, L. Bradshaw, K. Close, P. Gleason, P. Langowski, C. W. McHugh, E. Martinson, P. N. Omi, W. Shepperd, and K. Zeller. 2002a. Interim Hayman fire case study analysis: report on fire behavior, fuel treatments, and fire suppression. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado. Available from http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/hayman-fire (accessed May 2004).
32. Finney, M. A., D. B. Sapsis, and B. Bahro. 2002b. Use of FARSITE for simulating fire suppression and analyzing fuel treatment economics. Pages 121-136 in Proceedings of a conference on fire in California ecosystems: integrating ecology, prevention and management, 1997. Association for Fire Ecology, Davis, California.
33. Franklin, J. F., D. R. Berg, D. A. Thornburgh, and J. C. Tappeiner. 1997. Alternative silvicultural approaches to timber harvesting: variable retention harvest systems. Pages 111-139 in K. A. Kohm and J. F. Franklin, editors. Creating a forestry for the 21st Century. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
34. Fulé, P. Z., W. W. Covington, and M. M. Moore. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecological Applications 7:895-908.
35. Fulé, P. Z., A. E. M. Waltz, W. W. Covington, and T. A. Heinlein. 2001. Measuring forest restoration effectiveness in reducing hazardous fuels. Journal of Forestry November 2001:24-29.
36. Fulé, P. Z., W. W. Covington, H. B. Smith, J. D. Springer, T. A. Heinlein, K. D. Huisinga, and M. M. Moore. 2002. Comparing ecological restoration alternatives: Grand Canyon, Arizona. Forest Ecology and Management 170:19-41.
37. Furniss, M. J., T. D. Roelofs, and C. S. Yee. 1991. Road construction and maintenance. Pages 297-323 in W. R. Meehan, editor. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. Special publication 19. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
38. George, T. L., and S. Zack. 2001. Spatial and temporal considerations in restoring habitat for wildlife. Restoration Ecology 9:272-279.
39. Gregory, S. V. 1997. Riparian management in the 21st century. Pages 69-85 in K. A. Kohm and J. F. Franklin, editors. Creating a forestry for the 21st Century, Island Press, Washington, D.C.
40. Gresswell, R. E. 1999. Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128:193-221.
41. Hann, W. J., J. L. Jones, M. G. Karl, P. F. Hessburg, R. E. Keane, D. G. Long, J. P. Menakis, C. H. McNicoll, S. G. Leonard, R. A. Gravenmier, and B. G. Smith. 1997. Landscape dynamics of the basin. Pages 337-1055 in T. M. Quigley and S. Arbelbide, technical editors. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin. Volume II. General technical report PNW-GTR-405. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon.
42. Harrod, R. J., B. McRae, and W. E. Hartl. 1999. Historical stand reconstruction in ponderosa pine forests to guide silvicultural prescriptions. Forest Ecology and Management 114:433-446.
43. Henjum, M. G., J. R. Karr, D. L. Bottom, D. A. Perry, J. C. Bednarz, S. G. Wright, S. A. Beckwitt, and E. Beckwitt. 1994. Interim protection for late-successional forests, fisheries, and watersheds: national forests east of the Cascades crest, Oregon and Washington. Technical reviews 94-2. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
44. Hessburg, P. F., and J. K. Agee. 2003. An environmental narrative of inland northwest United States forests, 1800-2000. Forest Ecology and Management 178:23-59.
45. Hessburg, P. F., G. B. Smith, and R. B. Salter. 1999. Detecting change in forest spatial patterns from reference conditions. Ecological Applications 9:1232-1252.
46. Hummel, S., and J. K. Agee. 2003. Western spruce budworm defoliation effects on forest structure and potential fire behavior. Northwest Science 77:159-169.
47. Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP). 2000. Supplemental draft environmental impact statement. ICBEMP, Boise, Idaho.
48. Johnson, K. N., J. K. Agee, R. Beschta, J. Beuter, S. Gregory, L. Kellogg, W. McComb, J. Sedell, T. Schowalter, and S. Tesch. 1995. Forest health and timber harvest on national forests in the Blue Mountains of Oregon. Report to Governor Kitzhaber. Governor's Natural Resources Office, Salem, Oregon.
49. Jones, J. A., F. J. Swanson, B. C. Wemple, and K. U. Snyder. 2000. Effects of roads on hydrology, geomorphology, and disturbance patches in stream networks. Conservation Biology 14:76-85.
50. Kauffman, J. B., R. L. Beschta, N. Otting, and D. Lytjen. 1997. An ecological perspective of riparian and stream restoration in the western United States. Fisheries 22(5):12-24.
51. Kaufmann, M. R., L. Huckaby, and P. Gleason. 1999. Ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range: long historical fire and tree recruitment intervals and a case for landscape heterogeneity. Proceedings of the joint fire science conference and workshop. Joint Fire Science Program, National Interagency Fire Center, Boise, Idaho.
52. Landres, P. B., P. Morgan, and F. J. Swanson. 1999. Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems. Ecological Applications 9:1179-1188.
53. Lee, D. C., J. R. Sedell, B. E. Rieman, R. F. Thurow, and J. E. Williams. 1997. Broadscale assessment of aquatic species and habitats. Pages 1059-1496 in T. M. Quigley and S. Arbelbide, technical editors. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin. Volume III. General technical report PNW-GTR-405. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon.
54. Lindenmayer, D. B., and J. F. Franklin. 2002. Conserving forest biodiversity: a comprehensive multiscaled approach. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
55. Lynch, D. L., W. H. Komme, and M. L. Floyd. 2000. Forest restoration in southwestern ponderosa pine. Journal of Forestry 98(8):17-24.
56. Millar, C. I., and W. B. Woolfenden. 1999. The role of climate change in interpreting historical variability. Ecological Applications 9:1207-1216.
57. Miller, C., and D. L. Urban. 2000. Modeling the effects of fire management alternatives on Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests. Ecological Applications 10:85-94.
58. Miller, R. F., and J. A. Rose. 1999. Fire history and western juniper encroachment in sagebrush-steppe. Journal of Range Management 52:550-559.
59. Moir, W. H., and J. H. Dieterich. 1988. Old-growth ponderosa pine from succession in pine-bunchgrass forests in Arizona and New Mexico. Natural Areas Journal 8:17-24.
60. Moore, M. M., W. W. Covington, and P. Z. Fulé. 1999. Reference conditions and ecological restoration: a southwestern ponderosa pine perspective. Ecological Applications 9:1266-1277.
61. Morgan, P., S. C. Bunting, A. E. Black, T. Merrill, and S. Barrett. 1996. Fire regimes in the interior Columbia River Basin: past and present. Final report for RJVA-INT-94913: coarse-scale classification and mapping of disturbance regimes in the Columbia River Basin. Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. Available from http://www. icbemp.gov/science/morgan.pdf (accessed May 2004).
62. National Research Council. 1996. Upstream: salmon and society in the Pacific Northwest. Committee on Protection and Management of Pacific Northwest Anadromous Salmonids. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
63. National Research Council. 1999. Environmental issues in Pacific Northwest forest management. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C.
64. Noss, R. F. 1999. A citizen's guide to ecosystem management. Special report, distributed as Wild Earth special paper 3. Biodiversity Legal Foundation, Boulder, Colorado.
65. Noss, R. F., and A. Y. Cooperrider. 1994. Saving nature's legacy: protecting and restoring biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
66. Omi, P. N., and E. J. Martinson. 2002. Effects of fuels treatment on wildfire severity. Final report. Joint Fire Science Program Governing Board, Western Forest Fire Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,. Available from http://www.cnr.colostate.edu/frws/research/westfire/finalreport. pdf (accessed May 2004).
67. Perry, D., H. Jing, A. Youngblood, and D. Oetter. 2004. Forest structure and fire susceptibility in volcanic landscapes of the eastern High Cascades, Oregon. Conservation Biology 18:913-926.
68. Peterson, D. L., and K. C. Ryan. 1986. Modeling post-fire conifer mortality for long-range planning. Environmental Management 10:797-808.
69. Pollet, J., and P. N Omi, 2002. Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire 11:1-10.
70. Reinhardt, E. D., R. E. Keane, and J. K. Brown. 2002. First order fire effects model: FOFEM 4.0, user's guide. General technical report INT-GTR-344 (updated to Windows version 5.0). U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.
71. Rieman, B. E., and J. Clayton. 1997. Wildfire and native fish: issues of forest health of sensitive species. Fisheries 22(11):6-15.
72. Rieman, B. E., D. C. Lee, R. F. Thurow, P. F. Hessburg, and J. R. Sedell. 2000. Toward an integrated classification of ecosystems: defining opportunities for managing fish and forest health. Environmental Management 25:425-444.
73. Sackett, S., and S. Haase. 1998. Two case histories of using prescribed fire to restore ponderosa pine ecosystems in northern Arizona. Pages 380-389 in T. L. Pruden and L. A. Brennan, editors. Fire in ecosystem management: shifting the paradigm from suppression to prescription. Proceedings of the 20th Tall Timbers Fire ecology conference. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida.
74. Sackett, S. S., S. M. Haase, and M. G. Harrington. 1996. Lessons learned from fire use for restoring southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems. Pages 54-61 in W. Covington and P. K. Wagner, technical coordinators. Conference on adaptive ecosystem restoration and management: restoration of cordilleran conifer landscapes of North America. General technical report RM-GTR-278. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
75. Samman, S., and J. Logan, technical editors 2000. Assessment and response to bark beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountain area. Report to Congress from Forest Health Protection, Washington Office. General technical report RMRS-GTR-62. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
76. Schmidt, K. M., J. P. Menakis, C. C. Hardy, W. J. Hann, and D. L. Bunnell. 2002. Development of coarse-scale spatial data for wildland fire and fuel management. General technical report RMRS-GTR-87. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
77. Scott, J. H., and E. D. Reinhardt. 2001. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. Research paper RMRS-RP-29. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
78. Shinneman, D. J., and W. L. Baker. 1997. Nonequilibrium dynamics between catastrophic disturbances and old-growth forests in ponderosa pine landscapes of the Black Hills. Conservation Biology 11:1276-1288.
79. Shrader-Frechette, K. S., and E. D. McCoy. 1993. Method in ecology: strategies for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
80. Stephens, S. L. 1998. Evaluation of the effects of silvicultural and fuels treatments on potential fire behavior in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Forest Ecology and Management 105:21-38.
81. Stephenson, N. L. 1999. Reference conditions for giant sequoia forest restoration: structure, process, and precision. Ecological Applications 9:1253-1265.
82. Swanson, F. J., J. A. Jones, D. O. Wallin and J. H. Cissel. 1994. Natural variability: implications for ecosystem management. Pages 80-94 in M. E. Jensen and P. S. Bourgeron, editors. Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment. II. Ecosystem management: principles and applications. General technical report PNW-GTR-318. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon.
83. Swetnam, T. W., C. D. Allen, and J. L. Betancourt. 1999. Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage the future. Ecological Applications 9:1189-1206.
84. Swezy, D. M., and J. K. Agee. 1991. Prescribed-fire effects on fine-root and tree mortality in old-growth ponderosa pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21:626-634.
85. Taylor, A. H., and C. N. Skinner. 1998. Fire history and landscape dynamics in a late-successional reserve, Klamath Mountains, California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 111:285-301.
86. Thomas, T. L., and J. K. Agee. 1986. Prescribed fire effects on mixed conifer forest structure at Crater Lake, Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16:1082-1087.
87. Tiedemann, A., J. Klemmedson, and E. Bull. 2000. Solution of forest health problems with prescribed fire: are forest productivity and wildlife at risk? Forest Ecology and Management 127:1-18.
88. Trombulak, S. C., and C. A Frissell. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14:18-30.
89. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USFS). 2000. Sierra Nevada forest plan amendment project draft environmental impact statement (DEIS): appendix G fire and fuels. USFS, Region 5, Vallejo, California.
90. van Wagtendonk, J. W. 1996. Use of a deterministic fire growth model to test fuel treatments. Pages 1155-1165 in Sierra Nevada ecosystem project final report to Congress. II. Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, Davis.
91. Veblen, T. T., T. Kitzberger, and J. Donnegan 2000. Climatic and human influences on fire regimes in ponderosa pine forests in the Colorado Front Range. Ecological Applications 10:1178-1195.
92. Weatherspoon, C. P. 1996. Fire-silviculture relationships. Pages 1167-1176 in Sierra Nevada ecosystem project final report to Congress. II. Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, Davis.
93. Weatherspoon, C. P., and C. N. Skinner. 1995. An assessment of factors associated with damage to tree crowns from the 1987 wildfires in northern California. Forest Science 41:430-451.
94. Weatherspoon, C. P., and C. N. Skinner. 2002. An ecological comparison of fire and fire surrogates for reducing wildfire hazard and improving forest health: a research proposal. Pages 239-245 in Miscellaneous publication 1. Association for Fire Ecology, Davis, California.
95. Wickman, B. E. 1992. Forest health in the Blue Mountains: the influence of insects and disease. General technical report PNW-GTR-295. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon.
96. Wisdom, M., R. Holthausen, B. Wales, D. Lee, C. Hargis, V. Saab, W. Hann, T. Rich, M. Rowland, W. Murphy, and M. Eames. 2000. Source habitats for terrestrial vertebrates of focus in the interior Columbia Basin: broad-scale trends and management implications. General technical report PNW-GTR-485. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon.