메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 1253-1265

Reference conditions for giant sequoia forest restoration: Structure, process, and precision

Author keywords

California; Conifer forest; Fire ecology; Process restoration; Reference conditions; Sequoiadendron giganteum; Sierra Nevada; Structural restoration

Indexed keywords

FIRE; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; HABITAT RESTORATION; REFERENCE SAMPLE; STAND STRUCTURE;

EID: 0032724899     PISSN: 10510761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1253:RCFGSF]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (129)

References (88)
  • 2
    • 0022836474 scopus 로고
    • Structure and process goals for vegetation in wilderness areas
    • R. C. Lucas, compiler, 23-26 July 1985, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-212
    • Agee, J. K., and M. H. Huff. 1986. Structure and process goals for vegetation in wilderness areas. Pages 17-25 in R. C. Lucas, compiler. Proceedings - National wilderness research conference: current research, 23-26 July 1985, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-212.
    • (1986) Proceedings - National Wilderness Research Conference: Current Research , pp. 17-25
    • Agee, J.K.1    Huff, M.H.2
  • 5
    • 0345218719 scopus 로고
    • Paleohistory of a giant sequoia grove: The record from Log Meadow, Sequoia National Park
    • P. S. Aune, technical coordinator, 23-25 June 1992, Visalia, California,USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-151
    • Anderson, R. S. 1994. Paleohistory of a giant sequoia grove: the record from Log Meadow. Sequoia National Park. Pages 49-55 in P. S. Aune, technical coordinator. Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias: their place in the ecosystem and society, 23-25 June 1992, Visalia, California,USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-151.
    • (1994) Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society , pp. 49-55
    • Anderson, R.S.1
  • 6
    • 84879885065 scopus 로고
    • Paleoclimatic interpretations of meadow sediment and pollen stratigraphies from California
    • Anderson, R. S., and S. J. Smith. 1994. Paleoclimatic interpretations of meadow sediment and pollen stratigraphies from California. Geology 22:723-726.
    • (1994) Geology , vol.22 , pp. 723-726
    • Anderson, R.S.1    Smith, S.J.2
  • 7
    • 0000713250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sedimentary record of fire in montane meadows, Sierra Nevada, California, USA: A preliminary assessment
    • J. S. Clark, H. Cachier, J. G. Goldammer, and B. Stocks, editors. Sediment records of biomass burning and global change. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany
    • Anderson, R. S., and S. J. Smith. 1997. The sedimentary record of fire in montane meadows, Sierra Nevada, California, USA: a preliminary assessment. Pages 313-327 in J. S. Clark, H. Cachier, J. G. Goldammer, and B. Stocks, editors. Sediment records of biomass burning and global change. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Advanced Science Institute Series, Volume I 51. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
    • (1997) North Atlantic Treaty Organization Advanced Science Institute Series , vol.I51 , pp. 313-327
    • Anderson, R.S.1    Smith, S.J.2
  • 9
    • 0022214876 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the natural fire management program at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks
    • J. E. Lotan, B. M. Kilgore, W. C. Fischer, and R. W. Mutch, editors, 15-18 November 1983, Missoula, Montana, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-182
    • Bancroft, L., T. Nichols, D. Parsons, D. Graber, B. Evison, and J. van Wagtendonk. 1985. Evolution of the natural fire management program at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Pages 174-180 in J. E. Lotan, B. M. Kilgore, W. C. Fischer, and R. W. Mutch, editors. Proceedings - symposium and workshop on wilderness fire, 15-18 November 1983, Missoula, Montana, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-182.
    • (1985) Proceedings - Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire , pp. 174-180
    • Bancroft, L.1    Nichols, T.2    Parsons, D.3    Graber, D.4    Evison, B.5    Van Wagtendonk, J.6
  • 12
    • 0006952172 scopus 로고
    • The giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community characterized through pattern analysis as a mosaic of aggregations
    • Bonnicksen, T. M., and E. C. Stone. 1981. The giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community characterized through pattern analysis as a mosaic of aggregations. Forest Ecology and Management 3:307-328.
    • (1981) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.3 , pp. 307-328
    • Bonnicksen, T.M.1    Stone, E.C.2
  • 13
    • 0020458152 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of a presettlement giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community using the aggregation approach
    • Bonnicksen, T. M., and E. C. Stone. 1982a. Reconstruction of a presettlement giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community using the aggregation approach. Ecology 63:1134-1148.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 1134-1148
    • Bonnicksen, T.M.1    Stone, E.C.2
  • 14
    • 0042114370 scopus 로고
    • Managing vegetation within U.S. National Parks: A policy analysis
    • Bonnicksen, T. M., and E. C. Stone. 1982b. Managing vegetation within U.S. National Parks: a policy analysis. Environmental Management 6:101-102, 109-122.
    • (1982) Environmental Management , vol.6 , pp. 101-102
    • Bonnicksen, T.M.1    Stone, E.C.2
  • 18
    • 0002729945 scopus 로고
    • Historic fire regimes along an elevational gradient on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, California
    • J. K. Brown, R. W. Mutch, C. W. Spoon, and R. H. Wakimoto, technical coordinators, 30 March-1 April 1993, Missoula, Montana, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-320
    • Caprio, A. C., and T. W. Swetnam. 1995. Historic fire regimes along an elevational gradient on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, California. Pages 173-179 in J. K. Brown, R. W. Mutch, C. W. Spoon, and R. H. Wakimoto, technical coordinators. Proceedings: symposium on fire in wilderness and park management, 30 March-1 April 1993, Missoula, Montana, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-320.
    • (1995) Proceedings: Symposium on Fire in Wilderness and Park Management , pp. 173-179
    • Caprio, A.C.1    Swetnam, T.W.2
  • 20
    • 0022164130 scopus 로고
    • Role of Indian burning in wilderness fire planning
    • J. E. Lotan, B. M. Kilgore, W. C. Fischer, and R. W. Mutch, editors., 15-18 November 1983, Missoula, Montana, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-182
    • Dennis, J. G., and R. H. Wauer. 1985. Role of Indian burning in wilderness fire planning. Pages 296-298 in J. E. Lotan, B. M. Kilgore, W. C. Fischer, and R. W. Mutch, editors. Proceedings - symposium and workshop on wilderness fire, 15-18 November 1983, Missoula, Montana, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-182.
    • (1985) Proceedings - Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire , pp. 296-298
    • Dennis, J.G.1    Wauer, R.H.2
  • 21
    • 0030613978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests
    • Fulé, P. Z., W. W. Covington, and M. M. Moore. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecological Applications 7:895-908.
    • (1997) Ecological Applications , vol.7 , pp. 895-908
    • Fulé, P.Z.1    Covington, W.W.2    Moore, M.M.3
  • 23
    • 0002597775 scopus 로고
    • Rationalizing management of natural areas in national parks
    • Graber, D. M. 1983. Rationalizing management of natural areas in national parks. Bulletin of the George Wright Society 4:48-56.
    • (1983) Bulletin of the George Wright Society , vol.4 , pp. 48-56
    • Graber, D.M.1
  • 24
    • 85038140585 scopus 로고
    • Coevolution of National Park Service fire policy and the role of national parks
    • J. E. Lotan, B. M. Kilgore, W. C. Fischer, and R. W. Mutch, editors, 15-18 November 1983, Missoula, Montana, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-182
    • _. 1985. Coevolution of National Park Service fire policy and the role of national parks. Pages 345-349 in J. E. Lotan, B. M. Kilgore, W. C. Fischer, and R. W. Mutch, editors. Proceedings - symposium and workshop on wilderness fire, 15-18 November 1983, Missoula, Montana, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-182.
    • (1985) Proceedings - Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire , pp. 345-349
  • 25
    • 0000941987 scopus 로고
    • Resolute biocentrism: The dilemma of wilderness in national parks
    • M. E. Soulé and G. Lease, editors. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • _. 1995. Resolute biocentrism: the dilemma of wilderness in national parks. Pages 123-135 in M. E. Soulé and G. Lease, editors. Reinventing nature? Responses to postmodern deconstruction. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1995) Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction , pp. 123-135
  • 26
    • 0027387845 scopus 로고
    • A 1000-year record of temperature and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada
    • Graumlich, L. J. 1993. A 1000-year record of temperature and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada. Quaternary Research 39:249-255.
    • (1993) Quaternary Research , vol.39 , pp. 249-255
    • Graumlich, L.J.1
  • 27
    • 0023528646 scopus 로고
    • Coarse woody debris in mixed-conifer forests, Sequoia National Park, California
    • Harmon, M. E., K. Cromack, Jr., and B. G. Smith. 1987. Coarse woody debris in mixed-conifer forests, Sequoia National Park, California. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:1265-1272.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.17 , pp. 1265-1272
    • Harmon, M.E.1    Cromack K., Jr.2    Smith, B.G.3
  • 28
    • 0042615457 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Harvey, H. T., H. S. Shellhammer, and R. E. Stecker. 1980. Giant sequoia ecology. U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1980) Giant Sequoia Ecology
    • Harvey, H.T.1    Shellhammer, H.S.2    Stecker, R.E.3
  • 29
    • 0030424867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology
    • Hobbs, R. J., and D. A. Norton. 1996. Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 4: 93-110.
    • (1996) Restoration Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 93-110
    • Hobbs, R.J.1    Norton, D.A.2
  • 30
    • 0027101174 scopus 로고
    • Cross-scale morphology, geometry, and dynamics of ecosystems
    • Holling, C. S. 1992. Cross-scale morphology, geometry, and dynamics of ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 62:447-502.
    • (1992) Ecological Monographs , vol.62 , pp. 447-502
    • Holling, C.S.1
  • 31
    • 0026443774 scopus 로고
    • Drought frequency in central California since 101 BC recorded in giant sequoia tree rings
    • Hughes, M. K., and P. M. Brown. 1992. Drought frequency in central California since 101 BC recorded in giant sequoia tree rings. Climate Dynamics 6:161-167.
    • (1992) Climate Dynamics , vol.6 , pp. 161-167
    • Hughes, M.K.1    Brown, P.M.2
  • 32
    • 0001554441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benchmarks for managing ecosystems: Are human activities natural?
    • Hunter, M. 1996. Benchmarks for managing ecosystems: are human activities natural? Conservation Biology 10:695-697.
    • (1996) Conservation Biology , vol.10 , pp. 695-697
    • Hunter, M.1
  • 34
  • 35
    • 0038619348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuel load and tree density changes following prescribed fire in the giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest: The first 14 years of fire effects monitoring
    • T. L. Pruden and L. A. Brennan, editors. Fire in ecosystem management: shifting the paradigm from suppression to prescription. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
    • Keifer, M. 1998. Fuel load and tree density changes following prescribed fire in the giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest: the first 14 years of fire effects monitoring. Pages 306-309 in T. L. Pruden and L. A. Brennan, editors. Fire in ecosystem management: shifting the paradigm from suppression to prescription. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings, No. 20. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
    • (1998) Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings , vol.20 , pp. 306-309
    • Keifer, M.1
  • 36
    • 0021537249 scopus 로고
    • A process model of fire ecology and succession in a mixed-conifer forest
    • Kercher, J. R., and M. C. Axelrod. 1984. A process model of fire ecology and succession in a mixed-conifer forest. Ecology 65:1725-1742.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 1725-1742
    • Kercher, J.R.1    Axelrod, M.C.2
  • 37
    • 0344356031 scopus 로고
    • Fire's role in a sequoia forest
    • Kilgore, B. M. 1972. Fire's role in a sequoia forest. Naturalist 23:26-35.
    • (1972) Naturalist , vol.23 , pp. 26-35
    • Kilgore, B.M.1
  • 38
    • 0013595383 scopus 로고
    • Impact of prescribed burning on a sequoia-mixed conifer forest
    • _. 1973a. Impact of prescribed burning on a sequoia-mixed conifer forest. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 12:345-375.
    • (1973) Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference , vol.12 , pp. 345-375
  • 39
    • 0001201782 scopus 로고
    • The ecological role of fire in Sierran conifer forests
    • _. 1973b. The ecological role of fire in Sierran conifer forests. Journal of Quaternary Research 3:496-513.
    • (1973) Journal of Quaternary Research , vol.3 , pp. 496-513
  • 40
    • 0022173788 scopus 로고
    • What is "natural" in wilderness fire management?
    • J. E. Lotan, B. M. Kilgore, W. C. Fischer, and R. W. Mutch, editors. Proceedings - symposium and workshop on wilderness fire, 15-18 November 1983, Missoula, Montana, USA
    • _. 1985. What is "natural" in wilderness fire management? Pages 57-67 in J. E. Lotan, B. M. Kilgore, W. C. Fischer, and R. W. Mutch, editors. Proceedings - symposium and workshop on wilderness fire, 15-18 November 1983, Missoula, Montana, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-182.
    • (1985) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.INT-182 , pp. 57-67
  • 41
    • 0344787853 scopus 로고
    • Seedling germination following fire in a giant sequoia forest
    • Kilgore, B. M., and H. H. Biswell. 1971. Seedling germination following fire in a giant sequoia forest. California Agriculture 25:8-10.
    • (1971) California Agriculture , vol.25 , pp. 8-10
    • Kilgore, B.M.1    Biswell, H.H.2
  • 42
    • 0002624970 scopus 로고
    • Crown-fire potential in a sequoia forest after prescribed burning
    • Kilgore, B. M., and R. W. Sando. 1975. Crown-fire potential in a sequoia forest after prescribed burning. Forest Science 21:83-87.
    • (1975) Forest Science , vol.21 , pp. 83-87
    • Kilgore, B.M.1    Sando, R.W.2
  • 43
    • 0000538528 scopus 로고
    • Fire history of a sequoia-mixed conifer forest
    • Kilgore, B. M., and D. Taylor. 1979. Fire history of a sequoia-mixed conifer forest. Ecology 60:129-142.
    • (1979) Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 129-142
    • Kilgore, B.M.1    Taylor, D.2
  • 44
    • 0002306624 scopus 로고
    • Spacing and competition in natural stands of sand pine
    • Laessle, A. M. 1965. Spacing and competition in natural stands of sand pine. Ecology 46:65-72.
    • (1965) Ecology , vol.46 , pp. 65-72
    • Laessle, A.M.1
  • 45
    • 0032700229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems
    • Landres, P. B., P. Morgan, and F. J. Swanson. 1999. Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems. Ecological Applications 9:1179-1188.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 1179-1188
    • Landres, P.B.1    Morgan, P.2    Swanson, F.J.3
  • 46
    • 0002253556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naturalness and natural variability: Definitions, concepts, and strategies for wilderness management
    • D. L. Kulhavy and M. H. Legg, editors. Center for Applied Studies, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, USA
    • Landres, P. B., P. S. White, G. Aplet, and A. Zimmermann. 1998. Naturalness and natural variability: definitions, concepts, and strategies for wilderness management. Pages 41-50 in D. L. Kulhavy and M. H. Legg, editors. Wilderness and natural areas in eastern North America: research, management, and planning. Center for Applied Studies, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, USA.
    • (1998) Wilderness and Natural Areas in Eastern North America: Research, Management, and Planning , pp. 41-50
    • Landres, P.B.1    White, P.S.2    Aplet, G.3    Zimmermann, A.4
  • 47
    • 0030613887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene dynamics of tree line forests in the Sierra Nevada
    • Lloyd, A. H., and L. J. Graumlich. 1997. Holocene dynamics of tree line forests in the Sierra Nevada. Ecology 78:1199-1210.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1199-1210
    • Lloyd, A.H.1    Graumlich, L.J.2
  • 48
    • 0020389053 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two approaches for determining fire dates from tree scars
    • Madany, M. H., T. W. Swetnam, and N. E. West. 1982. Comparison of two approaches for determining fire dates from tree scars. Forest Science 28:856-861.
    • (1982) Forest Science , vol.28 , pp. 856-861
    • Madany, M.H.1    Swetnam, T.W.2    West, N.E.3
  • 50
    • 6444240440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comments on historical variation and desired condition as tools for terrestrial landscape analysis
    • S. Sommarstrom, editor. What is watershed stability? Water Resources Center Report, University of California, Davis, California, USA
    • Millar, C. I. 1997. Comments on historical variation and desired condition as tools for terrestrial landscape analysis. Pages 105-131 in S. Sommarstrom, editor. What is watershed stability? Proceedings of the sixth biennial watershed management conference. Water Resources Center Report No. 92, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
    • (1997) Proceedings of the Sixth Biennial Watershed Management Conference , vol.92 , pp. 105-131
    • Millar, C.I.1
  • 51
    • 0032742352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of climate change in interpreting historic variability
    • Millar, C. I., and W. B. Woolfenden. 1999. The role of climate change in interpreting historic variability. Ecological Applications 9:1207-1216.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 1207-1216
    • Millar, C.I.1    Woolfenden, W.B.2
  • 53
    • 0032929176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model of surface fire, climate, and forest pattern in the Sierra Nevada, California
    • Miller, C., and D. L. Urban. 1999. A model of surface fire, climate, and forest pattern in the Sierra Nevada, California. Ecological Modelling 114:113-135.
    • (1999) Ecological Modelling , vol.114 , pp. 113-135
    • Miller, C.1    Urban, D.L.2
  • 54
    • 0034141579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the effects of fire management alternatives on Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests
    • in press
    • Miller, C., and D. L. Urban. 2000. Modeling the effects of fire management alternatives on Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Ecological Applications, in press.
    • (2000) Ecological Applications
    • Miller, C.1    Urban, D.L.2
  • 55
    • 0032700231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference conditions and ecological restoration: A southwestern ponderosa pine perspective
    • Moore, M. M., W. W. Covington, and P. Z. Fulé. 1999. Reference conditions and ecological restoration: a southwestern ponderosa pine perspective. Ecological Applications 9: 1266-1277.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 1266-1277
    • Moore, M.M.1    Covington, W.W.2    Fulé, P.Z.3
  • 56
    • 0001898321 scopus 로고
    • Effects of fire severity and climate on ring-width growth of giant sequoiaafter burning
    • J. K. Brown, R. W. Mutch, C. W. Spoon, and R. H. Wakimoto, technical coordinators. Proceedings: symposium on fire in wilderness and park management, 30 March-1 April 1993, Missoula, Montana, USA
    • Mutch, L. S., and T. W. Swetnam. 1995. Effects of fire severity and climate on ring-width growth of giant sequoiaafter burning. Pages 241-246 in J. K. Brown, R. W. Mutch, C. W. Spoon, and R. H. Wakimoto, technical coordinators. Proceedings: symposium on fire in wilderness and park management, 30 March-1 April 1993, Missoula, Montana, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-320.
    • (1995) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.INT-GTR-320 , pp. 241-246
    • Mutch, L.S.1    Swetnam, T.W.2
  • 58
    • 0344787847 scopus 로고
    • Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
    • Otter, F. L. 1963. The men of Mammoth Forest. Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
    • (1963) The Men of Mammoth Forest
    • Otter, F.L.1
  • 59
    • 0345218736 scopus 로고
    • Restoring fire to the Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest: Reconciling science, policy, and practicality
    • H. G. Hughes and T. M. Bonnicksen, editors. University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
    • Parsons, D. J. 1990. Restoring fire to the Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest: reconciling science, policy, and practicality. Pages 271-279 in H. G. Hughes and T. M. Bonnicksen, editors. Proceedings of the first annual meeting of the Society for Ecological Restoration. University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
    • (1990) Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Society for Ecological Restoration , pp. 271-279
    • Parsons, D.J.1
  • 60
    • 0342866562 scopus 로고
    • Restoring fire to giant sequoia groves: What have we learned in 25 years?
    • J. K. Brown, R. W. Mutch, C. W. Spoon, and R. H. Wakimoto, technical coordinators. Proceedings: symposium on fire in wilderness and park management, 30 March-1 April 1993, Missoula, Montana, USA
    • _. 1995. Restoring fire to giant sequoia groves: what have we learned in 25 years? Pages 256-258 in J. K. Brown, R. W. Mutch, C. W. Spoon, and R. H. Wakimoto, technical coordinators. Proceedings: symposium on fire in wilderness and park management, 30 March-1 April 1993, Missoula, Montana, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-320.
    • (1995) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.INT-GTR-320 , pp. 256-258
  • 63
    • 0042615426 scopus 로고
    • Community structure and stability in the giant sequoia groves of the Sierra Nevada, California
    • Rundel, P. W. 1971. Community structure and stability in the giant sequoia groves of the Sierra Nevada, California. American Midland Naturalist 85:478-492.
    • (1971) American Midland Naturalist , vol.85 , pp. 478-492
    • Rundel, P.W.1
  • 64
    • 0042615425 scopus 로고
    • An annotated check list of the groves of Sequoiadendron giganteum in the Sierra Nevada, California
    • _. 1972. An annotated check list of the groves of Sequoiadendron giganteum in the Sierra Nevada, California. Madroño 21:319-328.
    • (1972) Madroño , vol.21 , pp. 319-328
  • 65
    • 0027526714 scopus 로고
    • A 2000-year tree ring record of annual temperatures in the Sierra Nevada mountains
    • Scuderi, L. A. 1993. A 2000-year tree ring record of annual temperatures in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Science 259: 1433-1436.
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 1433-1436
    • Scuderi, L.A.1
  • 66
    • 0026307762 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance, equilibrium, and environmental variability: What is "natural" vegetation in a changing environment?
    • Sprugel, D. G. 1991. Disturbance, equilibrium, and environmental variability: what is "natural" vegetation in a changing environment? Biological Conservation 58:1-18.
    • (1991) Biological Conservation , vol.58 , pp. 1-18
    • Sprugel, D.G.1
  • 68
    • 0032527081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the effects of silvicultural and fuels treatments on potential fire behaviour in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests
    • _. 1998. Evaluation of the effects of silvicultural and fuels treatments on potential fire behaviour in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Forest Ecology and Management 105:21-35.
    • (1998) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.105 , pp. 21-35
  • 69
    • 0005999022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequoiadendron giganteum-mixed conifer forest structure in 1900-1901 from the southern Sierra Nevada, CA
    • Stephens, S. L., and D. L. Elliott-Fisk. 1998. Sequoiadendron giganteum-mixed conifer forest structure in 1900-1901 from the southern Sierra Nevada, CA. Madroño 45:221-230.
    • (1998) Madroño , vol.45 , pp. 221-230
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Elliott-Fisk, D.L.2
  • 70
    • 34250098242 scopus 로고
    • Use of tree aggregations in forest ecology and management
    • Stephenson, N. L. 1987. Use of tree aggregations in forest ecology and management. Environmental Management 11: 1-5.
    • (1987) Environmental Management , vol.11 , pp. 1-5
    • Stephenson, N.L.1
  • 71
    • 0005791692 scopus 로고
    • Long-term dynamics of giant sequoia populations: Implications for managing a pioneer species
    • P. S. Aune, technical coordinator. Proceedings of the Symposium on giant sequoias: their place in the ecosystem and society, 23-25 June 1992, Visalia, California, USA
    • _. 1994. Long-term dynamics of giant sequoia populations: implications for managing a pioneer species. Pages 56-63 in P. S. Aune, technical coordinator. Proceedings of the Symposium on giant sequoias: their place in the ecosystem and society, 23-25 June 1992, Visalia, California, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-151
    • (1994) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.PSW-151 , pp. 56-63
  • 72
    • 0000057487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology and management of giant sequoia groves
    • Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: final report to Congress, volume II. Assessments and scientific basis for management options
    • _. 1996. Ecology and management of giant sequoia groves. Pages 1431-1467 in Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: final report to Congress, volume II. Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Wildlands Resources Center Report No. 37, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
    • (1996) Wildlands Resources Center Report, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA , vol.37 , pp. 1431-1467
  • 76
    • 0027788233 scopus 로고
    • Fire history and climate change in giant sequoia groves
    • Swetnam, T. W. 1993. Fire history and climate change in giant sequoia groves. Science 262:885-889.
    • (1993) Science , vol.262 , pp. 885-889
    • Swetnam, T.W.1
  • 77
    • 0032700230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applied historical ecology: Using the past to manage the future
    • Swetnam, T. W., C. D. Allen, and J. L. Betancourt. 1999. Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage the future. Ecological Applications 9:1189-1206.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 1189-1206
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Allen, C.D.2    Betancourt, J.L.3
  • 78
    • 0002237844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical fire regime patterns in the southwestern United States since AD 1700
    • C. D. Allen, technical editor. Fire effects in southwestern forests. Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire Symposium, 29-31 March 1994, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
    • Swetnam, T. W., and C. H. Baisan. 1996. Historical fire regime patterns in the southwestern United States since AD 1700. Pages 11-32 in C. D. Allen, technical editor. Fire effects in southwestern forests. Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire Symposium, 29-31 March 1994, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-286.
    • (1996) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.RM-GTR-286 , pp. 11-32
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Baisan, C.H.2
  • 79
    • 0344587467 scopus 로고
    • Tree-ring reconstruction of giant sequoia fire regimes
    • DOI 8018-1-0002 to U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, USA
    • Swetnam, T. W., C. H. Baisan, A. C. Caprio, R. Touchan, and P. M. Brown. 1992. Tree-ring reconstruction of giant sequoia fire regimes. Final report on Cooperative Agreement No. DOI 8018-1-0002 to U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, USA.
    • (1992) Final Report on Cooperative Agreement
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Baisan, C.H.2    Caprio, A.C.3    Touchan, R.4    Brown, P.M.5
  • 80
    • 0026007285 scopus 로고
    • Prescribed-fire effects on fine-root and tree mortality in old-growth ponderosa pine
    • Swezy, D. M., and J. K. Agee. 1991. Prescribed-fire effects on fine-root and tree mortality in old-growth ponderosa pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21:626-634.
    • (1991) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.21 , pp. 626-634
    • Swezy, D.M.1    Agee, J.K.2
  • 81
    • 0023466815 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation change and park purposes in the high elevations of Yosemite National Park, California
    • Vale, T. R. 1987. Vegetation change and park purposes in the high elevations of Yosemite National Park, California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77:1-18.
    • (1987) Annals of the Association of American Geographers , vol.77 , pp. 1-18
    • Vale, T.R.1
  • 82
    • 0031699545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The myth of the humanized landscape: An example from Yosemite National Park
    • _. 1998. The myth of the humanized landscape: an example from Yosemite National Park. Natural Areas Journal 18:231-236.
    • (1998) Natural Areas Journal , vol.18 , pp. 231-236
  • 84
    • 0000766246 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation changes in Sequoia National Park, California
    • Vankat, J. L., and J. Major. 1978. Vegetation changes in Sequoia National Park, California. Journal of Biogeography 5:377-402.
    • (1978) Journal of Biogeography , vol.5 , pp. 377-402
    • Vankat, J.L.1    Major, J.2
  • 85
    • 0022230971 scopus 로고
    • Fire suppression effects on fuels and succession in short-fire-interval wilderness ecosystems
    • J. E. Lotan, B. M. Kilgore, W. C. Fischer, and R. W. Mutch, editors. Proceedings - symposium and workshop on wilderness fire, 15-18 November 1983, Missoula, Montana, USA
    • van Wagtendonk, J. W. 1985. Fire suppression effects on fuels and succession in short-fire-interval wilderness ecosystems. Pages 119-126 in J. E. Lotan, B. M. Kilgore, W. C. Fischer, and R. W. Mutch, editors. Proceedings - symposium and workshop on wilderness fire, 15-18 November 1983, Missoula, Montana, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-182.
    • (1985) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.INT-182 , pp. 119-126
    • Van Wagtendonk, J.W.1
  • 86
    • 0002936074 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration dynamics
    • D. C. Glenn-Lewin, R. K. Peet, and T. T. Veblen, editors. Chapman and Hall, London, UK
    • Veblen, T. T. 1992. Regeneration dynamics. Pages 152-187 in D. C. Glenn-Lewin, R. K. Peet, and T. T. Veblen, editors. Plant succession: theory and prediction. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
    • (1992) Plant Succession: Theory and Prediction , pp. 152-187
    • Veblen, T.T.1
  • 87
    • 0005145604 scopus 로고
    • Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz
    • R. M. Burns and B. H. Honkala, technical coordinators. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Weatherspoon, C. P. 1990. Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz. Pages 552-562 in R. M. Burns and B. H. Honkala, technical coordinators. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers. U.S. Forest Service Agriculture Handbook 654, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1990) U.S. Forest Service Agriculture Handbook , vol.654 , pp. 552-562
    • Weatherspoon, C.P.1
  • 88
    • 0345650510 scopus 로고
    • Proceedings of the workshop on management of giant sequoia, 24-25 May 1985, Reedley, California, USA
    • Weatherspoon, C. P., Y. R. Iwamoto, and D. D. Piirto, technical coordinators. 1986. Proceedings of the workshop on management of giant sequoia, 24-25 May 1985, Reedley, California, USA. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-95.
    • (1986) U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.PSW-95
    • Weatherspoon, C.P.1    Iwamoto, Y.R.2    Piirto, D.D.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.