The skin as a mirror of the soul: Exploring the possible roles of serotonin

Experimental Dermatology

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 301-311

  Nordlind, Klas ^a   Azmitia, Efrain C ^b   Slominski, Andrzej ^c  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

5 HT; 5 HT receptors; 5 HT transporters; Skin

Indexed keywords

AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING); BUSPIRONE; CYTOKINE; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; ONDANSETRON; PAROXETINE; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN 1A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 2 RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 2A ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 3 RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SPIPERONE; STEROID; TRYPTOPHAN; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE;

ACNE; ALLERGIC REACTION; ALOPECIA; ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; CONTACT ALLERGY; DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY; ENZYME DEGRADATION; ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME; ERYTHEMA NODOSUM; HUMAN; HYPERTRICHOSIS; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOMODULATION; KERATINOCYTE; LEUKOCYTOCLASTIC VASCULITIS; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MAST CELL; MELANOCYTE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN TARGETING; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; PRURITUS; PSORIASIS VULGARIS; REVIEW; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEROTONIN RELEASE; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN CELL; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN FIBROBLAST; SKIN INFLAMMATION; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; URTICARIA;

ANIMALS; BLOOD PLATELETS; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS; PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS; RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN AGENTS; SKIN; SKIN DISEASES; SKIN PHYSIOLOGY; TRYPTOPHAN;

EID: 40349094839     PISSN: 09066705     EISSN: 16000625     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00670.x     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Slominski A, Wortsman J. Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocrine Rev 2000: 21: 457-487.
2. Whitaker-Azmitia P M. The discovery of serotonin and its role in neuroscience. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999: 21 (Suppl. 2): 2S-8S.
3. Azmitia E C. Serotonin neurons, neuroplasticity, and homeostasis of neural tissue. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999: 21 (Suppl. 2): 33S-45S.
4. Mockus S M, Vrana K E. Advances in the molecular characterization of tryptophan hydroxylase. J Mol Neurosci 1998: 10: 163-179.
5. Zhang X, Beaulieu J M, Sotnikova T D, Gainetdinov R R, Caron M G. Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 controls brain serotonin synthesis. Science 2004: 305: 217.
6. Azmitia E C. Serotonin and brain: Evolution, neuroplasticity, and homeostasis. Int Rev Neurobiol 2007: 77: 31-56.
7. Azmitia E C. Modern views on an ancient chemical: Serotonin effects on cell proliferation, maturation, and apoptosis. Brain Res Bull 2001: 56: 413-424.
8. Lieberman H R, Corkin S, Spring B J, Wurtman R J, Growdon J H. The effects of dietary neurotransmitter precursors on human behavior. Am J Clin Nutr 1985: 42: 366-370.
9. Blomstrand E, Möller K, Secher N H, Nybo L. Effects of carbohydrate ingestion on brain exchange of amino acids during sustained exercise in human subjects. Acta Physiol Scand 2005: 185: 203-209.
10. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Tobin D J. The cutaneous serotoninergic/ melatoninergic system: Securing a place under the sun. FASEB J 2005: 19: 176-194.
11. Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Johansson O et.al. Tryptophan hydroxylase expression in human skin cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003: 1639: 80-86.
12. O'Connell P J, Wang X, Leon-Ponte M, Griffiths C, Pingle S C, Ahem G P. A novel form of immune signaling revealed by transmission of the inflammatory serotonin between dendritic cells and T cells. Blood 2006: 107: 1010-1017.
13. Edvinsson L, Cervos-Navarro J, Larsson L I, Owman C, Ronnberg A L. Regional distribution of mast cells containing histamine, dopamine, or 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mammalian brain. Neurology 1977: 27: 873-883.
14. Kastengren Fröberg G, Lindberg R, Ritter M, Nordlind K. Expression of serotonin and its 5-HT1A receptor in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. Submitted.
15. Lehtosalo J I, Uusitalo H, Laakso J, Palkama A, Härkönen M. Biochemical and immunohistochemical determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine located in mast cells in the trigeminal ganglion of the rat and guinea pig. Histochemistry 1984: 80: 219-223.
16. Zochodne D W, Theriault M, Sharkey K A, Cheng C, Sutherland G. Peptides and neuromas: Calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and mast cells in a mechanosensitive human sural neuroma. Muscle Nerve 1997: 20: 875-880.
17. Lefebvre H, Compagnon P, Contesse V et.al. Production and metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) by the human adrenal cortex: Paracrine stimulation of aldosterone secretion by 5-HT. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001: 86: 5001-5007.
18. Kushnir-Sukhov N M, Brown J M, Wu Y, Kirshenbaum A, Metcalfe D D. Human mast cells are capable of serotonin synthesis and release. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007: 119: 498-499.
19. Kovács P, Hernadi I, Wilhelm M. Mast cells modulate maintained neuronal activity in the thalamus in vivo. J Neuroimmunol 2006: 171: 1-7.
20. Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Semak I et.al. Serotoninergic and melatoninergic systems are fully expressed in human skin. FASEB J 2002: 16: 896-898.
21. Sakowski S A, Geddes T J, Thomas D M, Levi E, Hatfield J S, Kuhn D M. Differential tissue distribution of tryptophan hydroxylase isoforms 1 and 2 as revealed with monospecific antibodies. Brain Res 2006: 1085: 11-18.
22. Johansson O, Liu P Y, Bondesson L et.al. A serotonin-like immunoreactivity is present in human cutaneous melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1998: 111: 1010-1014.
23. Gillbro J M, Marles L K, Hibberts N A, Schallreuter K U. Autocrine catecholamine biosynthesis and the beta-adrenoceptor signal promote pigmentation in human epidermal melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2004: 123: 346-353.
24. Schallreuter K U, Schulz-Douglas V, Bunz A, Beazley W, Korner C. Pteridines in the control of pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 1997: 109: 31-35.
25. Slominski A, Semak I, Pisarchik A, Sweatman T, Szczesniewski A, Wortsman J. Conversion of l -tryptophan to serotonin and melatonin in human melanoma cells. FEBS Lett 2002: 511: 102-106.
26. Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Semak I, Swetaman T, Szczesniewski A, Wortsman J. Serotoninergic system in hamster skin. J Invest Dermatol 2002: 119: 934-942.
27. Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Semak I et.al. Characterization of the serotoninergic system in the C57BL/6 mouse skin. Eur J Biochem 2003: 270: 3335-3344.
28. Gu X F, Azmitia E C. Integrative transporter-mediated release from cytoplasmic and vesicular 5-hydroxytryptamine stores in cultured neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 1993: 235: 51-57.
29. Callaway J, Storvik M, Halonen P, Hakko H, Räsänen P, Tiihonen J. Seasonal variations in (3H) citalopram platelet binding between healthy controls and violent offenders in Finland. Hum Psychopharmacol 2005: 20: 467-472.
30. Lesch K P, Gutknecht L. Pharmacogenetics of the serotonin transporter. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005: 29: 1062-1073.
31. Wendland J R, Martin B J, Kruse M R, Lesch K -P, Murphy D L. Simultaneous genotyping of four functional loci of human SLC6A4, with a reappraisal of 5-HTTLPR and rs25531. Mol Psychiatry 2006: 11: 224-226.
32. Kaiser R, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Filler D et.al. Correlation between serotonin uptake in human blood platelets with the 44-bp polymorphism and the 17-bp variable number of tandem repeat of the serotonin transporter. Am J Med Genet 2002: 114: 323-328.
33. Berger U V, Gu X F, Azmitia E C. The substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine, methamphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine induce 5-hydroxytryptamine release via a common mechanism blocked by fluoxetine and cocaine. Eur J Pharmacol 1992: 215: 153-160.
34. Battaglino R, Fu J, Spate U et.al. Serotonin regulates osteoclast differentiation through its transporter. J Bone Miner Res 2004: 19: 1420-1431.
35. Turetta L, Donella-Deana A, Folda A, Bulato C, Deana R. Characterisation of the serotonin efflux induced by cytosolic Ca2+ and Na+ concentration increase in human platelets. Cell Physiol Biochem 2004: 14: 377-386.
36. He L, Tuckett R P, English K B. 5-HT2 and 3 receptor antagonists suppress the response of rat type I slowly adapting mechanoreceptor: An in vitro study. Brain Res 2003: 969: 230-236.
37. Tachibana T, Endoh M, Fujiwara N, Nawa T. Receptors and transporter for serotonin in Merkel cell-nerve endings in the rat sinus hair follicle. An immunohistochemical study. Arch Histol Cytol 2005: 68: 19-28.
38. Hansson S R, Hoffman B J. Transient expression of a functional serotonin transporter in Merkel cells during late gestation and early postnatal rat development. Exp Brain Res 2000: 130: 401-409.
39. Peroutka S J. Receptor 'families' for 5-hydroxytryptamine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990: 16 (Suppl. 3): S8-S14.
40. Hoyer D, Hannon J P, Martin G R. Molecular, pharmacological and functional diversity of 5-HT receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002: 71: 533-554.
41. Bockaert J, Claeysen S, Bécamel C, Dumuis A, Marin P. Neuronal 5-HT metabotropic receptors: Fine-tuning of their structure, signaling, and roles in synaptic modulation. Cell Tissue Res 2006: 326: 553-572.
42. Levine A A, Guan Z, Barco A, Xu S, Kandel E R, Schwartz J H. CREB-binding protein controls response to cocaine by acetylating histones at the fosB promoter in the mouse striatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005: 102: 19186-19191.
43. Ashkenazy-Shahar M, Beitner R. Serotonin decreases cytoskeletal and cytosolic glycolytic enzymes and the levels of ATP and glucose 1,6-biphosphate in skin, which is prevented by the calmodulin antagonists thioridazine and clotrimazole. Biochem Mol Med 1997: 60: 187-193.
44. Wolf R, Lewerenz V, Büchau A S, Walz M, Ruzicka T. Human S100A15 splice variants are differentially expressed in inflammatory skin diseases and regulated through Th1 cytokines and calcium. Exp Dermatol 2007: 16: 685-691.
45. Emerit M B, Riad M, Hamon M. Trophic effects of neurotransmitters during brain maturation. Biol Neonate 1992: 62: 193-201.
46. Whitaker-Azmitia P M, Murphy R B, Azmitia E C. Stimulation of astroglial 5-HT1A receptors releases the serotonergic growth factor, protein S-100, and alters astroglial morphology. Brain Res 1990: 528: 155-158.
47. Wilson C C, Faber K M, Haring J H. Serotonin regulates synaptic connections in the dentate molecular layer of adult rats via 5-HT1a receptors: Evidence for a glial mechanism. Brain Res 1998: 782: 235-239.
48. Deng D R, Djalali S, Holtje M et.al. Embryonic and postnatal development of the serotonergic raphe system and its target regions in 5-HT1A receptor deletion or overexpressing mouse mutants. Neuroscience 2007: 147: 388-402.
49. Azmitia E C, Dolan K, Whitaker-Azmitia P M. S-100β but not NGF, EGF, insulin or calmodulin is a CNS serotonergic growth factor. Brain Res 1990: 516: 354-356.
50. Fricker A D, Rios C, Devi L A, Gomes I. Serotonin receptor activation leads to neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. Mol Brain Res 2005: 138: 228-235.
51. Druse M J, Tajuddin N F, Gillespie R A, Le P. Effects of ethanol and the serotonin(1A) agonist ipsapirone on the expression of the serotonin(1A) receptor and several antiapoptotic proteins in fetal rhombencephalic neurons. Brain Res 2006: 1092: 79-86.
52. Adayev T, Ray I, Sondhi R, Sobocki T, Banerjee P. The G protein-coupled 5-HT 1A receptor causes suppression of caspase-3 through MAPK and protein kinase Cα. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003: 1640: 85-96.
53. Abdouh M, Albert P R, Drobetsky E, Filep J G, Kouassi E. 5-HT1A-mediated promotion of mitogen-activated T and B cell survival and proliferation is associated with increased translocation of NF-kappabeta to the nucleus. Brain Behav Immun 2004: 18: 24-34.
54. Sibug R M, Compaan J C, Meijer O C, Van der Gugten J, Olivier B, De Kloet E R. Flesinoxan treatment reduces 5-HT1A receptor mRNA in the dentate gyrus independently of high plasma corticosterone levels. Eur J Pharmacol 1998: 353: 207-214.
55. Huang J, Azmitia E C. Homologous regulation of 5-HT1A receptor mRNA in adult rat hippocampal dentate gyrus. Neurosci Lett 1999: 270: 5-8.
56. Subhash M N, Srinivas B N, Vinod K Y, Jagadeesh S. Modulation of 5-HT1A receptor mediated response by fluoxetine in rat brain. J Neural Transm 2000: 107: 377-387.
57. Göoz M, Göoz P, Luttrell L M, Raymond J R. 5-HT2A receptor induces ERK phosphorylation and proliferation through ADAM-17 tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE) activation and heparin-bound epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) shedding in mesangial cells. J Biol Chem 2006: 28: 21004-21012.
58. Lundeberg L, El-Nour H, Mohabbati S, Morales M, Azmitia E, Nordlind K. Expression of serotonin receptors in allergic contact eczematous human skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2002: 294: 393-398.
59. Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Zbytek B, Tobin D J, Kauser S, Wortsman J. Functional activity of serotoninergic and melatoninergic systems expressed in the skin. J Cell Physiol 2003: 196: 144-153.
60. Schröcksnadel K, Wirleitner B, Winkler C, Fuchs D. Monitoring tryptophan metabolism in chronic immune activation. Clin Chim Acta 2006: 364: 82-90.
61. Capuron L, Ravaud A, Neveu P J, Miller A H, Maes M, Dantzer R. Association between decreased serum tryptophan concentrations and depressive symptoms in cancer patients undergoing cytokine therapy. Mol Psychiatry 2002: 7: 468-473.
62. Zhu C B, Blakely R D, Hewlett W A. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha activate serotonin transporters. Neuropsychopharmacol 2006: 31: 2121-2131.
63. Hassanain M, Bhatt S, Zalcman S, Siegel A. Potentiating role of interleukin-1β (IL-1 β) and IL-1 β type 1 receptors in the medial hypothalamus in defensive rage behavior in the cat. Brain Res 2005: 1048: 1-11.
64. 2C receptor in murine contact allergy. Exp Dermatol 2007: 16: 644-650.
65. Mamounas L A, Altar C A, Blue M E, Kaplan D R, Tessarollo L, Lyons W E. BDNF promotes the regenerative sprouting, but not survival, of injured serotonergic axons in the adult rat brain. J Neurosci 2000: 20: 771-782.
66. Tobias C A, Shumsky J S, Shibata M et.al. Delayed grafting of BDNF and NT-3 producing fibroblasts into the injured spinal cord stimulates sprouting, partially rescues axotomized red nucleus neurons from loss and atrophy, and provides limited regeneration. Exp Neurol 2003: 184: 97-113.
67. Neumeister A, Yuan P, Young TA et.al. Effects of tryptophan depletion on serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in unmedicated patients with remitted depression and healthy subjects. Am J Psychiatry 2005: 162: 805-807.
68. Kawamoto K, Aoki J, Tanaka A et.al. Nerve growth factor activates mast cells through the collaborative interaction with lysophosphatidylserine expressed on the membrane surface of activated platelets. J Immunol 2002: 168: 6412-6419.
69. Metz M, Botchkarev V A, Botchkareva N V et.al. Neurotrophin-3 regulates mast cell functions in neonatal mouse skin. Exp Dermatol 2004: 13: 273-281.
70. Goldstein D S, Kopin I J. Evolution of concepts of stress. Stress 2007: 10: 109-120.
71. Azmitia E C, McEwen B S. Corticosterone regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase in midbrain of the rat. Science 1969: 166: 1274-1276.
72. Abumaria N, Rygula R, Havemann-Reinecke U et.al. Identification of genes regulated by chronic social stress in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2006: 26: 145-162.
73. Azmitia E C, Liao B, Chen Y S. Increase of tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme protein by dexamethasone in adrenalectomized rat midbrain. J Neurosci 1993: 13: 5041-5055.
74. Mitani H, Shirayama Y, Yamada T, Kawahara R. Plasma levels of homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and cortisol, and serotonin turnover in depressed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006: 30: 531-534.
75. Ou X M, Storring J M, Kushwaha N, Albert P R. Heterodimerization of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors at a novel negative response element of the 5-HT1A receptor gene. J Biol Chem 2001: 276: 14299-14307.
76. Aioi A, Okuda M, Matsui M, Tonogaito H, Hamada K. Effect of high population density environment on skin barrier function in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2001: 25: 189-197.
77. Roberts J E. Light and immunomodulation. Ann NY Acad Sci 2000: 917: 435-445.
78. Slominski A, Tobin D J, Shibahara S, Wortsman J. Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol Rev 2004: 84: 1155-1228.
79. McEwan M, Parsons P G. Inhibition of melanization in human melanoma cells by a serotonin uptake inhibitor. J Invest Dermatol 1987: 89: 82-86.
80. Kojima M, Oguro K, Sawabe K et.al. Rapid turnover of tryptophan hydroxylase is driven by proteasomes in RBL2H3 cells, a serotonin producing mast cell line. J Biochem 2000: 127: 121-127.
81. Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Wortsman J. Expression of genes coding melatonin and serotonin receptors in rodent skin. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004: 1680: 67-70.
82. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Plonka P M, Schallreuter K U, Paus R, Tobin D J. Hair follicle pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2005: 124: 13-21.
83. Maurer M, Opitz M, Henz B M et.al. The mast cell products histamine and serotonin stimulate and TNF-alpha inhibits the proliferation of murine epidermal keratinocytes in situ. J Dermatol Sci 1997: 16: 79-84.
84. Slominski A, Pruski D. Melatonin inhibits proliferation and melanogenesis in rodent melanoma cells. Exp Cell Res 1993: 206: 189-194.
85. Semak I, Korik E, Naumova M, Wortsman J, Slominski A. Serotonin metabolism in rat skin: Characterization by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004: 421: 61-66.
86. Slominski A, Baker J, Rosano T G et.al. Metabolism of serotonin to N-acetylserotonin, melatonin, and 5-methoxytryptamine in hamster skin culture. J Biol Chem 1996: 271: 12281-12286.
87. Gaudet S J, Slominski A, Etminan M, Pruski D, Paus R, Namboodiri M A. Identification and characterization of two isozymic forms of arylamine N-acetyltransferase in Syrian hamster skin. J Invest Dermatol 1993: 101: 660-665.
88. Kobayashi H, Kromminga A, Dunlop T W et.al. A role of melatonin in neuroectodermal-mesodermal interactions: The hair follicle synthesizes melatonin and expresses functional melatonin receptors. FASEB J 2005: 19: 1710-1712.
89. Slominski A, Fischer T W, Zmijewski M A et.al. On the role of melatonin in skin physiology and pathology. Endocrine 2005: 27: 137-148.
90. Lundeberg L, Liang Y, Sundström E et.al. Serotonin in human allergic contact dermatis: An immunohistochemical and high-performance liquid chromatographic study. Arch Dermatol Res 1999: 291: 269-274.
91. El-Nour H, Lundeberg L, Boman A et.al. Study of innervation, sensory neuropeptides, and serotonin in murine contact allergic skin. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2005: 27: 67-76.
92. Huang J, Li G, Xiang J, Yin D, Chi R. Immunohistochemical study of serotonin in lesions of psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 2004: 43: 408-411.
93. Huang J, Li G, Xiang J, Yin D, Chi R. Immunohistochemical study of serotonin in lesions of chronic eczema. Int J Dermatol 2004: 43: 723-726.
94. El-Nour H, Lundeberg L, Abdel-Magid N, Lonne-Rahm S -B, Azmitia E C, Nordlind K. Serotonergic mechanisms in human allergic contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 2007: 87: 390-396.
95. Nordlind K, Thorslund K, Lonne-Rahm S et.al. Expression of serotonergic receptors in psoriatic skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2006: 298: 99-106.
96. Lonne-Rahm S B, Rickberg H, El-Nour H, Mårin P, Azmitia E C, Nordlind K. Neuroimmune mechanisms in patients with atopic dermatitis during chronic stress. J Eur Acad Dermatol (in press).
97. Schröder J M, Reich K, Kabashima K et.al. Who is really in control of skin immunity under physiological circumstances -lymphocytes, dendritic cells or keratinocytes? Exp Dermatol 2006: 15: 913-929.
98. Mössner R, Lesch K -P. Role of serotonin in the immune system and in neuroimmune interactions. Brain Behav Immun 1998: 12: 249-271.
99. Geba G P, Ptak W, Anderson G M et.al. Delayed-type hypersensitivity in mast cell-deficient mice. J Immunol 1996: 157: 557-565.
100. Boehme S A, Lio F M, Sikora L et.al. Cutting edge: Serotonin is a chemotactic factor for eosinophils and functions additively with eotaxin. J Immunol 2004: 173: 3599-3603.
101. Kushnir-Sukhov N M, Gilfillan A M, Coleman J W et.al. 5-hydroxytryptamine induces mast cell adhesion and migration. J Immunol 2006: 177: 6422-6432.
102. Walterscheid J P, Nghiem D X, Kazimi N et.al. Cis -urocanic acid, a sunlight-induced immunosuppressive factor, activates immune suppression via the 5-HT2A receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006: 103: 17420-17425.
103. Ullrich S E. Sunlight and skin cancer: Lessons from the immune system. Mol Carcinog 2007: 46: 629-633.
104. Woodward E A, Prêle C M, Finlay-Jones J J, Hart P H. The receptor for cis -urocanic acid remains elusive. J Invest Dermatol 2006: 126: 1191-1193.
105. McAloon M H, Chandrasekar A, Lin Y -J, Hwang G C, Sharpe R J. Buspirone inhibits contact hypersensitivity in the mouse. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1995: 107: 437-438.
106. Hashizume H, Takigawa M. Anxiety in allergy and atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Immunol 2006: 6: 335-339.
107. Ameisen J C, Meade R, Askenase P W. A new interpretation of the involvement of serotonin in delayed-type hypersensitivity. Serotonin-2 receptor antagonists inhibit contact sensitivity by an effect on T cells. J Immunol 1989: 142: 3171-3179.
108. Sharpe R J, Chandrasekar A, Arndt K A, Wang Z S, Galli S J. Inhibition of cutaneous hypersensitivity in the mouse with systemic or topical spiperone: Topical application of. spiperone produces local immunosuppression without inducing systemic neuroleptic effects. J Invest Dermatol 1992: 99: 594-600.
109. Bondesson L, Nordlind K, Mutt V, Lidén S. Inhibitory effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and ketanserin on established allergic contact dermatitis in man. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1996: 76: 102-106.
110. Lundeberg L, Mutt V, Nordlind K. Inhibitory effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on the challenge phase of allergic contact dermatitis in humans. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1999: 7: 178-182.
111. Fjellner B, Hägermark Ö. Pruritus in polycythemia vera: treatment with aspirin and possibility of platelet involvement. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1979: 59: 505-512.
112. Weisshaar E, Ziethen B, Gollnick H. Can a serotonin type 3(5-HT3) receptor antagonist reduce experimentally-induced itch. Inflamm Res 1997: 46: 412-416.
113. Yamaguchi T, Nagasawa T, Satoh M, Kuraishi Y. Itch-associated response induced by intradermal serotonin through 5-HT 2 receptors in mice. Neurosci Res 1999: 35: 77-83.
114. Greaves M W. Itch in systemic disease: Therapeutic options. Dermatol Ther 2005: 18: 323-327.
115. Carlton S M, Coggeshall R E. Immunohistochemical localization of 5-HT2A receptors in peripheral sensory axons in rat glabrous skin. Brain Res 1997: 763: 271-275.
116. Nojima H, Simons C T, Cuellar J M, Crastens M I, Moore J A, Carstens E. Opioid modulation of scratching and spinal c-fos expression evoked by intradermal serotonin. J Neurosci 2003: 23: 10784-10790.
117. Nojima H, Carstens E. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2 receptor involvement in acute 5-HT-evoked scratching but not in allergic pruritus induced by dinitrofluorobenzene in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003: 306: 245-252.
118. Thomsen J S, Sonne M, Benfeldt E, Jensen S B, Serup J, MennéT. Experimental itch in sodium lauryl sulphate-inflamed and normal skin in humans: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of histamine and other inducers of itch. Br J Dermatol 2002: 146: 792-800.
119. Takano N, Arai I, Hashimoto Y, Kurachi M. Evaluation of antipruritic effects of several agents on scratching behavior by NC/Nga mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2004: 495: 159-165.
120. Takubo M, Ueda Y, Yatsuzuka R, Jiang S, Fujii Y, Kamei C. Characteristics of scratching behavior induced by some chemical mediators in hairless mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2006: 100: 285-288.
121. Krasowska D, Szymanek M, Schwartz R A, My'sli'nski W. Cutaneous effects of the most commonly used antidepressant medication, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007: 56: 848-853.
122. Hemlock C, Rosenthal J S, Winston A. Fluoxetine-induced psoriasis. Ann Pharmacother 1992: 26: 211-212.
123. Osborne J M, Stafford L, Orr K G. Paroxitene-associated psoriasis. Am J Psychiatry 2002: 159: 2113.
124. Mera M T, Perez B V, Fernández R O, Iglesias J F. Hypersensitivity to paroxetine. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2006: 34: 125-126.
125. Csaba G, Kovács P, Pállinger É. Hormones in the nucleus. Immunologically demonstrable biogenic amines (serotonin, histamine) in the nucleus of rat peritoneal mast cells. Life Sci 2006: 78: 1871-1877.