Advances in the molecular characterization of tryptophan hydroxylase

Journal of Molecular Neuroscience

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 163-179

  Mockus, Susan M ^a   Vrana, Kent E ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biogenic amines; L DOPA; Nitric oxide; Phosphorylation; Regulation; Serotonin; Tryptophan hydroxylase

Indexed keywords

SEROTONIN; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE;

AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME KINETICS; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; ENZYME STRUCTURE; GENE TECHNOLOGY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; SHORT SURVEY;

EUKARYOTA;

EID: 0031722347     PISSN: 08958696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02761772     Document Type: Short Survey

References (144)

1. Abate C. and Joh T. H. (1991) Limited proteolysis of rat brain tyrosine hydroxylase defines an N-terminal region required for regulation of cofactor binding and directing substrate specificity. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2, 203-215.
2. Abate C., Smith J. A., and Joh T. H. (1988) Characterization of the catalytic domain of bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 151, 1446-1453.
3. Agid Y., Cervera P., Hirsch E., Javoy-Agid F., Lehericy S., Raismann R., et al. (1989) Biochemistry of Parkinson's disease 28 years later: a critical review. Mov. Disord. 4, 126-144.
4. Banik U., Wang G., Wagner P. D., and Kaufman S. (1997) Interaction of phosphorylated tryptophan hydroxylase with 14-3-3 protein. J. Biol. Chem. 42, 26,219-26,225.
5. Barasch J. M., Tamir H., Nunez E. A., and Gershon M. D. (1987) Serotonin-storing secretory granules from thyroid parafollicular cells. J. Neurosci. 7, 4017-4033.
6. Bartholini G., Da Prada M., and Pletscher A. (1968) Decrease of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine by 3,4-dihyrdophenylalanine after inhibition of extracerebral decarboxylase. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 20, 228-229.
7. Boadle-Biber M. C. (1993) Regulation of serotonin synthesis. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 60, 1-15.
8. Bonnefoy E., Ferrara P., Rohrer H., Gros F., and Thibault J. (1988) Role of the N-terminus of rat pheochromocytoma tyrosine hydroxylase in the regulation of the enzyme's activity. Eur. J. Biochem. 174, 685-690.
9. Boston P. F., Jackson P., Kynoch P. A., and Thompson R. J. (1982) Purification and immunohistochemical localisation of human brain 14-3-3. J. Neurochem. 38, 1466-1474.
10. Boularand S., Darmon M. C., Ganem Y., Launay J. M., and Mallet J. (1990) Complete coding sequence of human tryptophan hydroxylase. Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 4257.
11. Campbell D. G., Hardie D. G., and Vulliet P. R. (1986) Identification of the four phosphorylation sites in the N-terminal region of tyrosine hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 10,489-10,492.
12. Cash C. D. P., Vayer P., Mandel P., and Maitre M. (1985) Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase: rapid purification from whole brain and production of specific antiserum. Eur. J. Biochem. 149, 239-245.
13. Champier J., Claustrat B., Besancon R., Eymin C., Killer C., Jouvet A., et al. (1997) Evidence for tryptophan hydroxylase and hydroxy-indole-o-methyl-transferase mRNAs in human blood platelets. Life Sci. 60, 2191-2197.
14. Chong S. R., Mersha F. B., Comb D. G., Scott M. E., Landry D., Vence L. M., et al. (1997) Single-column purification of free recombinant proteins using a self-cleavable affinity tag derived from a protein splicing element. Gene 192, 271-281.
15. Clark M. S., Lanigan T. M., Page N. M., and Russo A. F. (1995a) Induction of a serotonergic and neuronal phenotype in thyroid C cells. J. Neurosci. 15, 6167-6178.
16. Clark M. S., Lanigan T. M., and Russo A. F. (1995b) Serotonergic neuronal properties in C cell lines. Methods: A Companion to Methods Enzymol. 7, 253-261.
17. Cool D. R., Leibach F. H., Bhalla V. K., Mahesh V. B., and Ganapathy V. (1991) Expression and cyclic AMP-dependent regulation of a high affinity serotonin transporter in the human placental choriocarcinoma cell line (JAR). J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15,750-15,757.
18. Cummings J. L. (1992) Depression and Parkinson's disease: a review. Am. J. Psych. 149, 443,444.
19. Darmon M. C., Guibert B., Leviel V., Ehret M., Maitre M., and Mallet J. (1988) Sequence of two mRNAs encoding active rat tryptophan hydroxylase. J. Neurochem. 51, 312-316.
20. Daubner S. C., and Fitzpatrick P. F. (1993) Lysine241 of tyrosine hydroxylase is not required for binding of tetrahydrobiopterin substrate. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 302, 455-460.
21. Daubner S. C., Loshe D. L., and Fitzpatrick P. F. (1993) Expression and characterization of catalytic and regulatory domains of rat tyrosine hydroxylase. Protein. Sci. 2, 1452-1460.
22. Daubner S. C. and Piper M. M. (1995) Deletion mutants of tyrosine hydroxylase identify a region critical for heparin binding. Protein Sci. 4, 538-541.
23. Daubner S. C., Hillas P. J., and Fitzpatrick P. F. (1997) Characterization of chimeric pterin-dependent hydroxylases: contributions of the regulatory domains of tyrosine and phenylalanine hydroxylase to substrate specificity. Biochemistry 36, 11,574-11,582.
24. Delort J., Dumas J. B., Darmon M. C., and Mallet J. (1989) An efficient strategy for cloning 5′ extremities of rare transcripts permits isolation of multiple 5′-untranslated regions of rat tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 6439-6448.
25. Dickson P. W., Jennings I. G., and Cotton R. G. H. (1994) Delineation of the catalytic core of phenylalanine hydroxylase and identification of glutamate 286 as a critical residue for pterin function. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 20,369-20,375.
26. Doskeland A. P., Martinez A., Knappskog P. M., and Flatmark T. (1996) Phosphorylation of recombinant human phenylalanine hydroxylase: effect on catalytic activity, substrate activation and protection against non-specific cleavage of the fusion protein by restriction proteases. Biochem. J. 313, 409-414.
27. D'Sa C., Arthur R., Jennings I., Cotton R. G. H., and Kuhn D. M. (1996a) Tryptophan hydroxylase: purification by affinity chromatography on calmodulin-sepharose. J. Neurosci. Methods 69, 149-153.
28. D'Sa C. M., Arthur R. E. Jr., States C., and Kuhn D. M. (1996b) Tryptophan hydroxylase: cloning and expression of the rat brain enzyme in mammalian cells. J. Neurochem. 67, 900-906.
29. D'Sa C. M., Arthur R. E. Jr., and Kuhn D. M. (1996c) Expression and deletion mutagenesis of tryptophan hydroxylase fusion proteins: Delineation of the enzyme catalytic core. J. Neurochem. 67, 917-926.
30. Eaton M. J., Staley J. K., Globus M. Y., and Whittemore S. R. (1995) Developmental regulation of early serotonergic neuronal differentiation: the role of brain derived neurotrophic factor and membrane depolarization. Dev. Biol. 170, 169-182.
31. Eaton M. J. and Whittemore S. R. (1995) Adrenocorticotropic hormone activation of adenylate cyclase in the raphe neurons: multiple regulatory pathways control serotonergic neuronal differentiation. J. Neurobiol. 28, 465-81.
32. 2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. J. Neurochem. 52, 1886-1891.
33. Ehret M., Pevet P., and Maitre M. (1991) Tryptophan hydroxylase synthesis is induced by 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate during circadian rhythm in the rat pineal gland. J. Neurochem. 57, 1516-1521.
34. Elkins K. W., Gibb J. W., Hanson G. R., Wilkins D. G., and Johnson M. (1993) Effects of nimodipine on the amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced decrease in tryptophan hydroxylase activity. Eur. J. Pharm. 250, 395-402.
35. Erlandsen H., Martinez A., Knappskog P. M., Haavik J., Hough E., and Flatmark T. (1997a) Crystallization and preliminary diffraction analysis of a truncated homodimer of human phenylalanine hydroxylase. FEBS Lett. 406, 171-174.
36. Erlandsen H., Fusetti F., Martinez A., Hough E., Flatmark T., and Stevens R. C. (1997b) Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase reveals the structural basis for phenylketonuria. Nature Struct. Biol. 4, 995-1000.
37. Fisher D. B. and Kaufman S. (1972) The stimulation of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase by phospholipids. J. Biol. Chem. 247, 2250-2252.
38. Florez J. C. and Takahashi J. S. (1996) Regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase by cyclic AMP, calcium, norepinephrine and light in cultured pineal cells. J. Neurochem. 67, 242-250.
39. Friedman P. A., Kappelman A. H., and Kaufman S. (1972) Partial purification and characterization of tryptophan hydroxylase from rabbit hindbrain. J. Biol. Chem. 247, 4165-4173.
40. Fujisawa H. and Nakata H. (1987) Tryptophan 5-monooxygenase from mouse mastocytoma clone P815. Methods Enzymol. 142, 93-96.
41. Furukawa Y., Ikuta N., Omata S., Yamauchi T., Isobe T., and Ichimura T. (1993) Demonstration of the phosphorylation-dependent interaction of tryptophan hydroxylase with the 14-3-3 protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194, 144-149.
42. Gershon M. D. (1981) The enteric nervous system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 227-272.
43. Gershon M. D. and Tamir H. (1997) Regulation of the environment of the interior of serotonin-storing vesicles. Handbook Exp. Pharmacol. 129, 153-174.
44. Gibb J. W., Johnson M., and Hanson G. R. (1990) Neurochemical basis of neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 11, 317-321.
45. Gibb J. W., Johnson M., Stone D. M., and Hanson G. R. (1993) Mechanisms mediating biogenic amine deficits induced by amphetamine and its congeners. NIDA Res. Monogr. 136, 226-236.
46. Goodwill K. E., Sabatier C., Marks C., Eaag R., Fitzpatrick P. F., and Stevens R. C. (1997) Crystal structure of tyrosine hydroxylase at 2.3 Å and its implications for inherited neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Struct. Biol. 4, 578-585.
47. Grenett H. E., Ledley F. D., Reed L. L., and Woo S. L. C. (1987) Full-length cDNA for rabbit tryptophan hydroxylase: Functional domains and evolution of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 5530-5534.
48. Hasegawa H., Kojima M., Oguro K., and Nakanishi N. (1995) Rapid turnover of tryptophan hydroxylase in serotonin producing cells: demonstration of ATP-dependent proteolytic degradation. FEBS Lett. 368, 151-154.
49. Hasegawa H., Kojima M., Iida Y., Oguro K., and Nakanishi N. (1996) Stimulation of tryptophan hydroxylase production in a serotonin-producing cell line (RBL2H3) by intracellular calcium mobilizing reagents. FEBS Lett. 392, 289-292.
50. Huether G. and Schuff-Werner P. (1996) Platelet serotonin acts a locally releasable antioxidant, in Recent Advances in Tryptophan Research (Filippini P. L., et al., eds.), Plenum, New York.
51. Hufton S. E., Jennings I. G., and Cotton R. G. H. (1995) Structure and function of the aromatic amino acids hydroxylases. J. Biochem. 311, 353-366.
52. 2+, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. FEBS Lett. 219, 79-82.
53. Ichimura T., Isobe T., Okuyama T., Takahashi N., Araki K., Kuwano R., et al. (1988) Molecular cloning of cDNA coding for brain-specific 14-3-3 protein, a protein kinase-dependent activator of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 7084-7088.
54. Ichimura T., Uchiyama J., Kunihiro O., Ito M., Horigome T., Omata S., et al. (1995) Identification of the site of interaction of the 14-3-3 protein with phosphorylated tryptophan hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 28,515-28,518.
55. Ishida Y., Hashiguchi H., Todaka K., Kuwahara I., and Mitsuyama Y. (1996) Dopaminergic transplants alter in vivo activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in the striatum in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 210, 75-78.
56. Isobe T., Ichimura T., Sunaya T., Okuyama T., Takahashi N., Kuwano R., et al. (1991) Distinct forms of the protein kinase-dependent activator of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases. J. Mol. Biol. 217, 125-132.
57. Iwaki M., Phillips R. S., and Kaufman S. (1986) Proteolytic modification of the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal regions of rat hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 2051-2056.
58. Jequier E., Robinson D. S., Lovenberg W., and Sjoerdsma A. (1969) Further studies on tryptophan hydroxylase in rat brainstem and beef pineal. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18, 1071-1081.
59. Joh T. H., Shikimi T., Pickel V. M., and Reis D. J. (1975) Brain tryptophan hydroxylase: Purification of, production of antibodies to, and cellular and ultrastructural localization in serotonergic neurons of rat midbrain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3575-3579.
60. Joh T. H., Hwang O., and Abate C. (1986) Phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase, in Neuromethods Series 1: Neurochemistry, Neurotransmitter Enzymes (Boulton A. A., Baker G. B., and Yu P. H., eds.), Humana, Clifton, NJ, pp. 1-32.
61. Johansen P. A., Wolf W. A., and Kuhn D. M. (1991) Inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase by benserazide and other catechols. Biochem. Pharmacol. 41, 625-628.
62. Johansen P. A., Jennings I., Cotton R. G. H., and Kuhn D. M. (1995) Tryptophan hydroxylase is phosphorylated by protein kinase A. J. Neurochem. 65, 882-888.
63. Johansen P. A., Jennings I., Cotton R. G. H., and Kuhn D. M. (1996) Phosphorylation and activation of tryptophan hydroxylase by exogenous protein kinase A. J. Neurochem. 66, 817-823.
64. Kaufman S. (1987) Aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Enzymes 18, 217-282.
65. Kaufman S. (1993) The phenylalanine hydroxylating system. Adv. Enzy. Related Areas Mol. Biol. 67, 77-264.
66. Kim K. S., Wessel T. C., Stone D. M., Carver C. H., Joh T. H., and Park D. H. (1991) Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding tryptophan hydroxylase from rat central serotonergic neurons. Mol. Brain Res. 9, 277-283.
67. Knapp S. and Mandell A. J. (1983) Lithium and chlorimiprammine differentially alter the stability properties of tryptophan hydroxylase as seen in allosteric and scattering kinetics. Psych. Res. 8, 311-323.
68. Komatsu K. and Nakamura W. (1989) Combined effect of cis-DDP (II), OK-432 and systemic hyperthermia in ascites tumor in mice. J. Jpn. Soc. Cancer Ther. 24, 626-637.
69. Kostic V. S., Djuricic B. M., Covickovic-Sternic N., Bumbasirevic L., Nikoliv M., and Mrsulja B. B. (1987) Depression and Parkinson's disease: possible role of serotonergic mechanisms. J. Neurol. 234, 94-96.
70. Kowlessur D., Yang X. J., and Kaufman S. (1995) Further studies of the role of ser-16 in the regulation of the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 4743-4747.
71. Kuhn D. M. and Arthur R. E. Jr. (1996) Inactivation of brain tryptophan hydroxylase by nitric oxide. J. Neurochem. 67, 1072-1077.
72. Kuhn D. M. and Arthur R. E. Jr. (1997a) Inactivation of tryptophan hydroxylase by nitric oxide: enhancement by tetrahydrobiopterin. J. Neurochem. 68, 1495-1502.
73. Kuhn D. M. and Arthur R. E. Jr. (1997b) Molecular mechanism of the inactivation ot tryptophan hydroxylase by nitric oxide: attack on critical sulfhydryls that spare the enzyme iron center. J. Neurosci. 17, 7245-7251.
74. Kuhn D. M., Rosenberg R. C., and Lovenberg W. (1979) Determination of some molecular parameters of tryptophan hydroxylase from rat midbrain and murine mast cell. J. Neurochem. 33, 15-21.
75. Kuhn D. M., Ruskin B., and Lovenberg W. (1980) Tryptophan hydroxylase: Role of oxygen, iron, sulfhydryl groups as determinants of stability and catalytic activity. J. Biol. Chem. 255, 4137-4143.
76. Kuhn D. M., Arthur R. A. Jr., and States J. C. (1997) Phosphorylation and activation of brain tryptophan hydroxylase: Identification of serine-58 as a substrate site for protein kinase A. J. Neurochem. 68, 2220-2223.
77. Kuhn W., Muller T., Gerlach M., Sofic E., Fuchs G., Heye N., et al. (1996) Depression in Parkinson's disease: biogenic amines in CSF of 'de novo' patients. J. Neural. Transm. 103, 1441-1445.
78. Kumer S. C., Mockus S. M., Rucker P. J., and Vrana K. E. (1997) Amino terminal deletion analysis of tryptophan hydroxylase: PKA phosphorylation occurs at serine-58. J. Neurochem. 69, 1738-1745.
79. Ledley F. D., DiLella A. G., Kwok S. C. M., and Woo S. L. C. (1985) Homology between phenylalanine and tyrosine hydroxylase reveals common structural and functional domains. Biochemistry 24, 3389-3394.
80. Leong S. S., Horoszewicz J. S., Shimaoka K., Friedman M., Kawinski E., Song M. J., et al. (1981) A new cell line for the study of human medullary thyroid carcinoma, in Advances in Thyroid Neoplasia (Andreoli M., Manaco F., and Robbins J., eds.), Field Educational Italia, Rome, pp. 95-108.
81. Liu X. and Vrana K. E. (1991) Leucine zippers and coiled-coils in the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Neurochem. Int. 18, 27-31.
82. Lohse D. L. and Fitzpatrick P. F. (1993) Identification of the intersubunit binding region in rat tyrosine hydroxylase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197, 1543-1548.
83. Lovenberg W., Jequier E., and Sjoerdsma A. (1967) Tryptophan hydroxylation: measurement in pineal gland, brainstem and carcinoid tumor. Science 155, 217-219.
84. Makita Y., Okuno S., and Fujisawa H. (1990) Involvement of activator protein in the activation of tryptophan hydroxylase by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. FEBS Lett. 268, 185-188.
85. Mann J. J., Malone K. M., Nielsen D. A., Goldman D., Erdos J., and Gelernter J. (1997) Possible association of a polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene with suicidal behavior in depressed patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 154, 1451-1453.
86. Marston F. A. O. (1986) The purification of eukaryotic polypeptides synthesized in Escherichia coli. Biochem. J. 240, 1-12.
87. Maruyama W., Naoi M., Takahashi A., Watanabe H., Konagaya Y., Mokuno K., et al. (1992) The mechanism of perturbation in monoamine metabolism by L-DOPA therapy: in vivo and in vitro studies. J. Neural. Transm. 90, 183-197.
88. Mayeux R., Stern Y., Cote L., and Williams J. B. W. (1984) Altered serotonin metabolism in depressed patients with Parkinson's's disease. Neurology 34, 642-646.
89. Mayeux R., Stern Y., Williams J. B. W., Cote L., Frantz A., and Dyrenfurth I. (1986) Clinical and biochemical features of depression in Parkinson's disease. Am. J. Psychiatry 143, 756-759.
90. Mayeux R., Stern Y., Sano M., Williams J. B. W., and Cote L. J. (1988) The relationship of serotonin to depression in Parkinson's's disease. Mov. Disord. 3, 1813,1814.
91. Meek J. L. and Neff N. H. (1972) Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase: approximation of half-life and rate of axonal transport. J. Neurochem. 19, 1519-1525.
92. Miguez J. M., Simonneaux V., and Pevet P. (1997) The role of the intracellular and extracellular serotonin in the regulation of melatonin production in rat pinealocytes. J. Pineal Res. 23, 63-71.
93. Mitraki A., Fane B., Haase-Pettingell C., Sturtevant J., and King J. (1991) Global suppression of protein folding defects and inclusion body formation. Science 253, 54-58.
94. Mockus S. M., Kumer S. C., and Vrana K. E. (1997a) A chimeric tyrosine/tryptophan hydroxylase: The tyrosine hydroxylase regulatory domain serves to stabilize enzyme activity. J. Mol. Neurosci. 9, 35-48.
95. Mockus S. M., Kumer S. C., and Vrana K. E. (1997b) Carboxyl terminal deletion analysis of tryptophan hydroxylase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1342, 132-140.
96. Mockus S. M., Yohrling G. Y., and Vrana K. E. (1998) Tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase do not form heterotetramers. J. Mol. Neurosci. 10, 45-51.
97. Moan G. R., Daubner S. C., and Fitzpatrick P. F. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 12,259-12,266.
98. Murray A. J., Lewis S. J., Barclay A. N., and Brady R. L. (1995) One sequence, two folds: a mestastable structure of CD2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7337-7341.
99. Muszynski M., Birnbaum R. S., and Roos B. (1983) Glucocorticoids stimulate the production of preprocalcitonin-derived secretory peptides by a rat medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 11,678-11,683.
100. Nakata H. and Fujisawa H. (1982a) Purification and properties of tryptophan 5-monoxygenase from rat brain-stem. Eur. J. Biochem. 122, 41-47.
101. Nakata H. and Fujisawa H. (1982b) Tryptophan 5-monoxygenase from mouse mastocytoma. Eur. J. Biochem. 124, 595-601.
102. Naoi M., Maruyama W., Takahashi T., Ota M., and Parvez H. (1994) Inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase by dopamine and the precursor amino acids. Biochem. Pharmacol. 48, 207-212.
103. Neckameyer W. S. and White K. (1992) A single locus encodes both phenylalanine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase activities in Drosophila. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 4199-4206.
104. Nielsen D. A., Dean M., and Goldman D. (1992) Genetic mapping of the human tryptophan hydroxylase gene on chromosome 11, using an intronic conformational polymorphism. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51, 1366-1371.
105. Nielsen D. A., Goldman D., Virkkunen M., Tokola R., Rawlings R., and Linnoila M. (1994) Suicidality and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration associated with a tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphism. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51, 34-38.
106. Nukiwa T., Tohyama C., Okita T., and Ichiyama A. (1982) Purification and some properties of bovine pineal tryptophan 5-monooxygenase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 60, 1029-1035.
107. Nunez E. A. and Gershon M. D. (1972) Synthesis and storage of serotonin by parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland of active, prehibernating and hibernating bats. Endocrinology 90, 1008-1024.
108. Osborne N. N. (1980) In vitro experiments on the metabolism, uptake and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in bovine retina. Brain Res. 184, 283-297.
109. Ota A., Yoshida S., and Nagatsu T. (1995) Deletion mutagenesis of human tyrosine hydroxylase type 1 regulatory domain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 213, 1099-1106.
110. Ota A., Yoshida S., and Nagatsu T. (1996) Regulation of N-terminus-deleted human tyrosine hydroxylase type 1 by end products of catecholamine biosynthetic pathway. J. Neural Transm. 103, 1415-1428.
111. Park D. H., Stone D. M., Kim K. S., and Joh T. H. (1994) Characterization of recombinant mouse tryptophan hydroxylase expressed in Escherichia coli. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 5, 87-93.
112. Perler F. B., Davis E. O., Dean G. E., Gimble F. S., Jack W. E., Neff N., et al. (1994) Protein splicing elements: inteins and exteins - A definition of terms and recommended nomenclature. Nucleic Acids. Res. 22, 1125-1127.
113. 327 as residues critical for substrate inhibition in tyrosine hydroxylase. J. Neurochem. 66, 908-914.
114. Ribeiro P., Wang Y., Citron B. A., and Kaufman S. (1993) Deletion mutagenesis of rat PC12 tyrosine hydroxylase regulatory and catalytic domains. J. Mol. Neurosci. 4, 125-139.
115. Richarme G. (1982) Associative properties of the Escherichia coli galactose binding protein and maltose binding protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 105, 476-481.
116. Richarme G. (1983) Associative properties of the Escherichia coli galactose-binding protein and maltose-binding protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 748, 99-108.
117. Rudge J. S., Eaton M. J., Mather P., Lindsay R. M., and Whittemore S. R. (1996) CNTF induces raphe neuronal precursors to switch from a serotonergic to a cholinergic phenotype in vitro. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 7, 204-221.
118. Russo A. F., Clark M. S., and Durham P. L. (1996) Thyroid parafollicular cells: an accessible model for the study of serotonergic neurons. Mol. Neurobiol. 13, 257-275.
119. Sabban E. L. (1997) Control of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in chromaffin and PC12 cells. Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol. 8, 101-111.
120. 14C-labelled tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptamine by neoplastic mast cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1, 323-332.
121. Seiden L. S. and Sabol K. E. (1996) Methamphetamine and methylenedioxy-methamphetamine neurotoxicity: possible mechanisms of cell destruction. NIDA Res. Monogr. 163, 251-276.
122. Simantov R. and Tauber M. (1997) The abused drug MDMA (ecstasy) induces programmed death of human serotonergic cells. FASEB J. 11, 141-146.
123. Sitaram B. R. and Lees G. (1978) Diurnal rhythm and turnover of tryptophan hydroxylase in the pineal gland of the rat. J. Neurochem. 21, 1021-1026.
124. Sjoerdsma A., Waalkes T. P., and Weissbach H. (1957) Serotonin and histamine in mast cells. Science 125, 1202.
125. Son J. H., Chung J. H., Huh S. O., Park D. H., Peng C., Rosenblum M. G., et al. (1996) Immortalization of neuroendocrine pinealocytes from transgenic mice by targeted tumorigenesis using the tryptophan hydroxylase promoter. Mol. Brain Res. 37, 32-40.
126. Steele T. D., McCann U. D., and Ricuarte G. A. (1994) 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy"): pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction 89, 539-551.
127. Stoll J, Kozak C. A., and Goldman D. (1990) Characterization and chromosomal mapping of a cDNA encoding tryptophan hydroxylase from a mouse mastocytoma cell line. Genomics 7, 88-96.
128. Stone D. M., Hanson G. R., and Gibb J. W. (1989a) In vitro reactivation of rat cortical tryptophan hydroxylase following in vivo inactivation by methylenedioxymethamphetamine. J. Neurochem. 53, 572-581.
129. Stone D. M., Johnson M., Hanson G. R., and Gibb J. W. (1989b) Acute inactivation of tryptophan hydroxylase by amphetamine analogs involves the oxidation of sulfhydryl sites. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 172, 93-97.
130. Tamir H., Liu K., Payette R. F., Hsiung S., Adlersberg M., Nunez E. A., et al. (1989) Human medullary thyroid carcinoma: characterization of the serotonergic and neuronal properties of a neuroectodermally derived cell line. J. Neurosci. 9, 1199-1212.
131. Tamir H., Hsiung S., Adlersberg M., Nunez E., and Gershon M. D. (1990) Multiple signals leading to the secretion of 5-hydroxytryptamine by MTC cells, a neuroectodermally derived cell line. J. Neurosci. 10, 3743-3753.
132. Thomas K. B., Tigges M., and luvone P. M. (1993) Melatonin synthesis and circadian tryptophan hydroxylase activity in chicken retina following destruction of serotonin immunoreactive amacrine and bipolar cells by kainic acid. Brain Res. 601, 303-307.
133. Tipper J. P., Citron B. A., Ribeiro P., and Kaufman S. (1994) Cloning and expression of rabbit human brain tryptophan hydroxylase cDNA in Escherichia coli. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 315, 445-453.
134. Tong J. H. and Kaufman S. (1975) Tryptophan hydroxylase: purification and some properties of the enzyme from rabbit hindbrain. J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4152-4158.
135. Vitto A. and Mandell A. J. (1981) Stability properties of activated tryptophan hydroxylase from rat midbrain. J. Neurochem. 37, 601-607.
136. Vrana K. E., Rucker P. J., and Kumer S. C. (1994a) Recombinant rabbit tryptophan hydroxylase is a substrate for cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Life Sci. 55, 1045-1052.
137. Vrana K. E., Walker S. J., Rucker P., and Liu X. (1994b) A carboxyl terminal leucine zipper is required for tyrosine hydroxylase tetramer formation. J. Neurochem. 63, 2014-2020.
138. Walker J., Crowley P., Moreman A. D., and Barrett J. (1993) Biochemical properties of cloned glutathione S-transferases from Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 61, 255-264.
139. Walker S. J., Liu X., Roskoski R. Jr., and Vrana K. E. (1994) Catalytic core of rat tyrosine hydroxylase: Terminal deletion analysis of bacterially-expressed enzyme. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1206, 113-119.
140. White L. A., Eaton M. J., Castro M. C., Klose K. J., Globus M. Y. T., Shaw G., et al. (1994) Distinct regulatory pathways control neurofilament expression and neurotransmitter synthesis in immortalized serotonergic neurons. J. Neurosci. 14, 6744-6753.
141. Widmer F., Mutus B., RamaMurthy J., Snieckus V. A., and Viswanatha T. (1975) Partial purification of rabbit hind brain tryptophan hydroxylase by affinity chromatography. Life Sci. 17, 1297-1302.
142. Wu J., Filer D., Friedhoff A. J., and Goldstein M. (1992) Site-directed mutagenesis of tyrosine hydroxylase. Role of serine-40 in catalysis. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 25,754-25,758.
143. 2+-, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 5404-5409.
144. Yang X. J. and Kaufman S. (1994) High-level expression and deletion mutagenesis of human tryptophan hydroxylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 6659-6663.