Statins for heart failure: Where to go from here?

Archives of Medical Science

Volumn 3, Issue 4 SUPPL. A, 2007, Pages

  Von Haehling, Stephan ^a,b   Anker, Stefan D ^a,b  

^a CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^b NATIONAL HEART AND LUNG INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Fasudil; Heart failure; Inflammation; Rho kinase; Statins

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; COMPACTIN; FASUDIL; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MEVINOLIN; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; BRAIN VASOSPASM; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW;

EID: 39449108558     PISSN: 17341922     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2005 Update. Dallas, Texas: American Heart Association.
2. Cowie MR, Struthers AD, Wood DA, et al. Value of natriuretic peptides in assessment of patients with possible new heart failure in primary care. Lancet 1997; 350: 1349-53.
3. von Haehling S, Jankowska EA, Morgenthaler NG, et al. Comparison of midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in predicting survival in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 1973-80.
4. Irzmański R, Banach M, Piechota M, et al. BNP concentration in patients with mitral stenosis. Dependence on selected morphological parameters. Arch Med Sci 2006; 2: 159-63.
5. Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Blum M, et al. The use of subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron for the treatment of the anemia of severe, resistant congestive heart failure improves cardiac and renal function and functional cardiac class, and markedly reduces hospitalizations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 1737-44.
6. Sharma R, Francis DP, Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ, Anker SD. Haemoglobin predicts survival in patients with chronic heart failure: a substudy of the ELITE II trial. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1021-8.
7. Szachniewicz J, Petruk-Kowalczyk J, Majda J, et al. Anaemia is an independent predictor of poor outcome in patients with chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2003; 90: 303-8.
8. Kalra PR, Bolger AP, Francis DP, et al. Effect of anemia on exercise tolerance in chronic heart failure in men. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 888-91.
9. Mozaffarian D, Nye R, Levy WC. Anemia predicts mortality in severe heart failure: the prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation (PRAISE). J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1933-9.
10. Anker SD, Ponikowski P, Varney S, et al. Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure. Lancet 1997; 349: 1050-3.
11. Anker SD, Sharma R. The syndrome of cardiac cachexia. Int J Cardiol 2002; 85: 51-66.
12. Anker SD, Rauchhaus M. Insights into the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure: immune activation and cachexia Curr Opin Cardiol 1999; 14: 211-6.
13. Doehner W, Pflaum CD, Rauchhaus M, et al. Leptin, insulin sensitivity and growth hormone binding protein in chronic heart failure with and without cardiac cachexia. Eur J Endocrinol 2001; 145: 727-35.
14. Remme WJ, Swedberg K. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1527-60.
15. Stewart S, MacIntyre K, Hole DJ, Capewell S, McMurray JJ. More 'malignant' than cancer? Five-year survival following a first admission for heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2001; 3: 315-2.
16. von Haehling S, Genth-Zotz S, Anker SD, Volk HD. Cachexia: a therapeutic approach beyond cytokine antagonism. Int J Cardiol 2002; 85: 173-83.
17. von Haehling S, Doehner W, Anker SD. Nutrition, metabolism and the complex pathophysiology of cachexia in chronic heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 73: 298-309.
18. von Haehling S, Anker SD. Statins for heart failure: at the crossroads between cholesterol reduction and pleiotropism? Heart 2005; 91: 1-2.
19. von Haehling S, Jankowska EA, Anker SD. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and the failing heart - pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Basic Res Cardiol 2004; 99: 18-28.
20. Levine B, Kalman J, Mayer L, Fillit HM, Packer M. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 236-41.
21. Ferrari R, Bachetti T, Confortini R, et al. Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors in patients with various degrees of congestive heart failure. Circulation 1995; 92: 1479-86.
22. Rauchhaus M, Doehner W, Francis DP, et al. Plasma cytokine parameters and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000; 102: 3060-7.
23. Anker SD, von Haehling S. Inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: an overview. Heart 2004; 90: 464-70.
24. Jankowska EA, von Haehling S, Czarny A, et al. Activation of the NF-kappaB system in peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2005; 7: 984-90.
25. Anker SD, Coats AJ. How to RECOVER from RENAISSANCE? The significance of the results of RECOVER, RENAISSANCE, RENEWAL and ATTACH. Int J Cardiol 2002; 86: 123-30.
26. von Haehling S, Anker SD. Future prospects of anticytokine therapy in chronic heart failure. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14: 163-76.
27. Torre-Amione G, Bourge RC, Colucci WS, et al. A study to assess the effects of a broad-spectrum immune modulatory therapy on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the ACCLAIM trial rationale and design. Can J Cardiol 2007; 23: 369-76.
28. Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Konowal A, Freed PW, Westcott JY, Henson PM. Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 890-8.
29. Torre-Amione G, Sestier F, Radovancevic B, Young J. Effects of a novel immune modulation therapy in patients with advanced chronic heart failure: results of a randomized, controlled, phase II trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1181-6.
30. http://www.vasogen.com/sec/clinical_chronic (assessed on 12/12/2007).
31. Endo A. The discovery and development of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. J Lipid Res 1992; 33: 1569-82.
32. Yamamoto A, Sudo H, Endo A. Therapeutic effects of ML-236B in primary hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1980; 35: 259-66.
33. Alberts AW, Chen J, Kuron G, et al. Mevinolin: a highly potent competitive inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and a cholesterol-lowering agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 3957-61.
34. Koskinas, Tzellos TG, Gougoulias K, Gougoulias G, Papakonstantinou C, Kouvelas D. Simvastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis: a case study on clinical-decision making based on the evidence-based medicine approach. Arch Med Sci 2007; 3: 267-71.
35. Page CP, Curtis MJ, Sutter MC, Walker MJ, Hoffman BB. Integrated Pharmacology. Mosby 1997; 267-70.
36. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1301-7.
37. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1349-57.
38. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285: 1711-8.
39. Vaughan CJ, Gotto AM Jr, Basson CT. The evolving role of statins in the management of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 1-10.
40. Aznar S, Lacal JC. Rho signals to cell growth and apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2001; 165: 1-10.
41. Fukumoto Y, Matoba T, Ito A, et al. Acute vasodilator effects of a Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. Heart 2005; 91: 391-2.
42. Masumoto A, Hirooka Y, Shimokawa H, Hironaga K, Setoguchi S, Takeshita A. Possible involvement of Rho-kinase in the pathogenesis of hypertension in humans. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1307-10.
43. Kishi T, Hirooka Y, Masumoto A, et al. Rho-kinase inhibitor improves increased vascular resistance and impaired vasodilation of the forearm in patients with heart failure. Circulation 2005; 111: 2741-7.
44. Shibuya M, Hirai S, Seto M, Satoh S, Ohtomo E for the Fasudil Ischemic Stroke Study Group. Effects of fasudil in acute ischemic stroke: results of a prospective placebo-controlled double-blind trial. J Neurol Sci 2005; 238: 31-9.
45. Shimokawa H, Hiramori K, Iinuma H, et al. Anti-anginal effect of fasudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, in patients with stable effort angina: a multicenter study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002; 40: 751-61.
46. von Haehling S, Anker SD, Bassenge E. Statins and the role of nitric oxide in chronic heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2003; 8: 99-106.
47. Laufs U, La Fata V, Plutzky J, Liao JK. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 1998; 97: 1129-35.
48. Felmeden DC, Lip GY. Endothelial function and its assessment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14: 1319-36.
49. Feron O, Dessy C, Desager JP, Balligand JL. Hydroxymethylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase inhibition promotes endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation through a decrease in caveolin abundance. Circulation 2001; 103: 113-8.
50. Landmesser U, Spiekermann S, Dikalov S, et al. Vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure: role of xanthine-oxidase and extracellular superoxide dismutase. Circulation 2002; 106: 3073-8.
51. Belch JJ, Bridges AB, Scott N, Chopra M. Oxygen free radicals and congestive heart failure. Br Heart J 1991; 65: 245-8.
52. Wassmann S, Laufs U, Baumer AT, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improve endothelial dysfunction in normocholesterolemic hypertension via reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Hypertension 2001; 37: 1450-7.
53. Segain JP, Raingeard de la Blétiére D, Sauzeau V, et al. Rho kinase blockade prevents inflammation via nuclear factor kappa B inhibition: evidence in Crohn's disease and experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 1180-7.
54. Földes G, von Haehling S, Okonko DO, Jankowska EA, Poole-Wilson PA, Anker SD. Fluvastatin reduces increased blood monocyte Toll-like receptor 4 expression in whole blood from patients with chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2007 Mar 23 [Epub ahead of print].
55. Pahan K, Sheikh FG, Namboodiri AM, Singh I. Lovastatin and phenylacetate inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase and cytokines in rat primary astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 2671-9.
56. Solheim S, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Eritsland J, Eikvar L. Reduced levels of TNF alpha in hypercholesterolemic individuals after treatment with pravastatin for 8 weeks. Atherosclerosis 2001; 157: 411-5.
57. Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, Ridker PM for the PRINCE Investigators. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA 2001; 286: 64-70.
58. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, et al. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 20-8.
59. Liao JK. Isoprenoids as mediators of the biological effects of statins. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 285-8.
60. Condorelli G, Borello U, De Angelis L, et al. Cardiomyocytes induce endothelial cells to trans-differentiate into cardiac muscle: implications for myocardium regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 10733-8.
61. Landmesser U, Engberding N, Bahlmann FH, et al. Statin-induced improvement of endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, myocardial neovascularization, left ventricular function, and survival after experimental myocardial infarction requires endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 2004; 110: 1933-9.
62. Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Adler K, et al. Increase in circulating endothelial progenitor cells by statin therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001; 103: 2885-90.
63. Node K, Fujita M, Kitakaze M, Hori M, Liao JK. Short-term statin therapy improves cardiac function and symptoms in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2003; 108: 839-43.
64. Sola S, Mir MQ, Lerakis S, Tandon N, Khan BV. Atorvastatin improves left ventricular systolic function and serum markers of inflammation in nonischemic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 332-7.
65. Yamada T, Node K, Mine T, et al. Long-term effect of atorvastatin on neurohumoral activation and cardiac function in patients with chronic heart failure: a prospective randomized controlled study. Am Heart J 2007; 153: 1055.e1-e8.
66. Bleske BE, Nicklas JM, Bard RL, et al. Neutral effect on markers of heart failure, inflammation, endothelial activation and function, and vagal tone after high-dose HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in non-diabetic patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and average low-density lipoprotein level. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 338-41.
67. Gürgün C, Ildizli M, Yavuzgil O, et al. The effects of short term statin treatment on left ventricular function and inflammatory markers in patients with chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2008; 123: 102-7.
68. Krum H, Ashton E, Reid C, et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of high-dose HMG CoA reductase inhibitor therapy on ventricular remodeling, proinflammatory cytokines and neurohormonal parameters in patients with chronic systolic heart failure. J Card Fail 2007; 13: 1-7.
69. Kjekshus J, Apetrei E, Barrios V, et al. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2248-61.
70. GISSI - Prevenzione Investigators (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprawivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico). Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet 1999; 354: 447-55.
71. Roberts WC. The rule of 5 and the rule of 7 in lipid-lowering by statin drugs. Am J Cardiol 1997; 82: 106-7.
72. Rauchhaus M, Clark AL, Doehner W, et al. The relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 1933-40.
73. Horwich TB, Hamilton MA, Maclellan WR, Fonarow GC. Low serum total cholesterol is associated with marked increase in mortality in advanced heart failure. J Card Fail 2002; 8: 216-24.
74. Rauchhaus M, Koloczek V, Volk H, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and the possible immunological role for lipoproteins in chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2000; 76: 125-33.
75. Horwich TB, MacLellan WR, Fonarow GC. Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 642-8.
76. Anker SD, Clark AL, Winkler R, et al. Statin use and survival in patients with chronic heart failure - results from two observational studies with 5200 patients. Int J Cardiol 2006; 112: 234-42.
77. Sharma R, von Haehling S, Rauchhaus M, et al. Whole blood endotoxin responsiveness in patients with chronic heart failure: the importance of serum lipoproteins. Eur J Heart Fail 2005; 7: 479-84.
78. Sandek A, Bauditz J, Swidsinski A, et al. Altered intestinal function in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 1561-9.
79. Niebauer J, Volk HD, Kemp M, et al. Endotoxin and immune activation in chronic heart failure: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 1999; 353: 1838-42.
80. Rauchhaus M, Coats AJ, Anker SD. The endotoxin-lipoprotein hypothesis. Lancet 2000; 356: 930-3.