The perceived informational basis of attitudes: Implications for subjective ambivalence

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 275-287

  Tormala, Zakary L ^a,c   Desensi, Victoria L ^b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Ambivalence; Attitude strength; Attitudes; Elaboration; Metacognition; Persuasion

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER; CONFLICT; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HUMAN; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; UNITED STATES; UNIVERSITY;

ATTITUDE; BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); COMPUTERS; CONFLICT (PSYCHOLOGY); HUMANS; INDIANA; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; QUESTIONNAIRES; UNIVERSITIES;

EID: 38349057692     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167207310029     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Armitage, C.J., & Conner, M. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence: A test of three key hypotheses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1421-1432.
2. Baker, S.M., & Petty, R.E. (1994). Majority and minority influence: Source-position imbalance as a determinant of message scrutiny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 5-19.
3. Cacioppo, J.T., & Petty, R.E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116-131.
4. Cacioppo, J.T., Petty, R.E., Feinstein, J., & Jarvis, W.B.G. (1996). Individual differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of people varying in need for cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 197-253.
5. Cacioppo, J.T., Petty, R.E., & Kao, C.F. (1984). The efficient assessment of "need for cognition." Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 306-307.
6. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., & Aiken, L.S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3 rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
7. Edwards, K. (1990). The interplay of affect and cognition in attitude formation and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 202-216.
8. Erb, H.-P., & Bohner, G. (2001). Mere consensus in minority and majority influence. In N. DeVries & C. De Dreu (Eds.), Group consensus and minority influence: Implications for innovation (pp. 40-59). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
9. Fabrigar, L.R., & Petty, R.E. (1999). The role of the affective and cognitive bases of attitudes in susceptibility to affectively and cognitively based persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 363-381.
10. Fazio, R.H. (1995). Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 247-282). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
11. Gross, S., Holtz, R., & Miller, N. (1995). Attitude certainty. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 215-245). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
12. Jacks, J.Z., & Cameron, K.A. (2003). Strategies for resisting persuasion. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25, 145-161.
13. Jonas, K., Diehl, M., & Broemer, P. (1997). Effects of attitudinal ambivalence on information processing and attitude-intention consistency. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 190-210.
14. Maio, G.R., Bell, D.W., & Esses, V.M. (1996). Ambivalence and persuasion: The processing of messages about immigrant groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 513-536.
15. Maio, G.R., & Esses, V.M. (2001). The need for affect: Individual differences in the motivation to approach or avoid emotions. Journal of Personality, 69, 583-615.
16. Mazursky, D., & Schul, Y. (2000). In the aftermath of invalidation: Shaping judgment rules on learning that previous information was invalid. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 9, 213-222.
17. Muller, D., Judd, C.M., & Yzerbyt, V.Y. (2005). When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 852-863.
18. Petrocelli, J.V., Tormala, Z.L., & Rucker, D.D. (2007). Unpacking attitude certainty: Attitude clarity and attitude correctness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 30-41.
19. Petty, R.E., Briol, P., Tormala, Z.L., & Wegener, D.T. (2007). The role of metacognition in social judgment. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2 nd ed., pp. 254-284). New York: Guilford.
20. Petty, R.E., & Cacioppo, J.T. (1979). Issue-involvement can increase or decrease persuasion by enhancing message-relevant cognitive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1915-1926.
21. Petty, R.E., & Cacioppo, J.T. (1984). The effects of involvement on response to argument quantity and quality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 69-81.
22. Petty, R.E., & Cacioppo, J.T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123-205). New York: Academic Press.
23. Petty, R.E., Haugtvedt, C.P., & Smith, S.M. (1995). Elaboration as a determinant of attitude strength. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 93-130). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
24. Petty, R. E., & Krosnick, J. (Eds.). (1995). Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
25. Petty, R.E., Tormala, Z.L., Briol, P., & Jarvis, W.B.G. (2006). Implicit ambivalence from attitude change: An exploration of the PAST model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 21-41.
26. Priester, J.R., & Petty, R.E. (1996). The gradual threshold model of ambivalence: Relating the positive and negative bases of attitudes to subjective ambivalence. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 71, 431-449.
27. Priester, J.R., Petty. R.E., & Park, K. (2007). Whence univalent ambivalence: From the anticipation of conflicting reactions. Journal of Consumer Research, 34, 11-21.
28. Sparks, P., Hedderly, D., & Shephard, R. (1992). An investigation into the relationship between perceived control, attitude variability and the consumption of two common foods. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 55-71.
29. Thompson, M.M., Zanna, M.P., & Griffin, D.W. (1995). Let's not be indifferent about (attitudinal) ambivalence. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 361-386). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
30. Tormala, Z.L. (in press). A new framework for resistance to persuasion: The resistance appraisals hypothesis. In W. D. Crano & R. Prislin (Eds.), Attitudes and persuasion. New York: Psychology Press.
31. Tormala, Z.L., Clarkson, J.J., & Petty, R.E. (2006). Resisting persuasion by the skin of one's teeth: The hidden success of resisted persuasive messages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 423-435.
32. Tormala, Z.L., DeSensi, V.L., & Petty, R.E. (2007). Resisting persuasion by illegitimate means: A metacognitive perspective on minority influence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 354-367.
33. Tormala, Z.L., & Petty, R.E. (2004). Resistance to persuasion and attitude certainty: The moderating role of elaboration. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1446-1457.
34. Tormala, Z.L., Petty, R.E., & Briol, P. (2002). Ease of retrieval effects in persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1700-1712.
35. Tormala, Z.L., Petty, R.E., & DeSensi, V.L. (in press). Multiple roles for minority sources in persuasion and resistance. In R. Martin & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Minority influence and innovation: Antecedents, processes, and consequences. London: Psychology Press.
36. Tormala, Z.L., & Rucker, D.D. (in press). Attitude certainty: A review of past findings and emerging perspectives. Social and Personality Psychology Compass.
37. Visser, P.S., & Mirabile, R.R. (2004). Attitudes in the social context: The impact of social network composition on individual-level attitude strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 779-795.
38. Wheeler, S.C., Petty, R.E., & Bizer, G.Y. (2005). Self-schema matching and attitude change: Situational and dispositional determinants of message elaboration. Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 787-797.
39. Yzerbyt, V.Y., Schadron, G., Leyens, J., & Rocher, S. (1994). Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 48-55.