Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic adverse effects: Case studies and a literature review for clinicians

Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment

Volumn 3, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 965-973

  Foster, Adriana ^a   Wang, Zixuan ^a   Usman, Manzoor ^a   Stirewalt, Edna ^a   Buckley, Peter ^a  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Adverse effects; Antipsychotic drugs; Pharmacogenetics

Indexed keywords

ARIPIPRAZOLE; BENZATROPINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLONAZEPAM; CYTOCHROME P450; DRUG METABOLIZING ENZYME; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM SALT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; OXCARBAZEPINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; TOPIRAMATE; TRAZODONE; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM; ZIPRASIDONE;

ADD ON THERAPY; AKATHISIA; ANAMNESIS; ATAXIA; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BIPOLAR I DISORDER; BLURRED VISION; CASE REPORT; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIPLOPIA; DIZZINESS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSKINESIA; FEMALE; GAIT DISORDER; GENETIC SCREENING; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; NECK PAIN; NIGHT SWEAT; PHARMACOGENETICS; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SWEATING; TACHYCARDIA; TREMOR; VERTIGO; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 38149131166     PISSN: 11766328     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Barnes TRE. 1992. Clinical assessment of the extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic drugs. J of Psychopharmacology, 6:214-21.
2. Basile VS, Masellis M, Badri F, et al. 1999. Association of the MscI polymorphism of the dopamine D3 receptor gene with tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21:17-27.
3. Basile VS, Ozdemir V, Masellis M, et al. 2000. A functional polymorphism of the cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) gene: association with tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry, 5:410-17.
4. Basile VS, Ozdemir V, Masellis M, et al. 2001. Lack of association between serotonin-2A receptor gene (HTR2A) polymorphisms and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry, 6:230-4.
5. Blasi G, Bertolino A. 2006. Imaging genomics and response to treatment with antipsychotics in schizophrenia. NeuroRx, 3:117-30.
6. Bradford D. 2002. CYP2D6 allele frequency in European Caucasians, Asians, Africans and their descendants. Pharmacogenomics, 3:229-43.
7. Brockmoller J, Kirchheiner J, Schmider J, et al. 2002. The impact of the CYP2D6 polymorphism on haloperidol pharmacokinetics and on the outcome of haloperidol treatment. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 72:438-52.
8. Casey DE. 2004. Pathophysiology of antipsychotic drug-induced movement disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65 (Suppl 9):25-8.
9. Chou WH, Yan FX, de Leon J, et al. 2000. Extension of a pilot study: impact from the cytochrome P450 2D6 polymorphism on outcome and costs associated with severe mental illness. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 20:246-51.
10. Chouinard G. 2004. New nomenclature for drug-induced movement disorders including tardive dyskinesia. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65 (Suppl 9):9-15.
11. Dahl M-L. 2002. Cytochrome p450 phenotyping/genotyping in patients receiving antipsychotics: useful aid to prescribing? Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 41:453-70.
12. de Leon J, Armstrong SC, Cozza KL. 2005. The dosing of atypical antipsychotics. Psychosomatics, 46:262-73.
13. de Leon J, Armstrong SC, Cozza KL. 2006. Clinical guidelines for psychiatrists for the use of pharmacogenetic, testing for CYP450 2D6 and CYP4502C19. Psychosomatics, 47:1-12.
14. de Leon J, Susce MT, Murray-Carmichael E. 2006. The amplichip CYP450 genotyping test-integrating a new clinical tool. Mol Diag Ther, 10:135-51.
15. de Leon J, Susce MT, Pan RM, et al. 2005 a. The CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype may be associated with risperidone adverse drug reactions and discontinuation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66:15-27.
16. de Leon J, Susce MT, Pan RM, et al. 2005b. Polymorphic variations in GSTM1, GSTT1, PgP, CYP2D6, CYP3A5, and dopamine D2 and D3 receptors and their association with tardive dyskinesia in severe mental illness. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 25:448-56.
17. del Tacca M, Lattanzi L, Lastella M, et al. 2005. Genotype A1/A2 associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Bipolar Disorders, 7:390-1.
18. Dorado P, Berecz R, Penas-Lledo EM, et al. 2006. Clinical implications of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism during treatment with antipsychotic drugs. Current Drug Targets, 7:1671-80.
19. Eichhammer P, Albus M, Borrmann-Hassenbach M, et al. 2000. Association of dopamine D3-receptor gene variants with neuroleptic induced akathisia in schizophrenic patients: a generalization of Steen's study on DRD3 and tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Medical Genetics (Neuropsychiatric Genetics), 96:187-91.
20. Ellingrod VL, Schultz SK, Arndt S. 2000. Association between cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) genotype, antipsychotic exposure, and abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS) score. Psychiatr Genet, 10:9-11.
21. Ellingrod VL, Schultz SK, Arndt S. 2002. Abnormal movements and tardive dyskinesia in smokers and nonsmokers with schizophrenia genotyped for cytochrome P450 2D6. Pharmacotherapy, 22:1416-19.
22. Ellingrod VL, Perry PJ, Ringold JC, et al. 2005. Weight gain associated with the -759 C/T polymorphism of the 5HT2C receptor and olanzapine. Am J Med Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics), 134B:76-8.
23. Ellingrod VL, Bishop JR, Moline J, et al. 2007. Leptin and leptin receptor gene polymorphisms and increases in body mass index (BMI) from olanzapine treatment in persons with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 40:57-62.
24. Freudenreich O, Goff DC. 2002. Antipsychotic, combination therapy in schizophrenia: A review of efficacy and risks of current combinations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106:323-30.
25. Garcia-Barcelo MM, Lam LC, Ungvari GS, et al. 2001. Dopamine D3 receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in Chinese schizophrenic patients. J Neural Transm, 108:671-7.
26. GovTrack, us, HR. 493 - 110th Congress (2007): Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2007, GovTrack.us (database of federal legislation). Accessed Jul 12, 2007. URL: http://www.govtrack.us/ congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-493.
27. Guy W. 1976. Abnormal involuntary movement scale. In: ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: U.S. Public Health Service. p 534-7.
28. Haro JM, Salvador-Carulla L. 2006. The SOHO (Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcome) study: implications for treatment of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs, 20:293-301.
29. Inada T, Dobashi I, Sugita T, et al. 1997. Search for a susceptibility locus to tardive dyskinesia. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp, 12:35-9.
30. Ingelman-Sundberg M. 2004. Pharmacogenetics of cytochrome P450 and its applications in drug therapy, the past, present and future. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 24:193-200.
31. Janssen LP. Risperdal® prescribing information [online]. Accessed 19 March 2007. URL: http://www.risperdal.com/active/janus/en_US/assets/ common/company/pi/risperdal.pdf.
32. Jeanneteau F, Funalot B, Jankovic J, et al. 2006. A functional variant of the dopamine D3 receptor is associated with risk and age at onset of essential tremor. PNAS, 103:10753-8.
33. Joy CB, Adams CE, Lawrie SM. 2006. Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4):CD003082.
34. Kaiser R, Tremblay P-B, Klufmoller F, et al. 2002. Relationship between adverse effects of antipsychotic treatment and dopamine D[sub2] receptor polymorphisms in patients with schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 7:695.
35. Kapitany T, Meszaros K, Lenzinger E, et al. 1998. Genetic polymorphism for drug metabolism (CYP2D6) and tardive dyskinesia. in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 32:101-6.
36. Kapur S, Seeman P. 2001. Does fast dissociation from the dopamine D2 receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics? Am J Psychiatry, 158:360-9.
37. Kirchheiner J, Nickchen K, Bauer M, et al. 2004. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants and antipsychotics: the contribution of allelic variations to the phenotype of drug response. Molecular Psychiatry, 9:442-73.
38. Kishida I, Kawarushi C, Furuno C, et al. 2004. Association in Japanese patients between neuroleptic malignant syndrome and functional polymorphisms of the dopamine D2 receptor gene. Molecular Psychiatry, 9:293-8.
39. Lambert BL, Cunningham FE, Miller DR, et al. 2006. Diabetes risk associated with use of olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone in veterans health administration patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164:672-81.
40. Lane HY, Lee CC, Liu YC, et al. 2005. Pharmacogenetic studies of response to risperidone and other newer atypical antipsychotics. Pharmacogenomics, 6:139-49.
41. Lerer B, Segman RH, Fangerau H, et al. 2002. Pharmacogenetics of tardive dyskinesia. Combined analysis of 780 patients supports association with dopamine D3 receptor gene Ser9Gly polymorphism. Neuropsychopharmacology, 27:105-19.
42. Lerer B, Segman RH, Tan E-C. 2005. Combined analysis of 635 patients confirms an age related association of serotonin 2A receptor gene with tardive dyskinesia and specificity for non-orofacial subtype. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 8:411-25.
43. Lerer B, Segman RH. 2006. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic therapy: pivotal research issues and the prospects for clinical implementation. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 8:85-94.
44. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, et al. 2005. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med, 353:1209-23.
45. Llerena A, Berecz R, Dorado P, et al. 2004. QTc interval, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 genotypes and risperidone plasma concentrations. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 18:189-93.
46. Malhotra AK, Murphy GM Jr, Kennedy JL. 2004. Pharmacogenetics of psychotropic drug response. Am J Psychiatry, 161:780-96.
47. Mihara K, Kondo T, Suzuki A, et al. 2001. No relationship between - 141C Ins/Del polymorphism in the promoter region of dopamine D2 receptor and extrapyramidal adverse effects of selective dopamine D2 antagonists in schizophrenic patients: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Research, 101:33-8.
48. Mihara K, Kondo, T, Suzuki A, et al. 2003. Relationship between functional dopamine D2 and D3 receptors gene polymorphism and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 117:57-60.
49. Mihara K, Suzuki A, Kondo T, et al. 2001. Relationship between Taq1 A dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) polymorphism and prolactin response to bromperidol. American Journal of Medical Genetics (Neuropsychiatric Genetics), 105:271-4.
50. Miller DD, Ellingrod VL, Holman TL, et al. 2005. Clozapine-induced weight gain associated with the 5HT2C receptor -759C/T polymorphism. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B. Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 133B:97-100.
51. Miller DD, McEvoy JP, Davis S, et al. 2005. Clinical correlates of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: baseline data from CATIE schizophrenia trial. Schizophrenia Research, 80:33-43.
52. Morley KI, Hall WD. 2004. Using pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: some ethical and economic considerations. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 82:21-30.
53. Muller DJ, Kennedy JL. 2006. Genetics of antipsychotic treatment emergent weight gain in schizophrenia. Pharmacogenomics, 7:863-87.
54. Murray M. 2006. Role of CYP pharmacogenetics and drug-drug interactions in the efficacy and safety of atypical and other antipsychotic agents. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 58:871-85.
55. Newcomer JW 2006. Medical risk in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry, 67 (Suppl 9):25-30.
56. Ohmori O, Suzuki T, Kojima H, et al. 1998. Tardive dyskinesia and debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D6) genotype in Japanese schizophrenics. Schizophr Res, 32:107-13.
57. Olfson M, Blanco C, Liu L, et al. 2006. National Trends in the outpatient treatment of children and adolescents with antipsychotic drugs. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63:679-85.
58. Olfson M, Marcus SC, Corey-Lisle P, et al. 2006. Hyperlipidemia following treatment with antipsychotic medications. Am J Psychiatry, 163:1821-5.
59. Ozdemir V, Williams-Jones B, Cooper D, et al. 2007. Mapping translational research in personalized therapeutics. Pharmacogenomics, 8:77-85.
60. Regenold WT, Thapar RK, Marano C, et al. 2002. Increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among psychiatric inpatients with bipolar I affective and schizoaffective disorders independent of psychotropic drug use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 70:19-26.
61. Reynolds GP, Templeman LA, Zhang ZJ. 2005. The role of 5-HT2C receptor in the pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic drug treatment. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 29:1021-8.
62. Reynolds G, Templeman LA, Godlewska BR. 2006. Pharmacogenetics of schizophrenia. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 7:1429-40.
63. Rietschel M, Krauss H, Muller DJ, et al. 2000. Dopamine D3 receptor variant and tardive dyskinesia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 250:31-5.
64. Ryan MC, Collins P, Thakore JH. 2003. Impaired fasting glucose tolerance in first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160:284-9.
65. Sachse C, Brockmoller J, Baue S, et al. 1997. Cytochrome P450 2D6 variants in a Caucasian population: allele frequencies and phenotypic consequences. Am J Hum Genet, 60:284-95.
66. Schulze TG, Schumacher J, Muller DJ, et al. 2001. Lack of association between a functional polymorphism of the cytochrome P450 IA2 (CYP1A2) gene arid tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet, 105:498-501.
67. Scordo MG, Spina E, Facciolà G, et al. 1999. Cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and steady state plasma levels of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone. Psychopharmacology, 147:300-6.
68. Segman R, Neeman T, Heresco-Levy U, et al. 1999. Genotypic association between the dopamine D3 receptor and tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry, 4:247-53.
69. Segman RH, Heresco-Levy U, Finkel B, et al. 2001. Association between the serotonin 2A receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry, 6:225-9.
70. Shirzadi AA, Ghaemi SN. 2006. Side effects of atypical antipsychotics: extrapyramidal symptoms and the metabolic syndrome. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 14:152-64.
71. Sipos FR, Kehoe PG, Burns T, et al. 2006. The cardiovascular and respiratory health of people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113:245-6.
72. Srivastava V, Varma PG, Prasad S, et al. 2006. Genetic susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia among schizophrenia subjects: IV role of dopaminergic pathway gene polymorphisms. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, 16:111-17.
73. Stahl SM, Grady MM. 2004. A critical review of atypical antipsychotic utilization: comparing monotherapy with polypharmacy and augmentation. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 11:313-27.
74. Steen VM, Lovlie R, MacEwan T, et al. 1997. Dopamine D3-receptor gene variant and susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients. Mol Psychiatry, 2:139-45.
75. Suzuki A, Kondo T, Otani K, et al. 2001. Association of the Taq1 polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene with predisposition to neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry, 158:1714-16.
76. Swainston-Harrison T, Perry CM. 2004. Aripiprazole: a review of its use in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Drugs, 64:1715-36.
77. Tan EC, Chong SA, Mahendran R. 2001. Susceptibility to neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia and the T102C polymorphism in the serotonin type 2A receptor. Biol Psychiatry, 50:144-7.
78. Tecott LH, Sun LM, Akana SF, et al. 1995. Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2C serotonin receptors. Nature, 374:542-6.
79. Templeman LA, Reynolds GP, Arranz B, et al. 2005. Polymorphisms of the 5-HT2C receptor and leptin genes are associated with antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in Caucasian subjects with a first-episode psychosis. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, 15:195-200.
80. Tiwari AK, Desphande SN, Rao AR, et al. 2005. Genetic susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia subjects: III Lack of association of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms. Schizophrenia Research, 75:21-6.
81. Van Brunt DL, Gibson PJ, Ramsey JL, et al. 2003. Outpatient use of major antipsychotic drugs in ambulatory care settings, Medgenmed [computer file]. Medscape General Medicine, 5:16. Accessed 15 August 2007. URL: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/458984.
82. Wilkaitis J, Mulvihill T, Nasrallah HA. 2004Classic antipsychotic medications. In: Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB eds. American psychiatric publishing textbook of psychopharmacology. 3rd ed. American Psychiatric Publishing. p 437.
83. Wilkinson GR. 2005. Drug metabolism and variability among patients in drug response. N Engl J Med, 352:21.
84. Williams-Jones B, Ozdemir V. 2007. Challenges for corporate ethics in marketing genetic tests. Journal of Business Ethics advance online publication accessed 7/12/07 http://www.springerlink.com/content/ g6w320149833347h/?p=90f320134a9f4804b5bca7f6d3c3f60b&pi=O
85. Young RM, Lawford BR, Barnes M, et al. 2004. Prolactin levels in antipsychotic treatment of patients with schizophrenia carrying the DRD2 allele. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185:147-51.
86. Zai CC, Hwang RW, De Luca V, et al. 2006. Association study of tardive dyskinesia and twelve DRD2 polymorphisms in schizophrenia patients. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 7:1-13.