A review of the current literature on management of halitosis

Oral Diseases

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 30-39

  Van Den Broek, A M W T ^a   Feenstra, L ^a   De Baat, C ^a  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Halitosis; Management

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; BICARBONATE; CETYLPYRIDINIUM SALT; CETYLPYRIDINIUM SALT PLUS CHLORHEXIDINE PLUS ZINC; CHLORHEXIDINE; CHLORINE DIOXIDE; CLARITHROMYCIN; DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID; ESSENTIAL OIL; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; IMINE; IMINIUM; LANSOPRAZOLE; METAL ION; METHIONINE DERIVATIVE; METRONIDAZOLE; OMEPRAZOLE; OXIDIZING AGENT; SAFROLE; SODIUM; SULFUR DERIVATIVE; TOOTHPASTE; TRICLOSAN; TRIFLUOROMETHIONINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZINC;

CLINICAL TRIAL; DENTAL FLOSS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; HALITOSIS; HEALTH CARE; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; MOUTH FLORA; MOUTH HYGIENE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TONGUE; TOOTH DISCOLORATION;

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL; BACTERIA; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; DRUG COMBINATIONS; HALITOSIS; HUMANS; MOUTHWASHES; ORAL HYGIENE; OXIDANTS; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; TONSILLECTOMY;

EID: 37349059942     PISSN: 1354523X     EISSN: 16010825     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01350.x     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Adachi M, Ishihara K, Abe S, Okuda K, Ishikawa T (2002). Effect of professional oral health care on the elderly living in nursing homes. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 94: 191 195.
2. Addy M, Moran JM (1997). Clinical indications for the use of chemical adjuncts to plaque control: chlorhexidine formulations. Periodontol 2000 15: 52 54.
3. American Dental Association (2003). Products used in the management of oral malodor. American Dental Association, Council on Scientific Affairs: Chicago.
4. Avon SL (2004). Oral mucosal lesions associated with use of quid. J Can Dent Assoc 70: 244 248.
5. Birrer RB, Shallash AJ, Totten V (2002). Hypermagnesemia-induced fatality following Epsom Salt gargles. J Emerg Med 22: 185 188.
6. Borden LC, Chaves ES, Bowman JP, Fath BM, Hollar GL (2002). The effect of four mouthrinses on oral malodor. Compend Contin Educ Dent 23: 531 548.
7. Bosy A, Kulkarni GV, Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA (1994). Relationship of oral malodor to periodontitis: evidence of independence in discrete subpopulations. J Periodontol 65: 37 46.
8. Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AV (2004). Preferences and saliva stimulation of eight different chewing gums. Int Dent J 54: 143 148.
9. Boulware RT, Southard GL (1984). Sanguinarine in the control of volatile sulfur compounds in the mouth: a comparative study. Compend Contin Educ Dent 5 (Suppl. S61 S64.
10. Brading MG, Marsh PD (2003). The oral environment: the challenge for antimicrobials in oral care products. Int Dent J 53 (6 Suppl. 1 353 362.
11. Brading MG, Cromwell VJ, Green AK, DeBrabander S, Beasley T (2004). The role of triclosan in dentifrice formulations, with particular reference to a new 0.3% triclosan calcium corbonate-based system. Int Dent J 54: 291 298.
12. Brunette DM (1996). Effects of baking-soda-containing dentifrices on oral malodor. Compend Contin Educ Dent 18 (Suppl. S22 S32.
13. Brunette DM, Proskin HM, Nelson BJ (1998). The effects of dentifrice systems on oral malodor. J Clin Dent 9: 76 82.
14. Carvalho MD, Tabchoury CM, Cury JA, Toledo S, Nogueira-Filho GR (2004). Impact of mouthrinses on morning bad breath in healthy subjects. J Clin Periodontol 31: 85 90.
15. Cicek Y, Orbak R, Tezel A, Orbak Z, Erciyas K (2003). Effect of tongue brushing on oral malodor in adolescents. Pediatr Int 45: 719 723.
16. Coil JM, Yaegaki K, Matsuo T, Miyazaki H (2002). Treatment needs (TN) and practical remedies for halitosis. Int Dent J 52 (Suppl. 3 187 191.
17. Darrow DH, Siemens C (2002). Indications for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Laryngoscope 112 (8 Pt 2, Suppl. 100 6 10.
18. De Boever EH, Loesche WJ (1995). Assessing the contribution of anaerobic microflora of the tongue to oral malodor. J Am Dent Assoc 126: 1384 1393.
19. Delanghe G, Ghyselen J, Feenstra L, van Steenberghe D (1997). Experiences of a Belgian multidisciplinary breath odour clinic. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 51: 43 48.
20. Edgar WM, Higham SM, Manning RH (1994). Saliva stimulation and caries prevention. Adv Dent Res 8: 239 245.
21. Ferdinandus J, Pederson JA, Whang R (1981). Hypermagnesemia as a cause of refractory hypotension, respiratory depression and coma. Arch Intern Med 141: 669 670.
22. Frascella J, Gilbert R, Fernandez P (1998). Odor reduction potential of a chlorine dioxide mouthrinse. J Clin Dent 9: 39 42.
23. Frascella J, Gilbert RD, Fernandez P, Hendler J (2000). Efficacy of a chlorine dioxide-containing mouthrinse in oral malodor. Compend Contin Educ Dent 21: 241 256.
24. Gerlach RW, Hyde JD, Poore CL, Stevens DP, Witt JJ (1998). Breath effects of three marketed dentifrices: a comparative study evaluating single and cumulative use. J Clin Dent 9: 83 88.
25. Greenstein RB, Goldberg S, Marku-Cohen S, Sterer N, Rosenberg M (1997). Reduction of oral malodour by oxidizing lozenges. J Periodontol 68: 1176 1181.
26. Grigor J, Roberts AJ (1992). Reduction in the levels of oral malodour precursors by hydrogen peroxide by in-vitro and in-vivo assessments. J Clin Dent 3: 111 115.
27. Henker J, Schuster F, Nissler K (2001). Successful treatment of gut-caused halitosis with a suspension of living non-pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria - a case report. Eur J Pediatr 160: 592 594.
28. Hinode D, Fukui M, Yokoyama N, Yokoyama M, Yoshioka M, Nakamura R (2003). Relationship between tongue coating and secretory-immunoglobulin A level in saliva obtained from patients complaining of oral malodour. J Clin Periodontol 30: 1017 1023.
29. Hoshi K, Yamano Y, Mitsunaga A, Shimizu S, Kagawa J, Ogiuchi H (2002). Gatrointestinal diseases and halitosis: association of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. Int Dent J 52 (Suppl. 3 207 211.
30. Ierardi E, Amoruso A, La Notte T et al (1998). Halitosis and Helicobacter pylori. A possible relationship. Dig Dis Sci 43: 2733 2737.
31. Jeng JH, Chang MC, Hahn LJ (2001). Role of areca nut in betel quid-associated chemical carcinogenesis: current awareness and future perspectives. Oral Oncol 37: 477 492.
32. Jones CG (1997). Chlorhexidine: is it still the gold standard Periodontol 2000 15: 55 62.
33. Kalemba D, Kunicka A (2003). Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils. Curr Med Chem 10: 813 829.
34. Kleinberg I, Codipilly DM (2002). Cysteine challenge testing: a powerful tool for examining oral malodour processes and treatments in vivo. Int Dent J 52 (Suppl. 3 221 228.
35. Kleinberg I, Westbay G (1992). Salivary and metabolic factors involved in oral malodor formation. J Periodontol 63: 768 775.
36. Kleinberg I, Wolff MS, Codipilly DM (2002). Role of saliva in oral dryness, oral feel and oral malodour. Int Dent J 52 (Suppl. 3 236 240.
37. Koshimune S, Awano S, Gohara K, Kurihara E, Ansai T, Takehara T (2003). Low salivary flow and volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 96: 38 41.
38. Kozlovsky A, Goldberg S, Natour I, Rogatky-Gat A, Gelernter I, Rosenberg M (1996). Efficacy of a 2-phase oil:water mouthrinse in controlling oral malodor, gingivitis, and plaque. J Periodontol 67: 577 582.
39. Liu XN, Shinada K, Chen XC, Zhang BX, Yaegaki K, Kawaguchi Y (2006). Oral malodor-related parameters in the Chinese general population. J Clin Periodontol 33: 31 36.
40. 2). Free Radic Res 26: 209 234.
41. Mackie DA, Pangborn RM (1990). Mastication and its influence on human salivary flow and alpha-amylase secretion. Physiol Behav 47: 593 595.
42. Marinone MG, Savoldi E (2000). Chlorhexidine and taste. Influence of mouthwashes concentration and of rinsing time. Minerva Stomatol 49: 221 226.
43. Miyazaki H, Sakao S, Katoh Y, Takehara T (1995). Correlation between volatile sulphur compounds and certain oral health measurements in the general population. J Periodontol 66: 679 684.
44. Morita M, Wang H-L (2001a). Relationship of sulcular sulfide level to severity of periodontal disease and BANA test. J Periodontol 72: 74 78.
45. Morita M, Wang H-L (2001b). Relationship between sulcular sulfide level and oral malodor subjects with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 72: 79 84.
46. Morita M, Musinski DL, Wang H-L (2001). Assessment of newly developed tongue sulfide probe for detecting oral malodor. J Clin Periodontol 28: 494 496.
47. Morris ME, LeRoy S, Sutton SC (1987). Absorption of magnesium from orally administered magnesium sulphate in man. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 25: 371 382.
48. Murata T, Yamaga T, Lida T, Miyazaki H, Yaegaki K (2002). Classification and examination of halitosis. Int Dent J 52 (Suppl. 3 181 186.
49. Ng W, Tonzetich J (1984). Effect of hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan on the permeability of oral mucosa. J Dent Res 63: 994 997.
50. Niles HP, Vazquez J, Rustogi KN, Williams M, Gaffar A, Proskin HM (1999). The clinical effectiveness of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer for providing long-term control of breath odor measured chromatographically. J Clin Dent 10: 135 138.
51. Nogueira-Filho GR, Duarte PM, Toledo S, Tabchoury CP, Cury JA (2002). Effect of triclosan dentifrices on mouth volatile sulphur compounds and dental plaque trypsin-like activity during experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 29: 1059 1064.
52. Nordt SP, Williams SR, Turchen S, Manoguerra A, Smith D, Clark RF (1996). Hypermagnesemia following an acute ingestion of Epsom salt in a patient with normal renal function. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34: 735 739.
53. Norris MB, Noble AC, Pangborn RM (1984). Human saliva and taste responses to acids varying in anions, titratable acidity, and pH. Physiol Behav 32: 237 244.
54. Oho T, Yoshida Y, Shimazaki Y, Yamashita Y, Koga T (2001). Characteristics of patients complaining of halitosis and the usefulness of gas chromatography for diagnosing halitosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 91: 531 534.
55. Olshan AM, Kohut BE, Vincent JW et al (2000). Clinical effectiveness of essential oil-containing dentifrices in controlling oral malodor. Am J Dent 13: 18C 22C.
56. Pitts G, Pianotti R, Feary TW, McGuiness J, Masurat T (1981). The in vivo effects of an antiseptic mouthwash on odor-producing microorganisms. J Dent Res 60: 1891 1896.
57. Pitts G, Brogdon C, Hu L, Masurat T, Pianotti R, Schumann P (1983). Mechanism of action of an antiseptic, anti-odor mouthwash. J Dent Res 62: 738 742.
58. Quirynen M, Mongardini C, van Steenberghe D (1998). The effect of a one stage full-mouth disinfection on oral malodor and microbial colonization of the tongue in periodontitis patients. J Periodontol 69: 374 382.
59. Quirynen M, Avontroodt P, Soers C et al (2002). The efficacy of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride in the suppression of morning breath odour. J Clin Periodontol 29: 944 954.
60. Quirynen M, Avontroodt P, Soers C, Zhao H, Pauwels M, van Steenberghe D (2004). Impact of tongue cleansers on microbial load and taste. J Clin Periodontol 31: 506 510.
61. Quirynen M, Zhao H, Soers C et al (2005). The impact of periodontal therapy and the adjunctive effect of antiseptics on breath odor-related outcome variables: a double-blind randomized study. J Periodontol 76: 705 712.
62. Ramji N, Ramji N, Iyer R, Chandrasekaran S (2002). Phenolic antibacterials from Piper betel in the prevention of halitosis. J Ethnopharmacol 83: 149 152.
63. Reingewirtz Y, Girault O, Reingewirtz N, Senger B, Tenenbaum H (1999). Mechanical effects and volatile sulfur compound-reducing effects of chewing gums: comparison between test and base gums and a control group. Quintessence Int 30: 319 323.
64. Richter JL (1996). Diagnosis and treatment of halitosis. Compend Contin Educ Dent 17: 370 388.
65. Roldán S, Winkel EG, Herrera D, Sanz M, Van Winkelhoff AJ (2003). The effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc lactate on the microflora of oral halitosis patients: a dual-centre, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol 30: 427 434.
66. Roldán S, Herrera D, Santa-Cruz I, O'Connor A, González I, Sanz M (2004). Comparative effects of different chlorhexidine mouth-rinse formulations on volatile sulphur compounds and salivary bacterial counts. J Clin Periodontol 31: 1128 1134.
67. Roldán S, Herrera D, O'Connor A, González I, Sanz M (2005). A combined therapeutic approach to manage halitosis: a 3-month prospective case series. J Periodontol 76: 1025 1033.
68. Rosenberg M (2006). Bad breath and periodontal disease, how related are they J Clin Periodontol 33: 29 30.
69. Rosenberg M, Kulkarni GV, Bosy A, McCulloch CA (1991). Reproducibility and sensitivity of oral malodor measurements with a portable sulphide monitor. J Dent Res 70: 1436 1440.
70. Rosenberg M, Gelernter I, Barki M, Bar-Ness R (1992). Day-long reduction of oral malodor by a two-phase oil:water mouthrinse as compared to chlorhexidine and placebo rinses. J Periodontol 63: 39 43.
71. Rösing CK, Jonski G, Rølla G (2002). Comparative analysis of some mouthrinses on the production of volatile sulphur-containing compounds. Acta Odontol Scand 60: 10 12.
72. Schmidt NF, Tarbet WJ (1978). The effect of oral rinses on organoleptic mouth odor ratings and levels of volatile sulfur compounds. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 45: 876 883.
73. Seemann R, Kison A, Bizhang M, Zimmer S (2001). Effectiveness of mechanical tongue cleaning on oral levels of volatile sulfur compounds. J Am Dent Assoc 132: 1263 1267.
74. Serin E, Gumurdulu Y, Kayaselcuk F, Ozer B, Yilmaz U, Boyacioglu S (2003). Halitosis in patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive non-ulcer dyspepsia: an indication for eradication therapy Eur J Intern Med 14: 45 48.
75. Sharma NC, Galustians HJ, Qaquish J et al (1999). The clinical effectiveness of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer for controlling breath odor measured organoleptically twelve hours after brushing the teeth. J Clin Dent 10: 131 134.
76. Sharma NC, Galustians HJ, Qaqish J et al (2002). The clinical efficacy of Colgate Total Plus Whitening Toothpaste containing a special grade of silica Colgate Total Toothpaste for controlling breath odor twelve hours after toothbrushing: a single-use clinical study. J Clin Dent 13: 73 76.
77. Shashidhar H, Peters J, Lin C-H, Rabah R, Thomas R, Tolia V (2000). A prospective trial of lansoprazole triple therapy for pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 30: 276 282.
78. Shieh DH, Chiang LC, Shieh TY (2003). Augmented mRNA expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in buccal mucosal fibriblasts by arecoline and safrole as a possible pathogenesis for oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Oncol 39: 728 735.
79. Solis-Gaffar MC, Niles HP, Rainieri WC, Kestenbaum RC (1975). Instrumental evaluation of mouth odor in a human clinical study. J Dent Res 54: 351 357.
80. Sreenivasan P (2003). The effects of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice on oral bacteria including those producing hydrogen sulphide. Eur J Oral Sci 111: 223 227.
81. Stamou E, Kozlovsky A, Rosenberg M (2005). Association between oral malodour and periodontal disease-related parameters in a population of 71 Israelis. Oral Dis 11 (Suppl. 1 72 74.
82. van Steenberghe D (2004). Breath malodor: a step by step approach. Quintessence Publishing: Copenhagen.
83. van Steenberghe D, Avontroodt P, Peeters W et al (2001). Effect of different mouthrinses on morning breath. J Periodontol 72: 1183 1191.
84. Suarez FL, Furne JK, Springfield J, Levitt MD (2000). Morning breath odor: influence of treatments on sulfur gases. J Dent Res 79: 1773 1777.
85. Tanaka M, Anguri H, Nishida N, Ojima M, Nagata H, Shizukuishi S (2003). Reliability of clinical parameters for predicting the outcome of oral malodour treatment. J Dent Res 82: 518 522.
86. Tangerman A (2002). Halitosis in medicine: a review. Int Dent J 52 (Suppl. 3 201 206.
87. Tonzetich J (1971). Direct gas chromatographic analysis of sulphur compounds in mouth air in man. Arch Oral Biol 16: 587 597.
88. Tonzetich J (1977). Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. J Periodontol 48: 13 20.
89. Tonzetich J (1978). Oral malodour: an indicator of health status and oral cleanliness. Int Dent J 28: 309 319.
90. Tonzetich J, Ng SK (1976). Reduction of malodor by oral cleansing procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 42: 172 181.
91. Vazquez J, Pilch S, Williams MI, Cummins D (2003). Clinical efficacy of Colgate Total Advanced Fresh and a commercially available breath-freshening dentifrice in reducing mouth-odor-causing bacteria. Compend Contin Educ Dent 24 (Suppl. 9 20 24.
92. Verran J (2005). Malodour in denture wearers: an ill-defined problem. Oral Dis 11 (Suppl. 1 24 28.
93. Wåler SM (1997a). The effect of zinc-containing chewing gum on volatile sulfur-containing compounds in the oral cavity. Acta Odontol Scand 55: 198 200.
94. Wåler SM (1997b). The effect of some metal ions on volatile sulfur-containing compounds originating from the oral cavity. Acta Odontol Scand 55: 261 264.
95. Wang CK, Chen SL, Wu MG (2001). Inhibitory effect of betel quid on the volatility of methyl mercaptan. J Agric Food Chem 49: 1979 1983.
96. Winkel EG, Roldán S, Van Winkelhoff AJ, Herrera D, Sanz M (2003). Clinical effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc lactate on oral halitosis. A dual-center, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol 30: 300 306.
97. Wozniak WT (2005). The ADA guidelines on oral malodor products. Oral Dis 11 (Suppl. 1 7 9.
98. Xiong H, Li Y, Slavik MF, Walker JT (1998). Spraying chicken skin with selected chemicals to reduce attached Salmonella typhimurium. J Food Protect 61: 272 275.
99. Yaegaki K, Sanada K (1992a). Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontol Res 27: 233 238.
100. Yaegaki K, Sanada K (1992b). Biochemical and clinical factors influencing oral malodor in periodontal patients. J Periodontol 63: 783 789.
101. Yaegaki K, Sanada K (1992c). Effects of a two-phase oil-water mouthwash on halitosis. Clin Prev Dent 14: 5 9.
102. Yaegaki K, Coil JM, Kamemizu T, Miyazaki H (2002). Tongue brushing and mouth rinsing as basic treatment measures for halitosis. Int Dent J 52 (Suppl. 3 192 196.
103. Yoshimura M, Nakano Y, Koga T (2002). L-Methionine-γ-lyase, as a target to inhibit malodorous bacterial growth by trifluoromethionine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 292: 964 968.
104. Young A, Jonski G, Rölla G, Wåler SM (2001). Effects of metal salts on the oral production of volatile sulfur-containing compounds (VSC). J Clin Periodontol 28: 776 781.
105. Young A, Jonski G, Rölla G (2002). A study of triclosan and its solubilizers as inhibitors of oral malodour. J Clin Periodontol 29: 1078 1081.
106. Young A, Jonski G, Rölla G (2003a). Inhibition of orally produced volatile sulphur compounds by zinc, chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride - effect of concentration. Eur J Oral Sci 111: 400 404.
107. Young A, Jonski G, Rölla G (2003b). Combined effect of zinc ions and cationic antibacterial agents on intraoral volatile sulphur compounds (VSC). Int Dent J 53: 237 242.