Vertical motion, diabatic heating, and rainfall characteristics in north Australia convective systems

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 124, Issue 548, 1998, Pages 1133-1162

  Cifelli, Robert ^a,b,c   Rutledge, Steven A ^a  

^a Immunology and Pathology   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY   (United States)

^c NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Australian monsoon; Doppler radar; Mesoscale tropical convection; Wind profiler

Indexed keywords

CONVECTION; DOPPLER RADAR; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; MONSOON; RAINFALL;

AUSTRALIA, NORTHERN TERRITORY, DARWIN;

EID: 0031707797     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1256/smsqj.54805     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Balsley, B. B., Ecklund, W. L., Carter, D. A., Riddle, A. C. and Gage, K. S. 1988 Average vertical motions in the tropical atmosphere observed by a radar wind profiler on Pohnpei (7°N latitude, 157°E longitude). J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 396-405
2. Braun, S. A. and Houze Jr, R. A. 1996 The heat budget of a midlatitude squall line and implications for potential vorticity production. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1217-1240
3. Carter, D. A., Ecklund, W. L., McAfee, J. R., Gage, K. S., Keenan, T. and Manton, M. 1991 'Results from the first year of observations using the Darwin VHF wind profiler'. Pp. 288-292 in Preprints, 25th International conference on radar meteorology, Paris, France. American Meteorological Society
4. Carey, L. D., Rutledge, S. A. and Johnson, R. H. 1994 'Heat and moisture budget over the TOGA COARE IFA during the mature phase of the 24 December 1992 mesoscale convective system'. Pp. 5-8 in Preprints, 6th Conference on mesoscale processes, Portland, Oregon. American Meteorological Society
5. Chong, M. and Hauser, D. 1990 A tropical squall line observed during the COPT 81 experiment in West Africa. Part III: Heat and moisture budgets. Mon. Weather Rev., 118, 1696-1706
6. Churchill, D. D. and Houze Jr, R. A. 1984 Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 933-960
7. Cifelli, R. 1995 'Vertical motion structure in tropical mesoscale convective systems'. Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University
8. Cifelli, R. and Rutledge, S. A. 1994 Vertical motion structure in maritime continent mesoscale convective systems: Results from a 50 MHz profiler. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2631-2652.
9. Cifelli, R., Rutledge, S. A., Boccippio, D. J. and Matejka, T. 1996 Horizontal divergence and vertical velocity retrievals from Doppler radar and wind profiler observations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol, 13, 948-966
10. DeMaria, M. 1985 Linear response of a stratified tropical atmospnere to convecuve forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 113-121
11. Emanual, K. A. 1994 Atmospheric convection,Oxford University Press
12. Ferrier, B. S., Tao, W. K. and Simpson, J. 1995 A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme. Part II: Simulations of convective storms in different large-scale environments and comparisons with other bulk parameterizations. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1001-1033
13. Frank, W. M. and McBride, J. L. 1989 The vertical distribution of heating in AMEX and GATE cloud clusters. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3464-3478
14. Gallus, W. A. and Johnson, R. H. 1991 Heat and moisture budgets of an intense midlatitude squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 122-146
15. Gamache, J. F. and Houze Jr, R. A. 1983 Water budget of a mesoscale convective system in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1835-1850
16. 1985 Further analysis of the composite wind and thermodynamic structure of the 12 September GATE squall line. Mon. Weather Rev., 113, 1241-1259
17. Hack, J. J. and Schubert, W. H. 1990 Some dynamical properties of idealized thermally-forced meridional circulations in the tropics. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 44, 101-117
18. Hartmann, D. L., Hendon, H. H. and Houze Jr, R. A. 1984 Some implications of the mesoscale circulations in tropical cloud clusters for large-scale dynamics and climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 113-121
19. Heymsfield, G. M. and Schotz, S. 1985 Structure and evolution of a severe squall line over Oklahoma. Mon. Weather Rev., 113, 1563-1589
20. Houze Jr, R. A. 1977 Structure and dynamics of a tropical squall-line system. Mon. Weather Rev., 105, 1540-1567
21. Houze Jr, R. A. 1982 Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 60, 396-409
22. 1989 Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 115, 425-461
23. Houze Jr, R. A. and Churchill, D. D. 1984 Microphysical structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3405-3411
24. Houze Jr, R. A. and Rappaport, E. N. 1984 Air motions and precipitation structure of an early summer squall line over the eastern tropical Atlantic. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 553-574
25. Houze Jr, R. A., Rutledge, S. A., Biggerstaff, M. I. and Smull, B. F. 1989 Interpretation of Doppler weather radar displays of midlatitude mesoscale convective systems. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 70, 608-619
26. Johnson, R. H. 1980 Diagnosis of convective and mesoscale motions during Phase III of GATE. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 733-753
27. 1984 Partitioning tropical heat and moisture budgets into cumulus and mesoscale components: Implications for cumulus parameterization. Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 1590-1601
28. 1992 Heat and moisture sources and sinks of Asian monsoon precipitating systems. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 70, 353-372
29. Johnson, R. H. and Young, G. S. 1983 Heat and moisture budgets of tropical mesoscale anvil clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2138-2147
30. Johnson, R. H., Gallus Jr, W. A. and Vescio, M. D. 1990 Near-tropopause vertical motion within the trailing stratiform region of a midlatitude squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2200-2210
31. Jorgensen, D. P. and LeMone, M. A. 1989 Vertical velocity characteristics ot oceanic convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 621-640
32. Keenan, T. D. and Carbone, R. E. 1992 A preliminary morphology of precipitation systems in tropical northern Australia. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 118, 283-326
33. Keenan, T. D. and Rutledge, S. A. 1993 Mesoscale characteristics of monsoonal convection and associated stratiform precipitation. Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 352-374
34. Keenan, T. D., McBride, J., Holland, G., Davidson, N. and Gunn, B. 1989 Diurnal variations during the Australian Monsoon Experiment (AMEX) phase II. Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 2535-2552
35. Lau, K. M. and Peng, L. 1987 Origin of low-frequency (intraseasonal) oscillations in the tropical atmosphere. Part I: Basic theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 950-972
36. Leary, C. A. 1984 Precipitation structure of the cloud clusters in a tropical easterly wave. Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 313-325
37. Leary, C. A. and Houze Jr, R. A. 1979a The structure and evolution of convection in a tropical cloud cluster. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 437-457
38. 1979b Melting and evaporation of hydrometeors in precipitation from the anvil clouds of deep tropical convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 669-679
39. LeMone, M. A. and Zipser, E. J. 1980 Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part I: Diameter, intensity, and mass flux. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2444-2457
40. Lin, X. and Johnson, R. H. 1994 Heat and moisture budgets and circulation characteristics of a frontal squall line J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1661-1681
41. Lucas, C., Zipser, E. J. and LeMone, M. A. 1994 Vertical velocity in oceanic convection off tropical Australia. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3183-3193
42. Luo, H. and Yanai, M. 1984 The large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979. Part II: Heat and moisture budgets. Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 966-989
43. Petersen, W. A. and Rutledge, S. A. 1992 Some characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in tropical northern Australia. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11553-11560
44. Ramage, C. S. 1968 Role of a tropical 'maritime continent' in the atmospheric circulation. Mon. Weather Rev., 96, 365-370
45. Kandell, S. C., Rutledge, S. A., Farley, R. D. and Helsdon Jr, J. H. 1994 A modeling study on the early electrical development of tropical convection: Continental and oceanic (monsoon) storms. Mon. Weather Rer., 122, 1852-1877
46. Rickenbach, T. M. and Rutledge, S. A. 1998 Convection in TOGA COARE: Horizontal scale, morphology and rainfall production. J. Atmos. Sci., In Press
47. Rosenfeld, D., Wolff, D. B. and Atlas, D. 1993 General probability-matched relations between radar reflectivity and rain rate. J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 50-72
48. Rosenfeld, D., Amitai, E. and Wolff, D. B. 1995a Classification of rain regimes by the three-dimensional properties of reflectivity fields. J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 198-211
49. Rosenfeld, D., Amitai, E. and Wolff, D. B. 1995b Improved accuracy of radar WPMM estimated rainfall upon application of objective classification criteria. J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 212-223
50. Rutledge, S. A. and Houze Jr, R. A. 1987 A diagnostic modeling study of the trailing stratiform region of a midlatitude squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2640-2656
51. Rutledge, S. A., Williams, E. R. and Keenan, T. D. 1992 The Down Under Doppler and Electricity Experiment (DUNDEE): Overview and preliminary results. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 3-16.
52. Sato, T., Doji, H., Iwai, H., Kimura, I., Fukao, S., Yamamoto, M., Tsuda, T. and Kato, S. 1990 Computer processing for deriving drop-size distributions and vertical air velocities from VHF Doppler radar spectra. Radio Sci., 25, 961-973
53. Short, D. A., Kozu, T. and Nakamura, K. 1990 'Rainrate and raindrop size distribution observations in Darwin, Australia'. Pp. 35-40 in Proceedings URSI Commission F Open symposium on regional factors in predicting radiowave attenuation due to rain, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. International Scientific Radio Union Commission
54. Simpson, J., Adler, R. F. and North, G. R. 1988 A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. Bull. Am. Meteorol Soc., 69, 278-295
55. Simpson, J., Keenan, T. D., Ferner, B., Simpson, R. H. and Holland, G. J. 1993 Cumulus mergers in the maritime continent region. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 51, 73-99
56. Smull, B. F. and Houze Jr, R. A. 1987 Dual-Doppler radar analysis of a midlatitude squall line with a trailing region of stratiform rain. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2128-2148
57. Steiner, M. and Houze Jr, R. A. 1993 'Three-dimensional validation at TRMM ground-truth sites: Some early results from Darwin, Australia'. Pp. 417-420 in Preprints, 26th International conference on radar meteorology, Norman, Oklahoma. American Meteorological Society.
58. Szoke, E. J., Zipser, E. J. and Jorgensen, D. P. 1986 A radar study of convective cells in mesoscale systems in GATE. Part I: Vertical profile statistics and comparison with hurricanes, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 182-197
59. Tao, W. K., Simpson, J., Sui, C. H., Ferner, B., Lang, S., Scala, J., Chou, M. D. and Pickering, K. 1993 Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and middle latitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 673-690
60. Tokay, A. and Short, D. A. 1996 Evidence from tropical raindrop spectra of the origin of rain from stratiform versus convective clouds. J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 355-371
61. Webster, P. J. and Houze Jr, R. A. 1991 The Equatorial Mesoscale Experiment (EMEX): An overview. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 72, 1481-1504
62. Williams, C. R., Ecklund, W. L. and Gage, K. S. 1995 Classification of precipitating clouds in the tropics using 915-MHz wind profilers. J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol., 12, 996-1012
63. Williams, E. R., Rutledge, S. A., Geotis, S. G., Renno, N., Rasmussen, E. and Rickenhach T 1992 A radar and electrical study of tropical 'hot towers'. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1386-1395
64. Willis, P. T., Black, R. A. and Marks Jr, F. D. 1995 'Airborne rain drop size distributions in TOGA COARE'. Pp. 431 - 433 in Preprints, 21st Conference on hurricanes and tropical meteorology, Miami, Florida. American Meteorological Society
65. Yanai, M., Esbensen, S. and Chu, J. H. 1973 Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 611-627
66. Young, K. C. 1993 Microphysical processes in clouds. Oxford University Press
67. Yuter, S. E. and Houze Jr, R. A. 1995 Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus. Part II: Frequency distributions of vertical velocity, reflectivity, and differential reflectivity. Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 1941-1963
68. Zipser, E. J. and Lutz, K. 1994 The vertical profile of radar reflectivity of convective cells: A strong indicator of storm intensity and lightning probability? Mon Weather Rev 122, 1751-1759.
69. Zipser, E. J., Meitin, R. J. and LeMone, M. A. 1981 Mesoscale motion fields in association with a GATE convection band. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1725-1750