Evolution of a Florida thunderstorm during the convection and precipitation/electrification experiment: The case of 9 august 1991

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 125, Issue 9, 1997, Pages 2131-2160

  Bringi, V N ^a,g   Knupp, K ^b   Detwiler, A ^c   Liu, L ^d   Caylor, I J ^e   Black, R A ^f  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA IN HUNTSVILLE   (United States)

^c SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d SOUTH CHINA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (China)

^e SCIENCE SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS INC   (United States)

^f NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^g Engineering Research Center and Hydraulics Laboratory   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001521316     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<2131:EOAFTD>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Beard, K. V., 1992: Ice initiation in warm-base convective clouds: An assessment of microphysical mechanisms. Atmos. Res., 28, 446-450.
2. Blanchard, D. C., 1957: Supercooling, freezing and melting of giant waterdrops in air. Artificial Stimulation of Rain, Proceedings of First Conference on the Physics of Cloud and Precipitation Particles, Pergamon Press, 233-249.
3. Breed, D. W., and J. E. Dye, 1989: The electrification of New Mexico thunderstorms. 2. Electric field growth during initial electrification. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 14 841-14 854.
4. Bringi, V. N., and T. A. Seliga, 1977: Scattering from axisymmetric dielectrics or perfect conductors imbedded in an axisymmetric dielectric. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 575-580.
5. _, and A. Hendry, 1990: Technology of polarization diversity radars for meteorology. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 153-190.
6. _, D. A. Burrows, and S. M. Menon, 1991: Multiparameter radar and aircraft study of raindrop spectral evolution in warm-based clouds. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 853-880.
7. _, I. J. Caylor, J. Turk, and L. Liu, 1993: Microphysical and electrical evolution of a convective storm using multiparameter radar and aircraft data during CaPE. Preprints, 26th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Norman, OK, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 312-314.
8. _, K. Knupp, and L. Liu, 1995: Microphysical and kinematic study of early-to-mature cloud transition using multiparameter radar, dual-Doppler synthesis and aircraft penetrations. Preprints, Conf. on Cloud Physics, Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 267-271.
9. _, L. Liu, P. C. Kennedy, V. Chandrasekar. and S. A. Rutledge. 1996: Dual multiparameter radar observations of intense convective storms: The 24 June 1992 case study. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 59, 3-31.
10. Brooks, I. M., 1993: Laboratory studies of thunderstorm charging processes. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 164 pp. [Available from Physics Department, UMIST, Sackville St., Manchester, M60 1QD United Kingdom.]
11. Byers, H. R., and R. R. Braham Jr., 1949: The Thunderstorm. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 287 pp.
12. Cannon, T. J., 1976: A particle camera for powered aircraft. Preprints, Int. Conf. on Cloud Physics, Boulder, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 572-575.
13. Chandrasekar, V., C. A. Atwater, and T. H. V. Haar, 1991: Convective latent heating estimates from radar data. 25th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Paris, France, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 155-158.
14. Detwiler, A. G., and K. R. Hartman, 1991: IAS Method for 2D Data Analysis on PC's. Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Report SDSMT/IAS/B91-5, 37 pp. [Available from South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701.]
15. Doviak, R. J., and D. S. Zrnić. 1993: Doppler Radar and Weather Observations. Academic Press, 562 pp.
16. Dye, J. E., J. J. Jones, W. P. Winn, T. A. Cerni, B. Gardiner, D. Lamb, R. L. Pitter, J. Hallett, and C. P. R. Saunders, 1986: Early electrification and precipitation development in a small, isolated Montana cumulonimbus. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1231-1247.
17. _, W. P. Winn, J. J. Jones, and D. W. Breed, 1989: The electrification of New Mexico thunderstorms. 1. Relationship between precipitation development and the onset of electrification. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8643-8656.
18. Eccles, P. J., and E. A. Mueller, 1971: X-band attenuation and liquid-water content estimation by a dual-wavelength radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 10, 1252-1259.
19. French, J. F., J. H. Helsdon, A. G. Detwiler, and P. L. Smith, 1996: Microphysical and electrical evolution of a Florida thunderstorm. Part I: Observations. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18 961-18 977.
20. Frost, I. R., J. W. F. Goddard, and A. J. Illingworth, 1991: Hydrometeor identification using cross polar radar measurements and aircraft verification. Preprints, 25th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Paris, France, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 658-661.
21. Golestani, Y., V. Chandrasekar, and V. N. Bringi, 1989: Intercomparison of multiparameter radar measurements. Preprints, 24th AMS Conf. on Meteorology, Tallahassee, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 309-314.
22. Goodman, S. J., D. E. Buechler, P. D. Wright, and W. D. Rust, 1988: Lightning and precipitation history of a microburst-producing storm. Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1185-1188.
23. Herzegh, P. H., and A. R. Jameson, 1992: Observing precipitation through dual-polarization radar measurements. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1365-1374.
24. Heymsfield, A. J., and J. L. Parrish, 1979: Techniques employed in the processing of particle size spectra and state parameter data obtained with the T-28 aircraft platform. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-137&IA, 78 pp. [Available from National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80303.]
25. Hoeller, H., V. N. Bringi, J. Hubbert, M. Hagen, and P. F. Meischner, 1994: Life cycle and precipitation formation in a hybrid-type hailstorm revealed by polarimetric and Doppler radar measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2500-2522.
26. Hubbert, J., and V. N. Bringi, 1995: An iterative filtering technique for the analysis of copolar differential phase and dual-frequency radar measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 643-648.
27. _, and _, 1996: Specular null polarization theory: Applications to radar meteorology. Trans. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens., 34, 859-873.
28. _, V. Chandrasekar, and V. N. Bringi, 1993: Processing and interpretation of coherent dual-polarized radar measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 155-164.
29. Illingworth, A. J., 1988: The formation of rain in convective clouds. Nature, 336, 754-756.
30. _, J. W. F. Goddard, and S. M. Cherry, 1987: Polarization radar studies of precipitation development in convective storms. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 469-489.
31. Jameson. A. R., 1983: Microphysical interpretation of multiparameter radar measurements in rain. Part I: Interpretation of polarization measurements and estimation of raindrop shapes. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1792-1802.
32. _, 1992: The effect of temperature on attenuation correction schemes in rain using polarization propagation differential phase shift. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 1106-1118.
33. _, and D. B. Johnson, 1990: Cloud microphysics and radar. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 323-340.
34. _, M. J. Murphy, and E. P. Krider, 1996: Multiple parameter radar observations of isolated Florida thunderstorms during the onset of electrification. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 343-354.
35. Johnson, D. B., 1987: On the relative efficiency of coalescence and riming. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1671-1680.
36. Knupp, K. R., 1987: Downdrafts within High Plains cumulonimbi. Part I: General kinematic structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 987-1008.
37. Leise, J. A., 1981: A multidimensional scale-telescoped filter and data extension package. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL WPL-82, 20 pp. [Available from NOAA/ERL/ETL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303.]
38. Mardia, K. V., 1972: Statistics of Directional Data. Academic Press, 357 pp.
39. Marshall, T. C., W. D. Rust, and M. Stolzenburg, 1995: Electrical structure and updraft speeds in thunderstorms over the southern Great Plains. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1001-1014.
40. Miller, L. J., C. G. Mohr, and A. J. Weinheimer, 1986: The simple rectification to Cartesian space of folded radial velocities from Doppler radar sampling. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 3, 143-161.
41. Murphy, M. J., E. P. Krider, and M. W. Maier, 1996: Lightning charge analyses in small Convection and Precipitation Electrification (CaPE) experiment storms. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29 615-29 626.
42. Ramachandran, R., A. Detwiler, J. Helsdon Jr., P. L. Smith, and V. N. Bringi, 1996: Precipitation development and electrification in Florida thunderstorm cells during CaPE. J. Geophvs. Res., 101(D1), 1599-1619.
43. Rauber, R. M., K. V. Beard, and B. M. Andrews, 1991: A mechanism for giant raindrop formation in warm, shallow convective clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1791-1797.
44. Sikdar, P. N., R. E. Schlesinger, and C. E. Anderson, 1974: Severe storm latent heat release: Comparison of radar estimate versus numerical experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 455-465.
45. Smith, P. L., A. G. Detwiler, D. J. Musil, and R. Ramachandran, 1995: Observations of mixed-phase precipitation within a CaPE thunderstorm. Conf. on Cloud Physics, Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Sac., 8-13.
46. Tutlle, J. D., and R. E. Rinehart. 1983: Attenuation correction in dualwavelength analysis. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1914-1921.
47. _, V. N. Bringi, H. D. Orville, and F. J. Kopp, 1989: Multiparameter radar study of a microburst: Comparison with model results. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 601-620.
48. Vivekanandan, I., V. N. Bringi, and R. Raghavan, 1990: Multiparameter radar modeling and observations of melting ice. J. Atomos. Sci., 47, 549-564.
49. _, J. Turk, and V. N. Bringi, 1991: Ice water path estimation and characterization using microwave radiative transfer techniques. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 1407-1421.
50. _, R. Raghavan, and V. N. Bringi, 1993: Polarimetric radar modelling of mixtures of precipitation particles. Trans. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens., 31, 1017-1030.
51. Vonnegut, B., 1991: How external currents flowing to a thundercloud influence its electrification. Ann. Geophys., 9, 34-36.
52. Weinheimer, A. J., J. E. Dye, D. W. Breed, M. P. Spowart, J. L. Parrish, and T. L. Hoglin, 1991: Simultaneous measurements of the charge, size, and shape of hydrometeors in an electrified cloud. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20 809-20 829.
53. Williams, E. R., 1989: The tripolar structure of thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 298-304.
54. _, R. Zhang, and J. Rydock, 1991: Mixed-phase microphysics and cloud electrification. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2195-2203.
55. Williams, S. F., K. Caesar, and K. Southwick, 1992: The convection and precipitation electrification (CaPE) operations summary and data inventory. [Available from NCAR Office of Field Project Support, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000.]
56. Willis, P. T., J. Hallett, R. A. Black, and W. Hendricks. 1994: An aircraft study of rapid precipitation development and electrification in a growing convective cloud. Atmos. Res., 33, 1-24.
57. Wilson, J. W., and D. Reum, 1988: The flare echo: Reflectivity and velocity signature. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 197-205.
58. Winn, W. P., 1993: Aircraft measurement of electric field: Self calibration. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7351-7365.
59. Yuter, S. E., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1995a: Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus. Part I: Spatial distribution of updrafts, downdrafts, and precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1921-1940.
60. _, and _, 1995b: Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus. Part II: Frequency distributions of vertical velocity, reflectivity, and differential reflectivity. Mon. Wea Rev., 123, 1941-1963.