Effect of Smokeless Tobacco Product Marketing and Use on Population Harm from Tobacco Use. Policy Perspective for Tobacco-Risk Reduction

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

Volumn 33, Issue 6 SUPPL., 2007, Pages

  Kozlowski, Lynn T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMIT; NICOTINE GUM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; DRUG INDUSTRY; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HUMAN; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; SMOKELESS TOBACCO; SMOKING CESSATION; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TOBACCO INDUSTRY;

ADULT; CONSUMER SATISFACTION; HARM REDUCTION; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; MARKETING; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; TOBACCO INDUSTRY; TOBACCO, SMOKELESS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 36048961377     PISSN: 07493797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.015     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. In: Stratton K., Shetty P., Wallace R., and Bondurant S. (Eds). Clearing the smoke: assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction (2001), Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, Washington DC
2. Borden N.H. The concept of the marketing mix. J Advert Res 4 2 (1964) 2-7
3. Levy D.T., Mumford E.A., Cummings K.M., et al. The relative risks of a low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco product compared with smoking cigarettes: estimates of a panel of experts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13 (2004) 2035-2042
4. U.S. Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General. The health consequences of using smokeless tobacco: a report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General (1986), U.S. Department of Heath and Human Services (USDHHS), Public Health Service (PHS), Bethesda MD
5. U.S. Office on Smoking and Health. The health consequences of smoking: nicotine addiction: a report of the Surgeon General (1988), USDHHS, PHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Health Promotion and Education, Washington DC
6. Boyd G.M., and Darby C.A. Smoking Tobacco and Cancer Program. Smokeless tobacco use in the United States: a compilation of papers on recent research and discussion of directions for future research (1989), Smoking, Tobacco, and Cancer Program, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, U.S. GPO, Washington DC
7. Critchley J.A., and Unal B. The health effects associated with smokeless tobacco use: a systematic review. Thorax 58 (2003) 435-443
8. Savitz D.A., Meyer R.E., Tanzer J.M., Mivish S.S., and Lewin F. Public health implications of smokeless tobacco use as a harm reduction strategy. Am J Public Health 96 (2006) 1934-1939
9. Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. Protecting smokers, saving lives (2002), Royal College of Physicians, London. http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/pubs/books/protsmokers/index.asp Available online at: http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/pubs/books/protsmokers/index.asp
10. Shiffman S., Fant R.V., Buchhalter A.R., Gitchell J.G., and Henningfield J.E. Nicotine delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 23 (2005) 563-577
11. Polito JR. Fall 2004 nicotine industry cigarette and oral tobacco U.S. magazine advertising. Available from: http://whyquit.com/ads/index.html.
12. Grauer R.P., Thomas R.D., Tronson M.D., Heard G.C., and Diacon M. Preoperative use of herbal medicines and vitamin supplements. Anaesth Intensive Care 32 (2004) 173-177
13. Kozlowski L.T. The determinants of tobacco use: cigarette smoking in the context of other forms of tobacco use. Can J Public Health 73 (1982) 236-241
14. Kozlowski L.T., Henningfield J.E., and Brigham J. Cigarettes, nicotine, and health: a biobehavioral approach (2001), Sage, Thousand Oaks CA
15. Levy D.T., and Friend K. A framework for evaluating and improving clean indoor air laws. J Public Health Manag Pract 7 (2001) 87-96
16. Jha P., Chaloupka F.J., Corrao M., and Jacob B. Reducing the burden of smoking worldwide: effectiveness of interventions and their coverage. Drug Alcohol Rev 25 (2006) 597-609
17. Robert J.C. The story of tobacco in America (1949), The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill NC
18. Psoter W.J., and Morse D.E. Annual per capita apparent consumption of tobacco products in the United States: 1900-1990. Prev Med 32 (2001) 1-9
19. Dickson S.A. Pancea or precious bane: tobacco in sixteenth-century literature (1954), New York Public Library, New York
20. Nicorette Gum: Product monograph. Available online at: http://www.hamline.edu/rkagan/Pictures_and_others/PDF/NicoretteMonoGUM.pdf.
21. Brooks J.E. The mighty leaf (1953), Alvin Redman Limited, London
22. Henningfield J.E., and Fant R.V. Tobacco use as drug addiction: the scientific foundation. Nicotine Tob Res 1 Suppl. 2 (1999) S31-S35
23. Fant R.V., Henningfield J.E., Nelson R.A., and Pickworth W.B. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of moist snuff in humans. Tob Control 8 (1999) 387-392
24. Pitsiu M., Gries J.M., Benowitz N., Gourlay S.G., and Verotta D. Modeling nicotine arterial-venous differences to predict arterial concentrations and input based on venous measurements: application to smokeless tobacco and nicotine gum. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 29 (2002) 383-402
25. Hatsukami D.K., and Severson H.H. Oral spit tobacco: addiction, prevention and treatment. Nicotine Tob Res 1 (1999) 21-44
26. Ebbert J.O., Rowland L.C., Montori V., et al. Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2004) CD004306
27. Ebbert J.O., Dale L.C., Patten C.A., et al. Effect of high-dose nicotine patch therapy on tobacco withdrawal symptoms among smokeless tobacco users. Nicotine Tob Res 9 (2007) 43-52
28. Tilashalski K., Rodu B., and Cole P. Seven-year follow-up of smoking cessation with smokeless tobacco. J Psychoactive Drugs 37 (2005) 105-108
29. Henningfield J.E., and Fagerstrom K.O. Swedish Match Company, Swedish snus and public health: a harm reduction experiment in progress?. Tob Control 10 (2001) 253-257
30. Foulds J., Ramstrom L., Burke M., et al. The effect of smokeless tobacco (Snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden. Tob Control 12 (2003) 349-359
31. Tomar S.L., Connolly G.N., Wilkenfeld J., and Henningfield J.E. Declining smoking in Sweden: is Swedish Match getting the credit for Swedish tobacco control's efforts?. Tob Control 12 (2003) 368-371
32. Stegmayr B., Eliasson M., and Rodu B. The decline of smoking in northern Sweden. Scand J Public Health 33 (2005) 321-324 discussion 243
33. Furberg H., Lichtenstein P., Pedersen N.L., Bulik C., and Sullivan P.F. Cigarettes and oral snuff use in Sweden: prevalence and transitions. Addiction 101 (2006) 1509-1515
34. Foulds J., and Kozlowski L. Snus-what should the public-health response be?. Lancet 369 (2007) 1976-1978
35. Gartner C.E., Hall W.D., Vos T., Bertram M.Y., Wallace A.L., and Lim S.S. Assessment of Swedish snus for tobacco harm reduction: an epidemiological modelling study. Lancet 369 (2007) 2010-2014
36. Tauras J.A., and Chaloupka F.J. The demand for nicotine replacement therapies. Nicotine Tob Res 5 (2003) 237-243
37. Ohsfeldt R.L., Boyle R.G., and Capilouto E. Effects of tobacco excise taxes on the use of smokeless tobacco products in the USA. Health Econ 6 (1997) 525-531
38. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Greater access to generic drugs: new FDA Initiatives to improve the drug review process and reduce legal loopholes. Available online at: http://www.fda.gov/fdac/special/testtubetopatient/generics.html.
39. McClure S.M., Li J., Tomlin D., Cypert K.S., Montague L.M., and Montague P.R. Neural correlates of behavioral preference for culturally familiar drinks. Neuron 44 (2004) 379-387
40. Shiffman S., Gitchell J., Rohay J.M., Hellebusch S.J., and Kemper K.E. Smokers' preferences for medicinal nicotine vs. smokeless tobacco. Am J Health Behav 31 (2007) 462-472
41. Kotlyar M., Mendoza-Baumgart M.I., Li Z.Z., et al. Nicotine pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of three potential reduced exposure products, moist snuff and nicotine lozenge. Tob Control 16 (2007) 138-142
42. Schneider N.G., Terrace S., Koury M.A., Patel S., Vaghaiwalla B., Pendergrass R., et al. Comparison of three nicotine treatments: initial reactions and preferences with guided use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 182 (2005) 545-550
43. Kozlowski L.T., O'Connor R.J., and Edwards B.Q. Some practical points on harm reduction: what to tell your lawmaker and what to tell your brother about Swedish snus. Tob Control 12 (2003) 372-373
44. Kozlowski L.T., Giovino G.A., Edwards B., et al. Advice on using over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy-patch, gum, or lozenge-to quit smoking. Addict Behav 32 (2007) 2140-2150
45. Lawson G.M., Hurt R.D., and Dale L.C. Application of serum nicotine and plasma cotinine concentrations to assessment of nicotine replacement in light, moderate, and heavy smokers undergoing. J Clin Pharmacol 38 (1998) 502-509 Jun
46. Jha P., and Chaloupka F.J. Curbing the epidemic: governments and the economics of tobacco control (1999), World Bank, Washington DC
47. Royal College of Physicians. Smoking and health (1962), Pitman Medical Publishing, London
48. Chaloupka F.J. Macro-social influences: the effects of prices and tobacco-control policies on the demand for tobacco products. Nicotine Tob Res 1 Suppl. 1 (1999) S105-S109
49. Chaloupka F., Hu T., Warner K.E., Jacobs R., and Yurekli A. The taxation of tobacco products. In: Jha P., and Chaloupka F. (Eds). Tobacco control in developing countries (2000), Oxford Univeristy Press, New York 237-272
50. Rodu B., and Godshall W.T. Tobacco harm reduction: an alternative cessation strategy for inveterate smokers. Harm Reduct J 3 (2006) 37
51. Warburton N. Thinking from A to Z (1996), Routledge, New York
52. Hatsukami D.K., Henningfield J.E., and Kotlyar M. Harm reduction approaches to reducing tobacco-related mortality. Annu Rev Public Health 25 (2004) 377-395
53. Fagerstrom K.O., Tejding R., Westin A., and Lunell E. Aiding reduction of smoking with nicotine replacement medications: hope for the recalcitrant smoker?. Tob Control 6 (1997) 311-316
54. Kozlowski L.T., Strasser A.A., Giovino G.A., et al. Applying the risk/use equilibrium: use medicinal nicotine now for harm reduction. Tob Control 10 (2001) 201-203
55. Tomar S.L. Is use of smokeless tobacco a risk factor for cigarette smoking? The U.S. experience. Nicotine Tob Res 5 (2003) 561-570
56. Haddock C.K., Weg M.V., DeBon M., et al. Evidence that smokeless tobacco use is a gateway for smoking initiation in young adult males. Prev Med 32 (2001) 262-267
57. O'Connor R.J., Flaherty B.P., Edwards B.Q., et al. Regular smokeless tobacco use is not a reliable predictor of smoking onset when psychosocial predictors are included in the model. Nicotine Tob Res 5 (2003) 535-544
58. Kozlowski L.T., O'Connor R.J., Edwards B.Q., et al. Most smokeless tobacco use is not a causal gateway to cigarettes: Using order of product use to evaluate causation in a national U.S. sample. Addiction 98 (2003) 1077-1085
59. Furberg H., Bulik C.M., Lerman C., Lichtenstein P., Pedersen N.L., and Sullivan P.F. Is Swedish snus associated with smoking initiation or smoking cessation?. Tob Control 14 (2005) 422-424
60. Ramstrom L.M., and Foulds J. Role of snus in initiation and cessation of tobacco smoking in Sweden. Tob Control 15 (2006) 210-214
61. Kozlowski L.T., and O'Connor R.J. Apply federal research rules on deception to misleading health information: An example on smokeless tobacco and cigarettes. Public Health Rep 118 (2003) 187-192
62. Phillips C.V., Wang C., and Guenzel B. You might as well smoke; the misleading and harmful public message about smokeless tobacco. BMC Public Health 5 (2005) 31. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/31 Available online at: www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/31.
63. National Legal and Policy Center. National Institute on Aging forced to re-examine policy on smokeless tobacco products. PR Newswire 200-07-14. Available online at: http://www.tobacco.org/news/170153.html.
64. American Cancer Society. Spit (smokeless) tobacco. Available online at: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_10_2x_Smokeless_Tobacco_and_Cancer.asp?sitearea=PED.
65. Kozlowski L.T., and Edwards B.Q. "Not safe" is not enough: smokers have a right to know more than there is no safe tobacco product. Tob Control 14 (2005) ii3-ii7
66. National Cancer Institute (NCI). Risks associated with smoking cigarettes with low machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 13 (2001), USDHHS, NIH, NCI, NIH Pub. No. 02-5074, Bethesda, MD
67. Saffer H., Wakefield M., and Terry-McElrath Y. The effect of nicotine replacement therapy advertising on youth smoking. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. 12964 (2007). http://www.nber.org/papers/w12964.pdf Available online at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w12964.pdf
68. Ridley A. Beginning bioethics (1998), St. Martin's Press, New York
69. Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. Ethics, human rights, and harm reduction for tobacco users. In: Harm reduction in nicotine addiction: a report by the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians, London: Royal College of Physicians, in press.
70. Kennedy, Waxman, Cornyn, and Davis Introduce Tobacco Legislation. February 15 (2007). http://kennedy.senate.gov/newsroom/press_release.cfm?id=30D49497-D37D-4C82-87E1-3B6C9C51E4F1 Available online at: http://kennedy.senate.gov/newsroom/press_release.cfm?id=30D49497-D37D-4C82-87E1-3B6C9C51E4F1
71. Grandjean P. Implications of the precautionary principle for primary prevention and research. Annu Rev Public Health 25 (2004) 199-223
72. Bates C., Fagerstrom K., Jarvis M.J., Kunze M., McNeill A., and Ramstrom L. European Union policy on smokeless tobacco: a statement in favour of evidence based regulation for public health. Tob Control 12 (2003) 360-367
73. Saner M, Capelli J, Michaelian K. A harm-based classification of PREPS. Institute on Governance. Available online at: http://www.iog.ca/publications/2005_tobacco_preps.pdf.