메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 22, Issue 3-4, 2007, Pages 219-234

New concepts in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling

Author keywords

Acute liver failure; Ammonia; Astrocytes; Brain edema; Cell swelling; Glutamine; Hepatic encephalopathy; Mitochondrial permeability transition; Nitrosative stress; Oxidative stress; Signaling kinases

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; GLUTAMINE; PROTEIN KINASE;

EID: 35449004571     PISSN: 08857490     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11011-007-9062-5     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (150)

References (162)
  • 1
    • 0030886770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases through Src an Ras in cultured cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats
    • Aikawa R, Komuro I, Yamazaki T, Zou Y, Kudoh S, Tanaka M, Shiojima I, Hiroi Y, Yazaki Y (1997) Oxidative stress activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases through Src an Ras in cultured cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats. J Clin Invest 100:1813-1821
    • (1997) J Clin Invest , vol.100 , pp. 1813-1821
    • Aikawa, R.1    Komuro, I.2    Yamazaki, T.3    Zou, Y.4    Kudoh, S.5    Tanaka, M.6    Shiojima, I.7    Hiroi, Y.8    Yazaki, Y.9
  • 2
    • 33750608704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine: A Trojan horse in ammonia neurotoxicity
    • Albrecht J, Norenberg MD (2006) Glutamine: a Trojan horse in ammonia neurotoxicity. Hepatology 44:788-794
    • (2006) Hepatology , vol.44 , pp. 788-794
    • Albrecht, J.1    Norenberg, M.D.2
  • 3
    • 0017338239 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral vasomotor paralysis produced by ammonia intoxication
    • Altenau LL, Kindt GW (1977) Cerebral vasomotor paralysis produced by ammonia intoxication. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 64:346-347
    • (1977) Acta Neurol Scand Suppl , vol.64 , pp. 346-347
    • Altenau, L.L.1    Kindt, G.W.2
  • 4
    • 0034725724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phagocytes and oxidative stress
    • Babior BM (2000). Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Am J Med 109:33-44
    • (2000) Am J Med , vol.109 , pp. 33-44
    • Babior, B.M.1
  • 6
    • 0025190235 scopus 로고
    • Increased brain uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid in a rabbit model of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Bassett ML, Mullen KD, Scholz B, Fenstermacher JD, Jones EA (1990) Increased brain uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid in a rabbit model of hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 98:747-757
    • (1990) Gastroenterology , vol.98 , pp. 747-757
    • Bassett, M.L.1    Mullen, K.D.2    Scholz, B.3    Fenstermacher, J.D.4    Jones, E.A.5
  • 7
    • 0024364138 scopus 로고
    • Observation of cerebral metabolites in an animal model of acute liver failure in vivo: A 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study
    • Bates TE, Williams SR, Kauppinen RA, Gadian DG (1989) Observation of cerebral metabolites in an animal model of acute liver failure in vivo: a 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Neurochem 53:102-110
    • (1989) J Neurochem , vol.53 , pp. 102-110
    • Bates, T.E.1    Williams, S.R.2    Kauppinen, R.A.3    Gadian, D.G.4
  • 10
    • 0026096553 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: Distinct aspects of the same problem
    • Blei AT (1991) Cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: distinct aspects of the same problem. Hepatology 13:376-379
    • (1991) Hepatology , vol.13 , pp. 376-379
    • Blei, A.T.1
  • 11
    • 20544461328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathophysiology of brain edema in acute liver failure
    • Blei AT (2005) The pathophysiology of brain edema in acute liver failure. Neurochem Int 47:71-77
    • (2005) Neurochem Int , vol.47 , pp. 71-77
    • Blei, A.T.1
  • 12
    • 84989509425 scopus 로고
    • Ammonia-induced brain edema and intracranial hypertension in rats after portacaval anastomosis
    • Blei AT, Olafsson S, Therrien G, Butterworth RF (1994) Ammonia-induced brain edema and intracranial hypertension in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Hepatology 19:1437-1444
    • (1994) Hepatology , vol.19 , pp. 1437-1444
    • Blei, A.T.1    Olafsson, S.2    Therrien, G.3    Butterworth, R.F.4
  • 13
    • 0025118258 scopus 로고
    • Changes in brain metabolism during hyperammonemia and acute liver failure: Results of a comparative 1H-NMR spectroscopy and biochemical investigation
    • Bosman DK, Deutz NE, de Graaf AA, van Eijk HM, Bovee WM, Maas MA, Jorning GG, Chamuleau RA (1990) Changes in brain metabolism during hyperammonemia and acute liver failure: results of a comparative 1H-NMR spectroscopy and biochemical investigation. Hepatology 12:281-290
    • (1990) Hepatology , vol.12 , pp. 281-290
    • Bosman, D.K.1    Deutz, N.E.2    De Graaf, A.A.3    Van Eijk, H.M.4    Bovee, W.M.5    Maas, M.A.6    Jorning, G.G.7    Chamuleau, R.A.8
  • 15
    • 0036256827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperammonemic encephalopathy
    • Brusilow SW (2002) Hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Medicine 81:240-249
    • (2002) Medicine , vol.81 , pp. 240-249
    • Brusilow, S.W.1
  • 17
    • 0017872475 scopus 로고
    • Microsomal lipid peroxidation
    • Buege JA, Aust SD (1978) Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 52:302-310
    • (1978) Methods Enzymol , vol.52 , pp. 302-310
    • Buege, J.A.1    Aust, S.D.2
  • 18
    • 0030954165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute hepatic failure: Does glutamate play a role?
    • Butterworth RF (1997) Hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute hepatic failure: does glutamate play a role? Hepatology 25:1032-1034
    • (1997) Hepatology , vol.25 , pp. 1032-1034
    • Butterworth, R.F.1
  • 19
    • 0025731758 scopus 로고
    • Fulminant hepatic failure: Clinical features, etiology, epidemiology, and current management
    • Capocaccia L, Angelico M (1991). Fulminant hepatic failure: clinical features, etiology, epidemiology, and current management. Dig Dis Sci 36:775-779
    • (1991) Dig Dis Sci , vol.36 , pp. 775-779
    • Capocaccia, L.1    Angelico, M.2
  • 22
    • 0020067944 scopus 로고
    • Phospholipid degradation and cellular edema induced by free radicals in brain cortical slices
    • Chan PH, Yurko M, Fishman RA (1982) Phospholipid degradation and cellular edema induced by free radicals in brain cortical slices. J Neurochem 38:525-531
    • (1982) J Neurochem , vol.38 , pp. 525-531
    • Chan, P.H.1    Yurko, M.2    Fishman, R.A.3
  • 23
    • 0041469937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of hypothermia on brain glucose metabolism in acute liver failure: A H/C-nuclear magnetic resonance study
    • Chatauret N, Zwingmann C, Rose C, Leibfritz D, Butterworth RF (2003) Effects of hypothermia on brain glucose metabolism in acute liver failure: a H/C-nuclear magnetic resonance study. Gastroenterology 125:815-824
    • (2003) Gastroenterology , vol.125 , pp. 815-824
    • Chatauret, N.1    Zwingmann, C.2    Rose, C.3    Leibfritz, D.4    Butterworth, R.F.5
  • 24
    • 0033822531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gliotoxic action of glutamate on cultured astrocytes
    • Chen CJ, Liao SL, Kuo JS (2000) Gliotoxic action of glutamate on cultured astrocytes. J Neurochem 75:1557-1565
    • (2000) J Neurochem , vol.75 , pp. 1557-1565
    • Chen, C.J.1    Liao, S.L.2    Kuo, J.S.3
  • 27
    • 0033055873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral herniation in acute liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration
    • Clemmesen JO, Larsen FS, Kondrup J, Hansen BA, Ott P (1999) Cerebral herniation in acute liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration. Hepatology 29:648-653
    • (1999) Hepatology , vol.29 , pp. 648-653
    • Clemmesen, J.O.1    Larsen, F.S.2    Kondrup, J.3    Hansen, B.A.4    Ott, P.5
  • 28
    • 0030460773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain edema and hepatic encephalopathy
    • Córdoba J, Blei AT (1996) Brain edema and hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis 16:271-280
    • (1996) Semin Liver Dis , vol.16 , pp. 271-280
    • Córdoba, J.1    Blei, A.T.2
  • 29
    • 0032970942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mild hypothermia modifies ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis
    • Córdoba J, Crespin J, Gottstein J, Blei AT (1999) Mild hypothermia modifies ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Gastroenterology 116:686-693
    • (1999) Gastroenterology , vol.116 , pp. 686-693
    • Córdoba, J.1    Crespin, J.2    Gottstein, J.3    Blei, A.T.4
  • 30
    • 0032190949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic hyponatremia exacerbates ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis
    • Córdoba J, Gottstein J, Blei AT (1998) Chronic hyponatremia exacerbates ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. J Hepatol 29:589-594
    • (1998) J Hepatol , vol.29 , pp. 589-594
    • Córdoba, J.1    Gottstein, J.2    Blei, A.T.3
  • 31
    • 0032520130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitogen-activated protein and tyrosine kinases in the activation of astrocyte volume-activated chloride current
    • Crépel V, Panenka W, Kelly ME, MacVicar BA (1998) Mitogen-activated protein and tyrosine kinases in the activation of astrocyte volume-activated chloride current. J Neurosci 18:1196-1206
    • (1998) J Neurosci , vol.18 , pp. 1196-1206
    • Crépel, V.1    Panenka, W.2    Kelly, M.E.3    MacVicar, B.A.4
  • 32
    • 0023821864 scopus 로고
    • 2+-dependent pore in heart mitochondria activated by inorganic phosphate and oxidative stress
    • 2+-dependent pore in heart mitochondria activated by inorganic phosphate and oxidative stress. Biochem J 255:357-360
    • (1988) Biochem J , vol.255 , pp. 357-360
    • Crompton, M.1    Ellinger, H.2    Costi, A.3
  • 33
    • 0028329215 scopus 로고
    • Methamphetamine neurotoxicity involves vacuolation of endocytic organelles and dopamine-dependent intracellular oxidative stress
    • Cubells JF, Rayport S, Rajendran G, Sulzer D, Cubells JF, Rayport S, Rajendran G, Sulzer D (1994) Methamphetamine neurotoxicity involves vacuolation of endocytic organelles and dopamine-dependent intracellular oxidative stress. J Neurosci 14:2260-2271
    • (1994) J Neurosci , vol.14 , pp. 2260-2271
    • Cubells, J.F.1    Rayport, S.2    Rajendran, G.3    Sulzer, D.4    Cubells, J.F.5    Rayport, S.6    Rajendran, G.7    Sulzer, D.8
  • 34
    • 0038580372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidant-induced hepatocyte injury from menadione is regulated by ERK and AP-1 signaling
    • Czaja MJ, Liu H, Wang Y (2003) Oxidant-induced hepatocyte injury from menadione is regulated by ERK and AP-1 signaling. Hepatology 37:1405-1413
    • (2003) Hepatology , vol.37 , pp. 1405-1413
    • Czaja, M.J.1    Liu, H.2    Wang, Y.3
  • 35
    • 0027400553 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral cortex ammonia and glutamine metabolism in two rat models of chronic liver insufficiency-induced hyperammonemia: Influence of pair-feeding
    • Dejong CHC, Deutz NEP, Soeters PB (1993) Cerebral cortex ammonia and glutamine metabolism in two rat models of chronic liver insufficiency-induced hyperammonemia: influence of pair-feeding. J Neurochem 60:1047-1057
    • (1993) J Neurochem , vol.60 , pp. 1047-1057
    • Dejong, C.H.C.1    Deutz, N.E.P.2    Soeters, P.B.3
  • 36
    • 0025270484 scopus 로고
    • Brain edema and the blood brain barrier in galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure rats. An animal model for evaluation of liver support systems
    • Dixit V, Chang TM (1990) Brain edema and the blood brain barrier in galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure rats. An animal model for evaluation of liver support systems. ASAIO Trans 36:21-27
    • (1990) ASAIO Trans , vol.36 , pp. 21-27
    • Dixit, V.1    Chang, T.M.2
  • 37
    • 0022480012 scopus 로고
    • Hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral edema
    • Ede RJ, Williams R (1986) Hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral edema. Semin Liver Dis 6:107-118
    • (1986) Semin Liver Dis , vol.6 , pp. 107-118
    • Ede, R.J.1    Williams, R.2
  • 38
    • 0036165251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological inhibitors of MAPK pathways
    • English JM, Cobb MH (2002) Pharmacological inhibitors of MAPK pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:40-45
    • (2002) Trends Pharmacol Sci , vol.23 , pp. 40-45
    • English, J.M.1    Cobb, M.H.2
  • 39
    • 0026350138 scopus 로고
    • Aspartate aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities in rat cerebral synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria: Effects of in vitro treatment with ammonia, hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy
    • Faff-Michalak L, Albrecht J (1991) Aspartate aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities in rat cerebral synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria: effects of in vitro treatment with ammonia, hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 6:187-197
    • (1991) Metab Brain Dis , vol.6 , pp. 187-197
    • Faff-Michalak, L.1    Albrecht, J.2
  • 40
    • 0024466628 scopus 로고
    • Ammonia-induced swelling of rat cerebral cortical slices: Implications for the pathogenesis of brain edema in acute hepatic failure
    • Ganz R, Swain M, Traber P, Dal Canto MC, Butterworth RF, Blei AT (1989) Ammonia-induced swelling of rat cerebral cortical slices: implications for the pathogenesis of brain edema in acute hepatic failure. Metab Brain Dis 4:213-223
    • (1989) Metab Brain Dis , vol.4 , pp. 213-223
    • Ganz, R.1    Swain, M.2    Traber, P.3    Dal Canto, M.C.4    Butterworth, R.F.5    Blei, A.T.6
  • 41
    • 0021137672 scopus 로고
    • Amino acid changes in regions of the CNS in relation to function in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy
    • Giguere JF, Butterworth RF (1984) Amino acid changes in regions of the CNS in relation to function in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy. Neurochem Res 9:1309-1321
    • (1984) Neurochem Res , vol.9 , pp. 1309-1321
    • Giguere, J.F.1    Butterworth, R.F.2
  • 42
    • 0031014486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional cerebral edema and chloride space in galactosamine-induced liver failure in rats
    • Gove CD, Hughes RD, Ede RJ, Williams R (1997) Regional cerebral edema and chloride space in galactosamine-induced liver failure in rats. Hepatology 25:295-301
    • (1997) Hepatology , vol.25 , pp. 295-301
    • Gove, C.D.1    Hughes, R.D.2    Ede, R.J.3    Williams, R.4
  • 44
    • 0031013623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress, thiol reagents, and membrane potential modulate the mitochondrial permeability transition by affecting nucleotide binding to the adenine nucleotide translocase
    • Halestrap AP, Woodfield KY, Connern CP (1997) Oxidative stress, thiol reagents, and membrane potential modulate the mitochondrial permeability transition by affecting nucleotide binding to the adenine nucleotide translocase. J Biol Chem 272:3346-3354
    • (1997) J Biol Chem , vol.272 , pp. 3346-3354
    • Halestrap, A.P.1    Woodfield, K.Y.2    Connern, C.P.3
  • 45
    • 0027474144 scopus 로고
    • Effect of reducing brain glutamine synthesis on metabolic symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Hawkins RA, Jessy J, Mans AM, De Joseph MR (1993) Effect of reducing brain glutamine synthesis on metabolic symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy. J Neurochem 60:1000-1006
    • (1993) J Neurochem , vol.60 , pp. 1000-1006
    • Hawkins, R.A.1    Jessy, J.2    Mans, A.M.3    De Joseph, M.R.4
  • 46
  • 47
    • 0028045735 scopus 로고
    • Brain ion and amino acid contents during edema development in hepatic encephalopathy
    • Hilgier W, Olson JE (1994) Brain ion and amino acid contents during edema development in hepatic encephalopathy. J Neurochem 62:197-204
    • (1994) J Neurochem , vol.62 , pp. 197-204
    • Hilgier, W.1    Olson, J.E.2
  • 48
    • 0017362424 scopus 로고
    • Effect of acute ammonia intoxication on cerebral metabolism in rats with portacaval shunts
    • Hindfelt B, Plum F, Duffy TE (1977) Effect of acute ammonia intoxication on cerebral metabolism in rats with portacaval shunts. J Clin Invest 59:386-396
    • (1977) J Clin Invest , vol.59 , pp. 386-396
    • Hindfelt, B.1    Plum, F.2    Duffy, T.E.3
  • 49
    • 0030698810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The apoptosis-necrosis paradox. Apoptogenic proteases activated after mitochondrial permeability transition determine the mode of cell death
    • Hirsch T, Marchetti P, Susin SA, Dallaporta B, Zamzami N, Marzo I, Geuskens M, Kroemer G (1997) The apoptosis-necrosis paradox. Apoptogenic proteases activated after mitochondrial permeability transition determine the mode of cell death. Oncogene 15:1573-1581
    • (1997) Oncogene , vol.15 , pp. 1573-1581
    • Hirsch, T.1    Marchetti, P.2    Susin, S.A.3    Dallaporta, B.4    Zamzami, N.5    Marzo, I.6    Geuskens, M.7    Kroemer, G.8
  • 52
    • 0015071855 scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine as a measure of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Hourani BT, Hamlin EM, Reynolds TB (1971) Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine as a measure of hepatic encephalopathy. Arch Int Med 127:1033-1036
    • (1971) Arch Int Med , vol.127 , pp. 1033-1036
    • Hourani, B.T.1    Hamlin, E.M.2    Reynolds, T.B.3
  • 53
    • 0034959801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inflammatory basis of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure
    • Jalan R (2001) The inflammatory basis of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. J Hepatol 34:940-942
    • (2001) J Hepatol , vol.34 , pp. 940-942
    • Jalan, R.1
  • 54
    • 4644341574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: Inflammation, ammonia and cerebral blood flow
    • Jalan R, Olde Damink SW, Hayes PC, Deutz NE, Lee A (2004) Pathogenesis of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: inflammation, ammonia and cerebral blood flow. J Hepatol 41:613-620
    • (2004) J Hepatol , vol.41 , pp. 613-620
    • Jalan, R.1    Olde Damink, S.W.2    Hayes, P.C.3    Deutz, N.E.4    Lee, A.5
  • 55
    • 0036784144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liver derived pro-inflammatory cytokines may be important in producing intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure
    • Jalan R, Pollok A, Shah S, Madhavan K, Simpson KJ (2002) Liver derived pro-inflammatory cytokines may be important in producing intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. J Hepatol 37:536-538
    • (2002) J Hepatol , vol.37 , pp. 536-538
    • Jalan, R.1    Pollok, A.2    Shah, S.3    Madhavan, K.4    Simpson, K.J.5
  • 56
    • 33646949200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress and MAPK phosphorylation mediate ammonia-induced cell swelling and glutamate uptake inhibition in cultured astrocytes
    • Jayakumar AR, Panickar KS, Murthy ChRK, Norenberg MD (2006a) Oxidative stress and MAPK phosphorylation mediate ammonia-induced cell swelling and glutamate uptake inhibition in cultured astrocytes. J Neurosci 26:4774-4784
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 4774-4784
    • Jayakumar, A.R.1    Panickar, K.S.2    Chrk, M.3    Norenberg, M.D.4
  • 57
    • 33645851362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling
    • Jayakumar AR, Rama Rao KV, Murthy ChRK, Norenberg MD (2006b) Glutamine in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. Neurochem Int 48:623-628
    • (2006) Neurochem Int , vol.48 , pp. 623-628
    • Jayakumar, A.R.1    Rama Rao, K.V.2    Chrk, M.3    Norenberg, M.D.4
  • 58
    • 2542491081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine-induced free radical production in cultured astrocytes
    • Jayakumar AR, Rama Rao KV, Norenberg MD (2004) Glutamine-induced free radical production in cultured astrocytes. Glia 46:296-301
    • (2004) Glia , vol.46 , pp. 296-301
    • Jayakumar, A.R.1    Rama Rao, K.V.2    Norenberg, M.D.3
  • 59
    • 0026628303 scopus 로고
    • Electron microscopic study of brain capillaries in cerebral edema from fulminant hepatic failure
    • Kato M, Hughes RD, Keays RT, Williams R (1992) Electron microscopic study of brain capillaries in cerebral edema from fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 15:1060-1066
    • (1992) Hepatology , vol.15 , pp. 1060-1066
    • Kato, M.1    Hughes, R.D.2    Keays, R.T.3    Williams, R.4
  • 60
    • 0034192591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypoosmotic stress activates p38, ERK 1 and 2, and SAPK/JNK in rat hepatocytes
    • Kim RD, Darling CE, Cerwenka H, Chari RS (2000) Hypoosmotic stress activates p38, ERK 1 and 2, and SAPK/JNK in rat hepatocytes. J Surg Res 90:58-66
    • (2000) J Surg Res , vol.90 , pp. 58-66
    • Kim, R.D.1    Darling, C.E.2    Cerwenka, H.3    Chari, R.S.4
  • 61
    • 0029588463 scopus 로고
    • Current concepts of brain edema: Review of laboratory investigations
    • Kimelberg HK (1995) Current concepts of brain edema: review of laboratory investigations. J Neurosurg 83:1051-1059
    • (1995) J Neurosurg , vol.83 , pp. 1051-1059
    • Kimelberg, H.K.1
  • 62
    • 0032252630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Swelling-activated release of excitatory amino acids in the brain: Relevance for pathophysiology
    • Kimelberg HK, Mongin AA (1998) Swelling-activated release of excitatory amino acids in the brain: relevance for pathophysiology. Contrib Nephrol 123:240-257
    • (1998) Contrib Nephrol , vol.123 , pp. 240-257
    • Kimelberg, H.K.1    Mongin, A.A.2
  • 64
    • 0016562984 scopus 로고
    • A method using 3-0-methyl-d-glucose and phloretin for the determination of intracellular water space of cells in monolayer culture
    • Kletzien RF, Pariza MW, Becker JE, Potter VR (1975) A method using 3-0-methyl-d-glucose and phloretin for the determination of intracellular water space of cells in monolayer culture. Anal Biochem 68:537-544
    • (1975) Anal Biochem , vol.68 , pp. 537-544
    • Kletzien, R.F.1    Pariza, M.W.2    Becker, J.E.3    Potter, V.R.4
  • 65
    • 0030901009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of acute hyperammonemia in vivo on oxidative metabolism in nonsynaptic rat brain mitochondria
    • Kosenko E, Felipo V, Montoliu C, Grisolía S, Kaminsky Y (1996) Effects of acute hyperammonemia in vivo on oxidative metabolism in nonsynaptic rat brain mitochondria. Metab Brain Dis 12:69-82
    • (1996) Metab Brain Dis , vol.12 , pp. 69-82
    • Kosenko, E.1    Felipo, V.2    Montoliu, C.3    Grisolía, S.4    Kaminsky, Y.5
  • 68
    • 0031918742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mitochondrial death/life regulator in apoptosis and necrosis
    • Kroemer G, Dallaporta B, Resche-Rigon M (1998) The mitochondrial death/life regulator in apoptosis and necrosis. Annu Rev Physiol 60:619-642
    • (1998) Annu Rev Physiol , vol.60 , pp. 619-642
    • Kroemer, G.1    Dallaporta, B.2    Resche-Rigon, M.3
  • 69
    • 0030198344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein kinase cascades activated by stress and inflammatory cytokines
    • Kyriakis JM, Avruch J (1996) Protein kinase cascades activated by stress and inflammatory cytokines. BioEssays 18:567-577
    • (1996) BioEssays , vol.18 , pp. 567-577
    • Kyriakis, J.M.1    Avruch, J.2
  • 70
    • 0022972426 scopus 로고
    • Brain α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: Kinetic properties, regional distribution and effects of inhibitors
    • Lai JCK, Cooper AJL (1986). Brain α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: kinetic properties, regional distribution and effects of inhibitors. J Neurochem 47:1376-1386
    • (1986) J Neurochem , vol.47 , pp. 1376-1386
    • Lai, J.C.K.1    Cooper, A.J.L.2
  • 72
    • 0035062328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral hyperemia and nitric oxide synthase in rats with ammonia-induced brain edema
    • Larsen FS, Gottstein J, Blei AT (2001) Cerebral hyperemia and nitric oxide synthase in rats with ammonia-induced brain edema. J Hepatol 34:548-554
    • (2001) J Hepatol , vol.34 , pp. 548-554
    • Larsen, F.S.1    Gottstein, J.2    Blei, A.T.3
  • 73
    • 0023176895 scopus 로고
    • Amino acid changes in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy
    • Lavoie J, Giguere JF, Layrargues GP, Butterworth RF (1987) Amino acid changes in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy. J Neurochem 49:692-697
    • (1987) J Neurochem , vol.49 , pp. 692-697
    • Lavoie, J.1    Giguere, J.F.2    Layrargues, G.P.3    Butterworth, R.F.4
  • 74
    • 0037119433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MAP kinase cascades are activated in astrocytes and preadipocytes by 15-deoxy-Delta(12-14)-prostaglandin J(2) and the thiazolidinedione ciglitazone through peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma-independent mechanisms involving reactive oxygenated species
    • Lennon AM, Ramauge M, Dessouroux A, Pierre M (2002) MAP kinase cascades are activated in astrocytes and preadipocytes by 15-deoxy-Delta(12-14)- prostaglandin J(2) and the thiazolidinedione ciglitazone through peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma-independent mechanisms involving reactive oxygenated species. J Biol Chem 277:29681-29685
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.277 , pp. 29681-29685
    • Lennon, A.M.1    Ramauge, M.2    Dessouroux, A.3    Pierre, M.4
  • 78
    • 0029955623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen species mediate cytokine activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases
    • Lo YYC, Wong JM, Cruz TF (1996) Reactive oxygen species mediate cytokine activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases. J Biol Chem 271:15703-15707
    • (1996) J Biol Chem , vol.271 , pp. 15703-15707
    • Lo, Y.Y.C.1    Wong, J.M.2    Cruz, T.F.3
  • 79
    • 0033759168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The roles of dopamine oxidative stress and dopamine receptor signaling in aging and age-related neurodegeneration
    • Luo Y, Roth GS (2000) The roles of dopamine oxidative stress and dopamine receptor signaling in aging and age-related neurodegeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2:449-460
    • (2000) Antioxid Redox Signal , vol.2 , pp. 449-460
    • Luo, Y.1    Roth, G.S.2
  • 80
    • 0035667431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+-induced membrane permeability transition in brain mitochondria
    • 2+-induced membrane permeability transition in brain mitochondria. J Neurochem 79:1237-1245
    • (2001) J Neurochem , vol.79 , pp. 1237-1245
    • MacIel, E.N.1    Vercesi, A.E.2    Castilho, R.F.3
  • 81
    • 0020788658 scopus 로고
    • Ammonia selectively stimulates neutral amino acid transport across blood-brain barrier
    • Mans AM, Biebuyck JF, Hawkins RA (1983) Ammonia selectively stimulates neutral amino acid transport across blood-brain barrier. Am J Physiol 245:C74-C77
    • (1983) Am J Physiol , vol.245
    • Mans, A.M.1    Biebuyck, J.F.2    Hawkins, R.A.3
  • 82
    • 0014406674 scopus 로고
    • Electron microscopy in human hepatic encephalopathy
    • Martinez AJ (1968) Electron microscopy in human hepatic encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 11:82-86
    • (1968) Acta Neuropathol (Berl) , vol.11 , pp. 82-86
    • Martinez, A.J.1
  • 83
    • 0032867674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral blood flow and the development of ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis
    • Master S, Gottstein J, Blei AT (1999) Cerebral blood flow and the development of ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Hepatology 30:876-880
    • (1999) Hepatology , vol.30 , pp. 876-880
    • Master, S.1    Gottstein, J.2    Blei, A.T.3
  • 86
    • 0037435934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CI-1010 induced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore precedes oxidative stress and apoptosis in SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
    • Miller TJ, Phelka AD, Tjalkens RB, Dethloff LA, Philbert MA (2003) CI-1010 induced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore precedes oxidative stress and apoptosis in SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res 963:43-56
    • (2003) Brain Res , vol.963 , pp. 43-56
    • Miller, T.J.1    Phelka, A.D.2    Tjalkens, R.B.3    Dethloff, L.A.4    Philbert, M.A.5
  • 87
    • 0034535373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical astrocytes exposed to tributyltin undergo morphological changes in vitro
    • Mizuhashi S, Ikegaya Y, Nishiyama N, Matsuki N (2000) Cortical astrocytes exposed to tributyltin undergo morphological changes in vitro. Jpn J Pharmacol 84:339-346
    • (2000) Jpn J Pharmacol , vol.84 , pp. 339-346
    • Mizuhashi, S.1    Ikegaya, Y.2    Nishiyama, N.3    Matsuki, N.4
  • 88
    • 0344393408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of MAP kinase signaling modules by scaffold proteins in mammals
    • Morrison DK, Davis RJ (2003) Regulation of MAP kinase signaling modules by scaffold proteins in mammals. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 19:91-118
    • (2003) Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol , vol.19 , pp. 91-118
    • Morrison, D.K.1    Davis, R.J.2
  • 89
    • 0027270426 scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with severe intracranial hypertension in candidates for emergency liver transplantation
    • Munoz SJ, Moritz MJ, Bell R, Northrup B, Martin P, Radomski J (1993) Factors associated with severe intracranial hypertension in candidates for emergency liver transplantation. Transplantation 55:1071-1074
    • (1993) Transplantation , vol.55 , pp. 1071-1074
    • Munoz, S.J.1    Moritz, M.J.2    Bell, R.3    Northrup, B.4    Martin, P.5    Radomski, J.6
  • 90
    • 0026482060 scopus 로고
    • 14C]palmitic acid by mouse astrocytes in primary culture: Effects of agents implicated in the encephalopathy of Reye's syndrome
    • 14C]palmitic acid by mouse astrocytes in primary culture: Effects of agents implicated in the encephalopathy of Reye's syndrome. J Neurosci Res 33:445-454
    • (1992) J Neurosci Res , vol.33 , pp. 445-454
    • Murphy, M.G.1    Jollimore, C.2    Crocker, J.F.S.3    Her, H.4
  • 91
    • 0036090646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of ammonia-induced swelling by aspartate but not by ornithine in primary cultures of rat astrocytes
    • Murthy ChRK, Norenberg MD (2002) Suppression of ammonia-induced swelling by aspartate but not by ornithine in primary cultures of rat astrocytes. Neurochem Int 41:171-176
    • (2002) Neurochem Int , vol.41 , pp. 171-176
    • Chrk, M.1    Norenberg, M.D.2
  • 92
    • 0034257048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevation of glutathione levels by ammonium ions in primary cultures of rat astrocytes
    • Murthy ChRK, Bender AS, Dombro RS, Bai G, Norenberg MD (2000) Elevation of glutathione levels by ammonium ions in primary cultures of rat astrocytes. Neurochem Int 37:255-268
    • (2000) Neurochem Int , vol.37 , pp. 255-268
    • Chrk, M.1    Bender, A.S.2    Dombro, R.S.3    Bai, G.4    Norenberg, M.D.5
  • 93
    • 0035888288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ammonia induced production of free radicals in primary cultures of rat astrocytes
    • Murthy ChRK, Rama Rao KV, Bai G, Norenberg MD (2001) Ammonia induced production of free radicals in primary cultures of rat astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 66:282-288
    • (2001) J Neurosci Res , vol.66 , pp. 282-288
    • Chrk, M.1    Rama Rao, K.V.2    Bai, G.3    Norenberg, M.D.4
  • 94
    • 0031022918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specialized membrane domains for water transport in glial cells: High-resolution immunogold cytochemistry of aquaporin-4 in rat brain
    • Nielsen S, Nagelhus EA, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Bourque C, Agre P, Ottersen OP (1997) Specialized membrane domains for water transport in glial cells: High-resolution immunogold cytochemistry of aquaporin-4 in rat brain. J Neurosci 17:171-180
    • (1997) J Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 171-180
    • Nielsen, S.1    Nagelhus, E.A.2    Amiry-Moghaddam, M.3    Bourque, C.4    Agre, P.5    Ottersen, O.P.6
  • 95
    • 0030031467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of taurocholate excretion by a hypo-osmolarity-activated signal transduction pathway in rat liver
    • Noe B, Schliess F, Wettstein M, Heinrich S, Häussinger D (1996) Regulation of taurocholate excretion by a hypo-osmolarity-activated signal transduction pathway in rat liver. Gastroenterology 110:858-865
    • (1996) Gastroenterology , vol.110 , pp. 858-865
    • Noe, B.1    Schliess, F.2    Wettstein, M.3    Heinrich, S.4    Häussinger, D.5
  • 96
    • 0017735996 scopus 로고
    • A light and electron microscopic study of experimental portal-systemic (ammonia) encephalopathy. Progression and reversal of the disorder
    • Norenberg MD (1977) A light and electron microscopic study of experimental portal-systemic (ammonia) encephalopathy. Progression and reversal of the disorder. Lab Invest 36:618-627
    • (1977) Lab Invest , vol.36 , pp. 618-627
    • Norenberg, M.D.1
  • 97
    • 0037310995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative and nitrosative stress in ammonia neurotoxicity
    • Norenberg MD (2003) Oxidative and nitrosative stress in ammonia neurotoxicity. Hepatology 37:245-248
    • (2003) Hepatology , vol.37 , pp. 245-248
    • Norenberg, M.D.1
  • 98
    • 0028321104 scopus 로고
    • Astrocyte swelling in liver failure: Role of glutamine and benzodiazepines
    • Norenberg MD, Bender AS (1994) Astrocyte swelling in liver failure: role of glutamine and benzodiazepines. Acta Neurochir (Suppl) 60:24-27
    • (1994) Acta Neurochir (Suppl) , vol.60 , pp. 24-27
    • Norenberg, M.D.1    Bender, A.S.2
  • 99
    • 0018382256 scopus 로고
    • Fine structural localization of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of rat brain
    • Norenberg MD, Martinez-Hernandez A (1979) Fine structural localization of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of rat brain. Brain Res 161:303-310
    • (1979) Brain Res , vol.161 , pp. 303-310
    • Norenberg, M.D.1    Martinez-Hernandez, A.2
  • 101
    • 5444262536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Norenberg MD, Jayakumar AR, Rama Rao KV (2004) Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 19:313-329
    • (2004) Metab Brain Dis , vol.19 , pp. 313-329
    • Norenberg, M.D.1    Jayakumar, A.R.2    Rama Rao, K.V.3
  • 105
    • 0027058810 scopus 로고
    • Correlations between energy metabolism, ion transport, and water content in astrocytes
    • Olson JE, Evers JA (1992) Correlations between energy metabolism, ion transport, and water content in astrocytes. Can J Physiol Pharm Suppl 70:S350-S355
    • (1992) Can J Physiol Pharm Suppl , vol.70
    • Olson, J.E.1    Evers, J.A.2
  • 109
    • 0020567037 scopus 로고
    • The brain in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy: II. Water and electrolyte changes
    • Pilbeam CM, Anderson RM, Bhathal PS (1983) The brain in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy: II. Water and electrolyte changes. J Pathol 140:347-355
    • (1983) J Pathol , vol.140 , pp. 347-355
    • Pilbeam, C.M.1    Anderson, R.M.2    Bhathal, P.S.3
  • 110
    • 0344549778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling by cyclosporin a
    • Rama Rao KV, Chen M, Simard JM, Norenberg MD (2003a) Suppression of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling by cyclosporin A. J Neurosci Res 74:891-897
    • (2003) J Neurosci Res , vol.74 , pp. 891-897
    • Rama Rao, K.V.1    Chen, M.2    Simard, J.M.3    Norenberg, M.D.4
  • 111
    • 85026150288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased aquaporin-4 expression in ammonia-treated cultured astrocytes
    • Rama Rao KV, Chen M, Simard JM, Norenberg MD (2003b) Increased aquaporin-4 expression in ammonia-treated cultured astrocytes. NeuroReport 14:2379-2382
    • (2003) NeuroReport , vol.14 , pp. 2379-2382
    • Rama Rao, K.V.1    Chen, M.2    Simard, J.M.3    Norenberg, M.D.4
  • 112
    • 0038509984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ammonia neurotoxicity: Role of the mitochondrial permeability transition
    • Rama Rao KV, Jayakumar AR, Norenberg MD (2003c) Ammonia neurotoxicity: role of the mitochondrial permeability transition. Metab Brain Dis 18:113-127
    • (2003) Metab Brain Dis , vol.18 , pp. 113-127
    • Rama Rao, K.V.1    Jayakumar, A.R.2    Norenberg, M.D.3
  • 113
    • 0038741859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition in cultured astrocytes by glutamine
    • Rama Rao KV, Jayakumar AR, Norenberg MD (2003d) Induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition in cultured astrocytes by glutamine. Neurochem Int 43:517-523
    • (2003) Neurochem Int , vol.43 , pp. 517-523
    • Rama Rao, K.V.1    Jayakumar, A.R.2    Norenberg, M.D.3
  • 114
    • 12244291247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential response of glutamine in cultured neurons and astrocytes
    • Rama Rao KV, Jayakumar AR, Norenberg MD (2005a) Differential response of glutamine in cultured neurons and astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 79:193-199
    • (2005) J Neurosci Res , vol.79 , pp. 193-199
    • Rama Rao, K.V.1    Jayakumar, A.R.2    Norenberg, M.D.3
  • 115
    • 20544437331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of oxidative stress in the ammonia-induced mitochondrial permeability transition in cultured astrocytes
    • Rama Rao KV, Jayakumar AR, Norenberg MD (2005b) Role of oxidative stress in the ammonia-induced mitochondrial permeability transition in cultured astrocytes. Neurochem Int 47:31-38
    • (2005) Neurochem Int , vol.47 , pp. 31-38
    • Rama Rao, K.V.1    Jayakumar, A.R.2    Norenberg, M.D.3
  • 116
    • 25144511007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxic edema is responsible for raised intracranial pressure in fulminant hepatic failure: In vivo demonstration using diffusion-weighted MRI in human subjects
    • Ranjan P, Mishra AM, Kale R, Saraswat VA, Gupta RK (2005) Cytotoxic edema is responsible for raised intracranial pressure in fulminant hepatic failure: in vivo demonstration using diffusion-weighted MRI in human subjects. Metab Brain Dis 20:181-192
    • (2005) Metab Brain Dis , vol.20 , pp. 181-192
    • Ranjan, P.1    Mishra, A.M.2    Kale, R.3    Saraswat, V.A.4    Gupta, R.K.5
  • 117
    • 0035165599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral energy metabolism in hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia
    • Rao KV, Norenberg MD (2001) Cerebral energy metabolism in hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia. Metab Brain Dis 16:67-78
    • (2001) Metab Brain Dis , vol.16 , pp. 67-78
    • Rao, K.V.1    Norenberg, M.D.2
  • 118
    • 0005853247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in brain following portacaval anastomosis
    • Rao VLR, Audet RM, Butterworth RF (1997) Increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in brain following portacaval anastomosis. Brain Res 765:169-172
    • (1997) Brain Res , vol.765 , pp. 169-172
    • Rao, V.L.R.1    Audet, R.M.2    Butterworth, R.F.3
  • 119
    • 0032578454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct immunogold labeling of aquaporin-4 in square arrays of astrocyte and ependymocyte plasma membranes in rat brain and spinal cord
    • Rash JE, Yasumura T, Hudson CS, Agre P, Nielsen S (1998) Direct immunogold labeling of aquaporin-4 in square arrays of astrocyte and ependymocyte plasma membranes in rat brain and spinal cord. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:11981-11986
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S a , vol.95 , pp. 11981-11986
    • Rash, J.E.1    Yasumura, T.2    Hudson, C.S.3    Agre, P.4    Nielsen, S.5
  • 120
    • 0024598230 scopus 로고
    • Activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase, enzymes of citric acid cycle and aminotransferases in subcellular fractions of cerebral cortex in normal and hyperammonemic rats
    • Ratnakumari L, Murthy ChRK (1989) Activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase, enzymes of citric acid cycle and aminotransferases in subcellular fractions of cerebral cortex in normal and hyperammonemic rats. Neurochem Res 14:221-228
    • (1989) Neurochem Res , vol.14 , pp. 221-228
    • Ratnakumari, L.1    Chrk, M.2
  • 121
    • 0017173212 scopus 로고
    • Plasma and brain amino acids in fulminant hepatic failure and their relationship to hepatic encephalopathy
    • Record CO, Buxton B, Chase R, Curzon G, Murray-Lyon IM, Williams R (1976) Plasma and brain amino acids in fulminant hepatic failure and their relationship to hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Clin Invest 6:387-394
    • (1976) Eur J Clin Invest , vol.6 , pp. 387-394
    • Record, C.O.1    Buxton, B.2    Chase, R.3    Curzon, G.4    Murray-Lyon, I.M.5    Williams, R.6
  • 122
    • 4444287083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminant hepatic failure induced oxidative stress in nonsynaptic mitochondria of cerebral cortex in rats
    • Reddy PVB, Murthy ChRK, Reddanna P (2004) Fulminant hepatic failure induced oxidative stress in nonsynaptic mitochondria of cerebral cortex in rats. Neurosci Lett 368:15-20
    • (2004) Neurosci Lett , vol.368 , pp. 15-20
    • Reddy, P.V.B.1    Chrk, M.2    Reddanna, P.3
  • 123
    • 0028894557 scopus 로고
    • Low levels of reactive oxygen species as modulators of cell function
    • Remacle J, Raes M, Toussaint O, Renard P, Rao G (1995) Low levels of reactive oxygen species as modulators of cell function. Mutat Res 316:103-122
    • (1995) Mutat Res , vol.316 , pp. 103-122
    • Remacle, J.1    Raes, M.2    Toussaint, O.3    Renard, P.4    Rao, G.5
  • 124
    • 0027325834 scopus 로고
    • Total hepatectomy and liver transplantation as two-stage procedure
    • Ringe B, Lubbe N, Kuse E, Frei U, Pichlmayr R (1993) Total hepatectomy and liver transplantation as two-stage procedure. Ann Surg 218:3-9
    • (1993) Ann Surg , vol.218 , pp. 3-9
    • Ringe, B.1    Lubbe, N.2    Kuse, E.3    Frei, U.4    Pichlmayr, R.5
  • 126
    • 20444366546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute insult of ammonia leads to calcium-dependent glutamate release from cultured astrocytes, an effect of pH
    • Rose C, Kresse W, Kettenmann H (2005) Acute insult of ammonia leads to calcium-dependent glutamate release from cultured astrocytes, an effect of pH. J Biol Chem 280:20937-20944
    • (2005) J Biol Chem , vol.280 , pp. 20937-20944
    • Rose, C.1    Kresse, W.2    Kettenmann, H.3
  • 128
    • 0021128669 scopus 로고
    • Amino acid, ammonia and neurotransmitter concentrations in hepatic encephalopathy: Serial analysis in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid during treatment with an adapted amino acid solution
    • Rössle M, Luft M, Herz R, Klein B, Lehmann M, Gerok W (1984) Amino acid, ammonia and neurotransmitter concentrations in hepatic encephalopathy: serial analysis in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid during treatment with an adapted amino acid solution. Klin Wochenschr 62:867-875
    • (1984) Klin Wochenschr , vol.62 , pp. 867-875
    • Rössle, M.1    Luft, M.2    Herz, R.3    Klein, B.4    Lehmann, M.5    Gerok, W.6
  • 129
    • 0030580086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations to glutathione and nicotinamide nucleotides during the mitochondrial permeability transition induced by peroxynitrite
    • Scarlett JL, Packer MA, Porteous CM, Murphy MP (1996) Alterations to glutathione and nicotinamide nucleotides during the mitochondrial permeability transition induced by peroxynitrite. Biochem Pharmacol 52:1047-1055
    • (1996) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.52 , pp. 1047-1055
    • Scarlett, J.L.1    Packer, M.A.2    Porteous, C.M.3    Murphy, M.P.4
  • 131
    • 0029074997 scopus 로고
    • Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases Erk-1 and Erk-2 by cell swelling in H411E hepatoma cells
    • Schliess F, Schreiber R, Häussinger D (1995) Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases Erk-1 and Erk-2 by cell swelling in H411E hepatoma cells. Biochem J 309:13-17
    • (1995) Biochem J , vol.309 , pp. 13-17
    • Schliess, F.1    Schreiber, R.2    Häussinger, D.3
  • 133
    • 0029984062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription
    • Sen CK, Packer L (1996) Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription. FASEB J 10:709-720
    • (1996) FASEB J , vol.10 , pp. 709-720
    • Sen, C.K.1    Packer, L.2
  • 134
    • 0029877167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of ascorbic acid on hyperoxic rat astrocytes
    • Sharma P (1996) Effect of ascorbic acid on hyperoxic rat astrocytes. Neuroscience 72:391-397
    • (1996) Neuroscience , vol.72 , pp. 391-397
    • Sharma, P.1
  • 135
    • 27144492341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathophysiologic basis of hepatic encephalopathy: Central role for ammonia and inflammation
    • Shawcross D, Jalan R, Shawcross D, Jalan R (2005) The pathophysiologic basis of hepatic encephalopathy: central role for ammonia and inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 62:2295-2304
    • (2005) Cell Mol Life Sci , vol.62 , pp. 2295-2304
    • Shawcross, D.1    Jalan, R.2    Shawcross, D.3    Jalan, R.4
  • 136
    • 0037096037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GeneChip analysis shows altered mRNA expression of transcripts of neurotransmitter and signal transduction pathways in the cerebral cortex of portacaval shunted rats
    • Song G, Dhodda VK, Blei AT, Dempsey RJ, Rao VL (2002) GeneChip analysis shows altered mRNA expression of transcripts of neurotransmitter and signal transduction pathways in the cerebral cortex of portacaval shunted rats. J Neurosci Res 68:730-737
    • (2002) J Neurosci Res , vol.68 , pp. 730-737
    • Song, G.1    Dhodda, V.K.2    Blei, A.T.3    Dempsey, R.J.4    Rao, V.L.5
  • 139
    • 0028029826 scopus 로고
    • Swelling, acidosis, and irreversible damage of glial cells from exposure to arachidonic acid in vitro
    • Staub F, Winkler A, Peters J, Kempski O, Kachel V, Baethmann A (1994) Swelling, acidosis, and irreversible damage of glial cells from exposure to arachidonic acid in vitro. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14:1030-1039
    • (1994) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.14 , pp. 1030-1039
    • Staub, F.1    Winkler, A.2    Peters, J.3    Kempski, O.4    Kachel, V.5    Baethmann, A.6
  • 142
    • 0026004760 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of brain glutamine accumulation prevents cerebral edema in hyperammonemic rats
    • Takahashi H, Koehler RC, Brusilow SW, Traystman RJ (1991) Inhibition of brain glutamine accumulation prevents cerebral edema in hyperammonemic rats. Am J Physiol 261:H825-H829
    • (1991) Am J Physiol , vol.261
    • Takahashi, H.1    Koehler, R.C.2    Brusilow, S.W.3    Traystman, R.J.4
  • 143
    • 0026339530 scopus 로고
    • Increased cerebrospinal fluid lactate reflects deterioration of neurological status in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy
    • Therrien G, Giguère JF, Butterworth RF (1991) Increased cerebrospinal fluid lactate reflects deterioration of neurological status in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 6:225-231
    • (1991) Metab Brain Dis , vol.6 , pp. 225-231
    • Therrien, G.1    Giguère, J.F.2    Butterworth, R.F.3
  • 144
    • 0030597106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypo-osmotic cell swelling activates the p38 MAP kinase signaling cascade
    • Tilly BC, Gaestel M, Engel K, Edixhoven MJ, de Jonge HR (1996) Hypo-osmotic cell swelling activates the p38 MAP kinase signaling cascade. FEBS Lett 395:133-136
    • (1996) FEBS Lett , vol.395 , pp. 133-136
    • Tilly, B.C.1    Gaestel, M.2    Engel, K.3    Edixhoven, M.J.4    De Jonge, H.R.5
  • 145
    • 29144519910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent arterial hyperammonemia increases the concentration of glutamine and alanine in the brain and correlates with intracranial pressure in patients with fulminant hepatic failure
    • Tofteng F, Hauerberg J, Hansen BA, Pedersen CB, Jorgensen L, Larsen FS (2006) Persistent arterial hyperammonemia increases the concentration of glutamine and alanine in the brain and correlates with intracranial pressure in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26:21-27
    • (2006) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.26 , pp. 21-27
    • Tofteng, F.1    Hauerberg, J.2    Hansen, B.A.3    Pedersen, C.B.4    Jorgensen, L.5    Larsen, F.S.6
  • 146
    • 3042775017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of indomethacin on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion and extracellular lactate and glutamate concentrations in patients with fulminant hepatic failure
    • Tofteng F, Larsen FS (2004) The effect of indomethacin on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion and extracellular lactate and glutamate concentrations in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24:798-804
    • (2004) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.24 , pp. 798-804
    • Tofteng, F.1    Larsen, F.S.2
  • 147
    • 0023607036 scopus 로고
    • Electron microscopic evaluation of brain edema in rabbits with galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure: Ultrastructure and integrity of the blood-brain barrier
    • Traber PG, Dal Canto MC, Ganger D, Blei AT (1987) Electron microscopic evaluation of brain edema in rabbits with galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure: ultrastructure and integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Hepatology 7:1272-1277
    • (1987) Hepatology , vol.7 , pp. 1272-1277
    • Traber, P.G.1    Dal Canto, M.C.2    Ganger, D.3    Blei, A.T.4
  • 148
    • 2542525380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain edema in acute liver failure. a window to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Vaquero J, Chung C, Blei AT (2003). Brain edema in acute liver failure. A window to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Ann Hepatol 2:12-22
    • (2003) Ann Hepatol , vol.2 , pp. 12-22
    • Vaquero, J.1    Chung, C.2    Blei, A.T.3
  • 149
    • 0021045693 scopus 로고
    • Acute hyperammonemia in the young primate. Physiologic and neuropathological correlates
    • Voorhies TM, Ehrlich ME, Duffy TE, Petito CK, Plum F (1983) Acute hyperammonemia in the young primate. Physiologic and neuropathological correlates. Pediatr Res 17:970-975
    • (1983) Pediatr Res , vol.17 , pp. 970-975
    • Voorhies, T.M.1    Ehrlich, M.E.2    Duffy, T.E.3    Petito, C.K.4    Plum, F.5
  • 150
    • 0015173601 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral edema: A major complication of massive hepatic necrosis
    • Ware AJ, D'Agostino AN, Combes B (1971) Cerebral edema: a major complication of massive hepatic necrosis. Gastroenterology 61:877-884
    • (1971) Gastroenterology , vol.61 , pp. 877-884
    • Ware, A.J.1    D'Agostino, A.N.2    Combes, B.3
  • 151
    • 0036909292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ammonia-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression in cultured rat astrocytes and rat brain in vivo
    • Warskulat U, Görg B, Bidmon HJ, Muller HW, Schliess F, Häussinger D (2002) Ammonia-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression in cultured rat astrocytes and rat brain in vivo. Glia 40:324-336
    • (2002) Glia , vol.40 , pp. 324-336
    • Warskulat, U.1    Görg, B.2    Bidmon, H.J.3    Muller, H.W.4    Schliess, F.5    Häussinger, D.6
  • 154
    • 0023820776 scopus 로고
    • 15N] glutamine: Implications for the glutamine-glutamate cycle
    • 15N] glutamine: implications for the glutamine-glutamate cycle. J Neurochem 51:843-850
    • (1988) J Neurochem , vol.51 , pp. 843-850
    • Yudkoff, M.1    Nissim, I.2    Pleasure, D.3
  • 155
    • 0030848374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial implication in accidental and programmed cell death: Apoptosis and necrosis
    • Zamzami N, Hirsch T, Dallaporta B, Petit PX, Kroemer G (1997) Mitochondrial implication in accidental and programmed cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. J Bioenerg Biomembr 29:185-193
    • (1997) J Bioenerg Biomembr , vol.29 , pp. 185-193
    • Zamzami, N.1    Hirsch, T.2    Dallaporta, B.3    Petit, P.X.4    Kroemer, G.5
  • 156
    • 0018627047 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral amino acid levels and uptake in rats after portocaval anastomosis: II. Regional studies in vivo
    • Zanchin G, Rigotti P, Dussini N, Vassanelli P, Battistin L (1979) Cerebral amino acid levels and uptake in rats after portocaval anastomosis: II. Regional studies in vivo. J Neurosci Res 4:301-310
    • (1979) J Neurosci Res , vol.4 , pp. 301-310
    • Zanchin, G.1    Rigotti, P.2    Dussini, N.3    Vassanelli, P.4    Battistin, L.5
  • 157
    • 0038403914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excitotoxic mechanism of cell swelling in rat cerebral cortical slices treated acutely with ammonia
    • Zielinska M, Law RO, Albrecht J (2003) Excitotoxic mechanism of cell swelling in rat cerebral cortical slices treated acutely with ammonia. Neurochem Int 43:299-303
    • (2003) Neurochem Int , vol.43 , pp. 299-303
    • Zielinska, M.1    Law, R.O.2    Albrecht, J.3
  • 158
    • 0029116916 scopus 로고
    • The mitochondrial permeability transition
    • Zoratti M, Szabo I (1995) The mitochondrial permeability transition. Biochim Biophys Acta 1241:139-176
    • (1995) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1241 , pp. 139-176
    • Zoratti, M.1    Szabo, I.2
  • 159
    • 11144300815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial permeability transitions: How many doors to the house?
    • Zoratti M, Szabo I, De Marchi U (2005) Mitochondrial permeability transitions: how many doors to the house? Biochim Biophys Acta 1706:40-52
    • (2005) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1706 , pp. 40-52
    • Zoratti, M.1    Szabo, I.2    De Marchi, U.3
  • 160
    • 0033672168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ammonia exposition on glioma cells: Changes in cell volume and organic osmolytes studied by diffusion-weighted and high-resolution NMR spectroscopy
    • Zwingmann C, Flögel U, Pfeuffer J, Leibfritz D (2000) Effects of ammonia exposition on glioma cells: changes in cell volume and organic osmolytes studied by diffusion-weighted and high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Dev Neurosci 22:463-471
    • (2000) Dev Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 463-471
    • Zwingmann, C.1    Flögel, U.2    Pfeuffer, J.3    Leibfritz, D.4
  • 161
    • 0037311146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective increase of brain lactate synthesis in experimental acute liver failure: Results of a [H-C] nuclear magnetic resonance study
    • Zwingmann C, Chatauret N, Leibfritz D, Butterworth RF (2003) Selective increase of brain lactate synthesis in experimental acute liver failure: results of a [H-C] nuclear magnetic resonance study. Hepatology 37:420-428
    • (2003) Hepatology , vol.37 , pp. 420-428
    • Zwingmann, C.1    Chatauret, N.2    Leibfritz, D.3    Butterworth, R.F.4
  • 162
    • 1642513500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective alterations of brain osmolytes in acute liver failure: Protective effect of mild hypothermia
    • Zwingmann C, Chatauret N, Rose C, Leibfritz D, Butterworth RF (2004) Selective alterations of brain osmolytes in acute liver failure: protective effect of mild hypothermia. Brain Res 999:118-123
    • (2004) Brain Res , vol.999 , pp. 118-123
    • Zwingmann, C.1    Chatauret, N.2    Rose, C.3    Leibfritz, D.4    Butterworth, R.F.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.