Ganglioside/glycosphingolipid turnover: New concepts

Glycoconjugate Journal

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 301-317

  Tettamanti, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Ganglioside metabolism; Ganglioside turnover; Glycosphingolipid salvage pathways; Glycosphingolipid signalling

Indexed keywords

CERAMIDE; FATTY ACID; GALACTOSE; GANGLIOSIDE; GLUCOSE; GLYCOSPHINGOLIPID; HEXOSAMINE; LIPID; SIALIC ACID; SPHINGOSINE; SUGAR; VIMENTIN;

BIOSYNTHESIS; CELL CULTURE; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL TRANSPORT; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; DEGRADATION; ENDOCYTOSIS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENDOSOME; GLYCOSYLATION; GOLGI COMPLEX; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; LYSOSOME; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; TURNOVER TIME;

ANIMALS; CARBOHYDRATE SEQUENCE; GANGLIOSIDES; GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS; GLYCOSYLATION; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; OLIGOSACCHARIDES;

SPHINGIODEA;

EID: 3543085572     PISSN: 02820080     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:GLYC.0000033627.02765.cc     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Singer SJ, Nicolson GL, The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes, Science 175, 720-31 (1972).
2. Simons K, Ikonen E, Functional rafts in cell membranes, Nature 387, 569-92 (1999).
3. Berridge MJ, Irvine RF, Inositol triphosphate, a novel second messenger in cellular signal transduction, Nature 312, 315-21 (1984).
4. Hakomori SI, Glycosphingolipids in cellular interaction, differentiation and oncogenesis, Ann Rev Biochem 50, 733-64 (1981).
5. Tettamanti G, Sonnino S, Ghidoni R, Masserini M, Venerando B, Chemical and functional properties of gangliosides. Their possible implication in the membrane-mediated transfer of information. In Physics of Amphiphiles: Micelles, Vesicles and Microemultions, edited by Degiorgio V, Corti M (North Holland Publs, Amsterdam, 1985), pp. 607-47.
6. Ledeen RW, Biosynthesis, metabolism and biological effect of gangliosides. In Neurobiology of glycoconjugates edited by Margolis RU, Margolis RK (Plenum Press Corp., 1989), pp. 43-83.
7. Nagai Y, Tsuji S, Cell biological significance of gangliosides in neuronal differentiation and development. In New Trends in Ganglioside Research, Neurochemical and Neuroregenerative Aspects, edited by Ledeen RW, Hogan EL, Tettamanti G, Yates AJ, Yu RK (Fidia Res. Series, Springier Verlag, 1988, vol. 14, pp. 329-50).
8. Hannun YA, Loomis CR, Merrill AHJ, Bell RM, Sphingosine inhibition of protein kinase C activity and of phorbol dibutyrate binding in vitro and in human platelets, J Biol Chem 261, 12604-9 (1986).
9. Kolesnick RN, 1,2-diacylglycerols but not phorbol esters stimulate sphingomyelin hydrolysis in GH3 pituitary cells, J Biol Chem 262, 16759-62 (1987).
10. 3 in HL-60 cells. Role in cell differentiation, J Biol Chem 264, 19076-80 (1989).
11. Hannun YA, The sphingomyelin cycle and the second messenger function of ceramide, J Biol Chem 269, 3125-28 (1994).
12. Kolesnick RN, Ceramide: A novel second messenger, Trends in Cell Biol 2, 232-6 (1992).
13. Hedlund M, Duan RD, Nilsson A, Svanborg C, Sphingomyelin, Glycosphingolipids and ceramide signalling in cells exposed to P-fimbriated Escherichia coli, Mol Microbiol 29, 1297-1306 (1998).
14. Zhang H, Desai NN, Olivera A, Seki T, Brooker G, Spiegel S, Sphingosine-1-phosphate, a novel lipid, involved in cellular proliferation, J Cell Biol 114, 155-67 (1991).
15. Schwarz A, Rapaport E, Hirschberg K, Futerman AH, A regulatory role for sphingolipids in neuronal growth. Inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis and degradation have opposite effects on axonal branching, J Biol Chem 270, 10990-8 (1995).
16. Kakugana Y, Wada T, Yamaguchi K, Yamanami H, Ouchi K, Sato I, Miyagi T, Up-regulation of plasma membrane-associated ganglioside sialidase (Neu3) in human colon cancer and its involvement in apoptosis suppression, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99, 10718-23 (2002).
17. Steinmann RM, Mellman IS, Muller WA, Cohn ZA, Endocytosis and the recycling of plasma membrane, J Cell Biol 16, 1-27 (1983).
18. Wiegandt H, Glycosphingolipids. In Advances in Lipid Research edited by Paoletti R, Kritchevsky D (Academic Press, New York, 1971), pp. 249-89.
19. Hakomori SI, Chemistry of Glycosphingolipids. In Sphingolipid Biochemistry edited by Kanfer JN, Hakomori SI (Plenum Press, New York, 1983), pp. 1-165.
20. Huwiler A, Kolter T, Pfeilschifter J, Sandhoff K, Physiology and pathophysiology of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling, Biochim Biophy Acta 1485, 63-9 (2000).
21. Shayman JA, Sphingolipids, Kidney Intern 58, 11-26 (2000).
22. Tadano-Aritomi T, Kubo H, Ireland P, Hikata T, Ishizuka I, Isolation and characterization of a unique sulfated ganglioside, sulfated GM1a, from rat kidney, Glycobiology 8, 341-50 (1998).
23. Anderson RG, The caveolae membrane system, Annu Rev Biochem 67, 199-225 (1998).
24. Brown DA, London E, Functions of lipid rafts in biological membranes, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 14, 111-36 (1998).
25. Hakomori SI, Handa K, Jwabuchi K, Yamamura S, Prinetti A, New insights in glycosphingolipid function: "Glycosignaling domain", a cell surface assembly of glycosphingolipids with signal transducer molecules, involved in cell adhesion coupled with signaling, Glycobiology 8, XI-XIX (1998).
26. Kolesnick R, Gonni FM, Alonso A, Compartmentalization of ceramide signaling: Physical foundations and biological effects, J Cell Physiol 184, 285-300 (2000).
27. Hakomori SI, Glycosphingolipids in cellular interaction, differentiation and ontogenesis, Annu Rev Biochem 50, 733-64 (1981).
28. Tettamanti G, Toward the understanding of the functional role of gangliosides. In New Trends in ganglioside research: Neurochemical and neuroregenerative aspects edited by Ledeen RW, Hogan EL, Tettamanti G, Yates AJ, Yu RK (Fidia Research Series, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1988), vol. 14, pp. 625-46.
29. Ledeen RW, Wu G, Ganglioside function in the neuron, Trends Glycosci Glycotechnol 4, 174-87 (1992).
30. Hannun YA, Luberto C, Argraves KM, Enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism: From modular to integrative signaling, Biochemistry 40, 4893-4903 (2001).
31. Merrill Jr. AH, De novo sphingolipid biosynthesis: A necessary but dangerous pathway, J Biol Chem 277, 25843-6 (2002).
32. Merrill Jr. AH, Sullards MC, Wang E, Voss KA, Riley RT, Sphingolipid metabolism: Roles in signal transduction and disruption by fumonisis, Envir Health Perspec 109, 283-9 (2001).
33. Basu S, Basu M, Dastgheib S, Hawes JW, Biosynthesis and regulation of glycosphingolipids. In Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry edited by Barton D, Nakanishi K, Meth-Cohen O, vol. 3 (edited by Pinto BM) (Pergamon Press, New York, 1999), pp. 107-28.
34. Basu S, Das K, Basu M, Glycosyltransferases in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. In Oligosaccharides in chemistry and biology - A comprehensive handbook edited by Ernst B, Sinay P, Hart G (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Germany, 2000), pp. 329-47.
35. Kolter T, Proia RL, Sandhoff K, Combinational ganglioside biosynthesis J Biol Chem 277, 25859-62 (2002).
36. Ternes P, Franke S, Zahringer U, Sperling P, Heinz E, Identification and characterization of a sphingolipid Δ 4- desaturase family, 277, 25512-18 (2002).
37. Gatt S, Enzymatic hydrolysis of sphingolipids. I. Hydrolysis and synthesis of ceramides by an enzyme from rat brain, J Biol Chem 241, 3724-30 (1966).
38. Basu S, Kaufman B, Roseman S, Enzymatic synthesis of glucocerebroside by a glucosyltransferase from embryonic chicken brain, J Biol Chem 248, 1388-94 (1973).
39. Ichikawa S, Sakiyama H, Suzuki G, Hidari KI, Hirabayashi Y, Expression cloning of a cDNA for human ceramide glucosyltransferase that catalyzes the first glycosylation step of glycosphingolipid synthesis, Proc Natl Acad Sci 93, 4638-43 (1996).
40. Paul P, Kamisaka Y, Marks DL, Pagano RE, Purification and characterization of UDP-glucose: Ceramide glucosyltransferase from rat liver Golgi membranes, J Biol Chem 271, 2287-93 (1996).
41. Basu S, Schultz A, Basu M, Roseman S, Enzymatic synthesis of galactocerebroside by a galactosyltransferase from embryonic chicken brain, J Biol Chem 243, 4272-9 (1971).
42. Morell P, Radin P, Synthesis of cerebroside by brain from uridine diphosphate galactose and ceramide containing hydroxy fatty acid, Biochemistry 8, 506-12 (1969).
43. Schulte S, Stoffel W, Ceramide UDPgalactosyltransferase from myelinating rat brain: Purification coding and expression, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 10265-9 (1993).
44. Sunderam KS, Lev M, Purification and activation of brain sulfotransferase, J Biol Chem 267, 24041-4 (1992).
45. Basu S, Kaufman B, Roseman S, Enzymatic synthesis of ceramide glucose and ceramide lactose by glycosyltransferase from embryonic chicken brain, J Biol Chem 243, 5802-4 (1968).
46. Nomurova T, Takizawa M, Aoki J, Arai H, Inoue K, Wakisaka E, Yoshizuka N, Imokawa G, Dohmae N, Takio K, Hattori M, Matsuo N, Purification, cDNA cloning, and expression of UDP-Gal: Glucosylceramide, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase from rat brain, J Biol Chem 273, 13570-7 (1998).
47. Keenan TW, Morre JD, Basu S, Ganglioside biosynthesis: Concentration of glycosphingolipid glycosyltransferase in Golgi apparatus from rat liver, J Biol Chem 249, 310 (1974).
48. Maccioni HJF, Daniotti JE, Martina JA, Organisation of ganglioside synthesis in the Golgi apparatus, Biochim Biophys Acta 1437, 101-18 (1999).
49. Giraudo CG, Rosales Fritz VM, Maccioni HJ, GA2/GM2/GD2 synthase localizes to the trans-golgi network of CHO-K1 cells, Biochem J 342, 633-40 (1999).
50. Daniotti JL, Martina JA, Giraudo CG, Zurita AR, Maccioni HJ, GM3 alpha 2,8-sialyltransferase (GD3 synthase): Protein characterization and sub-Golgi location in CHO-K1 cells, J Neurochem 74, 1711-20 (2000).
51. Martina JA, Daniotti JL, Maccioni HJ, Influence of N-glycosylation and N-glycan trimming on the activity and intracellular traffic of GD3 synthase, J Biol Chem 273, 3725-31 (1998).
52. Giraudo CG, Daniotti JL, Maccioni HJ, Physical and functional association of glycolipid N-acetyl-galactosaminyl and galactosyl transferases in the Golgi apparatus, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 1625-30 (2001).
53. Maccioni HJF, Giraudo CG, Daniotti JL, Understanding the stepwise synthesis of glycolipids, Neurochemical Research 27, 629-36 (2002).
54. Roseman S, The synthesis of complex carbohydrates by multiglycosyltransferase systems and their potential function in intercellular adhesion, Chem Phys Lipids 5, 270-97 (1970).
55. Basu S, Basu M, Chien JL, Prosper KA, Biosynthesis of gangliosides in tissues. In Structure and Function of Gangliosides edited by Svennerholm L, Dreyfus H, Urban PE (Plenum Publ. Press, New York, 1980), pp. 213-226.
56. Basu S, Basu M, Das KK, Daussin F, Schaeper RJ, Banerjee P, Khan P, Suzuki FA, Solubilized glycosyltransferases and biosynthesis in vitro of glycolipids, Biochimie 70, 1551-63 (1988).
57. Kolodny EH, Kanfer J, Quirk JM, Brady RO, Properties of a particle-bound enzyme from rat intestine that cleaves sialic acid from Tay-Sachs ganglioside, J Biol Chem 246, 1426-31 (1971).
58. Riboni L, Caminiti A, Bassi R, Tettamanti G, The degradative pathway of gangliosides GM1 and GM2 in Neuro2a cells by sialidase, J Neurochem 64, 451-4 (1995).
59. Sango K, Yamanaka S, Hoffman A, Okuda Y, Grinberg A, Westphal H, MacDonald MP, Grawley JN, Sandhoff K, Suzuki K, Proia RL, Mouse models of Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases differ in neurologic phenotype and ganglioside metabolism, Nat Genetics 11, 170-6 (1995).
60. Miyagi T, Tsuiki S, Evidence for sialidase hydrolyzing ganglioside GM2 and GM1 in rat plasma membrane, FEBS Letters 206, 223-8 (1986).
61. Ito M, Yamagata T, A novel glycosphingolipid-degrading enzyme cleaves the linkage between the oligosaccharide and ceramide of neutral and acidic glycosphingolipids, J Biol Chem 261, 14278-82 (1986).
62. Zhou B, Li SC, Laine RA, Huang RTC, Li YT, Isolation and characterization of ceramide glycanase from the leech, Macrobdella decora, J Biol Chem 264, 12272-7 (1989).
63. Ito M, Ikegami Y, Yamagata T, Activator proteins for glycosphingolipid hydrolysis by endoglycoceramidases. Elucidation of biological functions of cell-surface glycosphingolipids in situ by endoglycoceramidases made possible using these activator proteins, J Biol Chem 266, 7919-26 (1991).
64. Basu M, Girzadas M, Dastgheib S, Baker J, Rossi F, Radin NS, Basu S, Ceramide glycanase from rat mammary tissues: Inhibition by PPMP(D-/L.) and its probable role in signal transduction, Indian J Biochem Biophys 34, 142-9 (1997).
65. Basu M, Kelly P, Girzadas M, Li Z, Basu S, Properties of animal ceramide glycanases, Methods in Enzymology 311, 287-97 (2000).
66. Dastgheib S, Basu SS, Li Z, Basu M, Basu S, Analysis of glycosphingolipids using clam (cercenaria mercenaria) ceramide glycanase. In Methods in Enzymology edited by Merrill Jr. AH, Hannun YA, vol. 312 Part B, (Academic Press, NY 2000), pp. 196-205.
67. Hirabayashi Y, Kimura M, Matsumoto M, Yamamoto K, Kadowaki S, Tochikura T, A novel glycosphingolipid hydrolyzing enzyme, glycosphingolipid ceramide deacylase, which cleaves the linkage between the fatty acid and sphingosine base in glycosphingolipids, J Biochem 103, 1-4 (1988).
68. Furusato M, Sueyoshi N, Mitsutake S, Sakaguchi K, Kita K, Okino N, Ichinose S, Omori A, Ito M, Molecular cloning and characterization of sphingolipid ceramide N-deacylase from a marine bacterium, Shewanella alga G8, J Biol Chem 277, 17300-7 (2002).
69. Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Vanier MT, Sphingosylphosphorylcholine in Niemann-Pick disease brain: Accumulation in type A but not in type B, Neurochem Res 24, 199-205 (1999).
70. Goi G, Bairati C, Massaccesi L, Lovagnini A, Lombardo A, Tettamanti G, Membrane anchoring and surface distribution of glycohydrolases of human erythrocyte membranes, FEBS Letters 473, 89-94 (2000).
71. Tulsiani DR, Chayko CA, Orgebin-Crist MC, Araki Y, Temporal surge of glycosyltransferase activities in the genital tract of the hamster during the estrous cycle, Biol Reproduct 54, 1032-7 (1996).
72. Schengrund CL, Rosenberg A, Intracellular location and properties of bovine brain sialidase, J Biol Chem 245, 6196-200 (1970).
73. Tettamanti G, Morgan IG, Gombos G, Vincendon G, Mandel P, Sub-synaptosomal location of brain particulate neuraminidase, Brain Res 47, 515-8 (1972).
74. Bosmann HB, Red cell hydrolases. 3. Neuraminidase activity in isolated human erythrocyte plasma membranes, Vox Sang 26, 497-512 (1974).
75. Yohe HC, Jacobson RI, Yu RK, Ganglioside basic protein interaction: Protection of gangliosides against neuraminidase action, J Neurosci Res 9, 401-12 (1983).
76. Saito M, Yu RK, Role of myelin-associated neuraminidase in the ganglioside metabolism of rat brain myelin, J Neurochem 58, 83-7 (1992).
77. Chiarini A, Fiorilli A, Siniscalco C, Tettamanti G, Venerando B, Solubilization of the membrane-bound sialidase from pig brain by treatment with bacterial phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, J Neurochem 55, 1576-84 (1990).
78. Chiarini A, Fiorilli A, De Francesco L, Venerando B, Tettamanti G, Human erythrocyyte sialidase is linked to the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor and party located on the outer surface, Glycoconjugate J 10, 64-71 (1993).
79. Schengrund C-L, Nelson JT, Sialidase activity in mouse neuroblastoma cell lines, Neurochem Res 1, 181-90 (1976).
80. Kopitz J, von Reitzenstein C, Sinz K, Cantz M, Selective ganglioside desialylation in the plasma membrane of human neuroblastoma cells, Glycobiology 6, 367-76 (1996).
81. Monti E, Papini N, Croci GL, Tringali C, Anastasia L, Miyagi T, Preti A, Tettamanti G, Prinetti A, Sonnino S, Venerando B, In vivo activity of Mm Neu3, a plasma membrane associated sialidase, Abstract, 6th International Symposium on biochemical roles of eukariotic cell surface macromolecules, Kolkata (India), January 16-8 (2003).
82. Usuki S, Lyu SC, Sweeley CC, Sialidase activities of cultured human fibroblasts and the metabolism of GM3 ganglioside, J Biol Chem 263, 6847-53 (1988).
83. Preti A, Fiorilli A, Lombardo A, Caimi L, Tettamanti G, Occurrence of sialyltransferase activity in the synaptosomal membranes prepared from calf brain cortex. J Neurochem 35, 281-96 (1980).
84. Durrie R, Saito M, Rosenberg A, Endogenous glycosphingolipid acceptor specificity of sialosyltransferase systems in intact Golgi membranes, synaptosomes, and synaptic plasma membranes from rat brain, Biochemistry 27, 3759-64 (1988).
85. Bassi R, Riboni L, Tettamanti G, Cultured cerebellar granule cells, but not astrocytes, produce an ester of ganglioside GD1b, presumably GD1b monolactone, from exogenous GD1b, Biochem J 302, 937-42 (1994).
86. Hoekstra D, Kok JW, Trafficking of glycosphingolipids in eukaryotic cells-sorting and recycling of lipids, Biochim Biophys Acta 1113, 277-94 (1992).
87. Pagano RE, Lipid traffic in eukaryotic cell: Mechanism for intracellular transport and organelle-specific enrichment of lipids, Curr Opin Cell Biol 2, 652-63 (1990).
88. Schwarzmann G, Marsch D, Herzog V, Sandhoff K, In vitro incorporation and metabolism of gangliosides. In Gangliosides and Modulation of Neuronal Functioning NATO ASI Series, edited by Rahmann HZ, (Series H Cell Biology, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987), pp. 217-29.
89. van Meer G, Lipid traffic un animal cells, Annu Rev Cell Biol 5, 247-75 (1989).
90. Sonnino S, Chigorno V, Acquotti D, Pitto M, Kirschner G, Tettamanti G, A photoreactive derivative of radiolabeled GM1 ganglioside: Preparation and use to establish the involvement of specific proteins in GM1 uptake by human fibroblasts in culture, Biochemistry, 28, 77-84 (1989).
91. Sonnino S, Chigorno V, Valsecchi M, Pitto M, Tettamanti G, Specific ganglioside-cell protein interactions: A study performed with GM1 derivative containing photo-activable azide and rat cerebellar granule cells in culture, Neurochem Int 20, 315-21 (1992).
92. Klausner RD, Donaldson JG, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Brefeldin A: Insights into the control of membrane traffic and organelle structure, J Cell Biol 116, 1071-80 (1992).
93. Gordon CM, Lloyd RO, Endocytosis and recycling of gangliosides in a human melanoma cell line: Inhibitory effect of Brefeldin A and monensin, Arch Biochem Biophys 315, 339-44 (1994).
94. Riboni L, Bassi R, Tettamanti G, Effect of Brefeldin A on ganglioside metabolism in cultured neurons: Implications for the intracellular traffic of gangliosides. J Biochem 116, 140-6 (1994).
95. Mayor S, Presley JF, Maxfield FR, Sorting of membrane components from endosomes and subsequent recycling to the cell surface occurs by a bulk flow process, J Cell Biol 121, 1257-69 (1993).
96. Hao M, Maxfield FR, Characterization of rapid membrane internalization and recycling, J Biol Chem 275, 15279-86 (2000).
97. Riboni L, Viani P, Tettamanti G, Estimating sphingolipid metabolism and trafficking in cultured cells using radiolabeled compounds. In Methods in Enzymology edited by Merril Jr. AH, Hannun YA, (Academic Press, San Diego, 1999) vol. 311, pp. 656-682.
98. Mancini GMS, Hoogeveen AT, Galpard H, Manson JE, Svennerholm L, Ganglioside GM1 metabolism in living human fibroblasts with β-galactosidase deficiency, Hum Genet 73, 35-8 (1986).
99. Sonderfeld S, Conzelmann E, Schwarzmann G, Burg J, Hinrichs U, Sandhoff K, Incorporation and metabolism of ganglioside GM2 in skin fibroblasts from normal and GM2-gangliosidosis subjects, Eur J Biochem 149, 247-55 (1985).
100. Riboni L, Bassi R, Caminiti A, Prinetti A, Viani P, Tettamanti G, Metabolic fate of exogenous sphingosine in neuroblastoma Neuro2A cells. Dose-dependence and biological effects. In Sphingolipids as Signalling Modulators in the Nervous System, Ledeen BW, Hakomori SI, Yates AJ, Schneider YS, Yu RK, Ann NY Acad Sci vol. 845, 46-56 (1998).
101. Renlund M, Tietze F, Gahl WA, Defective sialic acid egress from isolated fibroblast lysosomes of patients with Salla disease, Science, 232, 759-62 (1986).
102. Mancini GMS, de Jonge HR, Galjaard H, Verheijen FW, Characterization of proton-driven carrier of sialic acid in the lysosomal membrane. Evidence for a group specific transport system for acidic monosaccharides, J Biol Chem 264, 15247-1525 (1989).
103. Ghidoni R, Sonnino S, Chigorno V, Venerando B, Tettamanti G, Occurrence of glycosylation and deglycosylation of exogenously administered ganglioside GM1 in mouse liver, Biochem J 213, 321-9 (1983).
104. Ghidoni R, Trinchera M, Venerando B, Fiorilli A, Sonnino S, Tettamanti G, Incorporation and metabolism of exogenous GM1 ganglioside in rat liver. Biochem J 237, 147-55 (1986).
105. Ghidoni R, Trinchera M, Sonnino S, Chigorno V, Tettamanti G, The sialic acid residue of exogenous GM1 ganglioside is recycled for biosynthesis of sialoglycoconjugates in rat liver, Biochem J 247, 157-64 (1987).
106. Trinchera M, Ghidoni R, Greggia L, Tettamanti G, The N- acetylgalactosamine of exogenous GM2 gangliosides is recycled for glycoconjugate biosynthesis in rat liver, Biochem J 166, 103-6 (1990).
107. Trinchera M, Ghidoni R, Sonnino S, Tettamanti G, Recycling of glucosylceramide and sphingosine for the biosynthesis of gangliosides and sphingomyelin in rat liver. Biochem J 270, 815-20 (1990).
108. Trinchera M, Wiesmann U, Pitto M, Acquotti D, Ghidoni R, Different metabolic recycling of the lipid components of exogenous sulphatide inhuman fibroblasts, Biochem J 252, 275-379 (1988).
109. Chigorno V, Riva C, Valsecchi M, Nicolini M, Brocca P, Sonnino S, Metabolic processing of gangliosides by human fibroblasts in culture. Formation and recycling of separate pools of sphingosine. Eur J Biochem 250, 661-9 (1997).
110. Ghidoni R, Riboni L, Tettamanti G, Metabolism of exogenous gangliosides in cerebellar granule cells differentiated in culture, J Neurochem 53, 1567-74 (1989).
111. Riboni L, Prinetti A, Pitto M, Tettamanti G, Patterns of endogenous gangliosides and metabolic processing of exogenous gangliosides in cerebellar granule cells during differentiation in culture, Neurochem Res 15, 1175-83 (1990).
112. Riboni L, Tettamanti G, Rapid internalization and intracellular metabolic processing of exogenous ganglioside by cerebellar granule cells in culture, J Neurochem 57, 1931-1039 (1991).
113. Riboni L, Bassi R, Corti M, Tettamanti G, Metabolism of exogenous ganglioside GM1 in cultured cerebellar granule cells. The fatty acid and sphingosine moieties formed during degradation are re-used for lipid biosynthesis, FEBS Lett 322, 257-60 (1993).
114. Riboni L, Bassi R, Prinetti A, Tettamanti G, Salvage of metabolic products in ganglioside metabolism: A study on rat cerebellar granule cells in culture. FEBS Lett 391, 336-40 (1996).
115. Fredman P, Mansson JE, Rynmark BM, Josefsen K, Eklond A, Hallner L, Ostebye T, Horn T, Buschard K, The glycosphingolipid sulfatide in the islets of Langherhans in rat pancreas is processed through recycling: Possible involvement in insulin trafficking, Glycobiology 10, 39-50 (2000).
116. Sofer A, Schwarzmann G, Futerman AH, The internalization of a short acyl chain analogue of ganglioside GM1 in polarized neurons, J Cell Sci 109, 2111-9 (1996).
117. Kok JW, Eskelinen S, Hoeckstra K, Hoeckstra D, Salvage of glucosylceramide by recycling after internalization along the pathway of receptor-mediated endocytosis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86, 9896-9900 (1989).
118. Kok JW, Hoeckstra K, Eskelinen S, Hoeckstra D, Recycling pathways of glucosylceramide in BH cells: Distinct involvement of early and late endosomes, J Cell Sci 103, 1139-52 (1992).
119. Sakakibara K, Momoi T, Uchida T, Nagai Y, Evidence for association of glycosphingolipid with a colchicine-sensitive microtubule-like cytoskeletal structure of cultured cells, Nature 293, 76-9 (1981).
120. Gillard BK, Heath JP, Thurmon LT, Marcus DM, Association of glycosphingolipids with intermediate filaments of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Exp Cell Res 192, 433-44 (1991).
121. Gillard BK, Thurmon LT, Harrell RG, Capetanaki Y, Saito M, Yu RK, Marcus DM, Biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids is reduced in the absence of a vimentin intermediate filament network, J Cell Sci 107, 3545-55 (1994).
122. Gillard BK, Harrell RG, Marcus DM, Pathways of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis in SWIB cells in the presence and absence of vimentin intermediate filaments, Glycobiology 6, 33-42 (1996).
123. Gillard BK, Clement RG, Marcus DM, Variations among cell lines in the synthesis of sphingolipids in de novo and recycling pathways, Glycobiology 8, 885-90 (1998).
124. Gillard BK, Clement RG, Colucci-Gruyon L, Babinet C, Schwarzmann G, Taki T, Kasama T, Marcus DM, Decreased synthesis of glycosphingolipids in cells lacking vimentin intermediate filaments, Expt Cell Res 242, 561-72 (1998).
125. Fishman PH, Bradley RM, Hom BE, Moss J, Uptake and metabolism of exogenous gangliosides by cultured cells: Effect of choleragen on the turnover of GM1, J Lipid Res 24, 1002-11 (1983).
126. Medlock KA, Merrill Jr. AH, Rapid turnover of sphingosine synthesized de novo from [14C] serine by Chinese hamster ovary cells, Biochem Biophys Res Comm 157, 232-7 (1988).
127. Rump JA, Phillips J, Decker K, Biosynthesis of gangliosides in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Determination of the net synthesis of individual gangliosides by incorporation of labeled N-acetylmannosamine, Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 367, 425-32 (1986).
128. Miller-Podraza H, Fishman PH, Translocation of newly synthesized gangliosides to the cell surface, Biochemistry 21, 3265-70 (1982).
129. Ravasi D, Ferraretto A, Omodeo-Salè MF, Tettamanti G, Pitto M, Masserini M, Ethanol-induced increase of sphingosine recycling for ganglioside biosynthesis: A study performed on cerebellar granule cells in culture, J Neurosci Res 69, 80-5 (2002).
130. Svennerholm L, Ganglioside designation. In Structure and Function of Ganglioside edited by Svennerholm L, Mandel P, Dreyfus H, Urban PF, Adv. Lxp. Med. Biol. (Plenum Press, New York, 1980), vol. 125, p. 11.