Neural networks a century after Cajal

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 55, Issue 2 SPEC. ISS., 2007, Pages 264-284

  Jermakowicz, Walter J ^a,b   Casagrande, Vivien A ^a,b  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Coding; Golgi; Oscillations; Synchrony; Visual cortex

Indexed keywords

AUDITORY SYSTEM; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; COILED BODY; GOLGI COMPLEX; NERVE CELL; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM;

EID: 35148819168     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.003     Document Type: Review

References (204)

1. Abeles M. Role of the cortical neuron: integrator or coincidence detector?. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 18 (1982) 83-92
2. Adelson E.H., and Movshon J.A. Phenomenal coherence of moving visual patterns. Nature 300 (1982) 523-525
3. Adrian E.D. Olfactory reactions in the brain of the hedgehog. J. Physiol. 100 (1942) 459-473
4. Adrian E.D. The electrical activity of the mammalian olfactory bulb. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2 (1950) 377-388
5. Aertsen A.M., Gerstein G.L., Habib M.K., and Palm G. Dynamics of neuronal firing correlation: modulation of "effective connectivity". J. Neurophysiol. 61 (1989) 900-917
6. Agmon-Snir H., and Segev I. Signal delay and input synchronization in passive dendritic structures. J. Neurophysiol. 70 (1993) 2066-2085
7. Alais D., Blake R., and Lee S.H. Visual features that vary together over time group together over space. Nat. Neurosci. 1 (1998) 160-164
8. Alloway K.D., Zhang M., Dick S.H., and Roy S.A. Pervasive synchronization of local neural networks in the secondary somatosensory cortex of cats during focal cutaneous stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 147 (2002) 227-242
9. Alonso J.M., Usrey W.M., and Reid R.C. Precisely correlated firing in cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature 383 (1996) 815-819
10. Angelucci A., Levitt J.B., Walton E.J., Hupe J.M., Bullier J., and Lund J.S. Circuits for local and global signal integration in primary visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 8633-8646
11. Ashida G., Abe K., Funabiki K., and Konishi M. Passive soma facilitates submillisecond coincidence detection in the owl's auditory system. J. Neurophysiol. 97 (2006) 2267-2282
12. Azouz R., and Gray C.M. Adaptive coincidence detection and dynamic gain control in visual cortical neurons in vivo. Neuron 37 (2003) 513-523
13. Bair W., and Koch C. Temporal precision of spike trains in extrastriate cortex of the behaving macaque monkey. Neural Comput. 8 (1996) 1185-1202
14. Bair W., Koch C., Newsome W., and Britten K. Power spectrum analysis of bursting cells in area MT in the behaving monkey. J. Neurosci. 14 (1994) 2870-2892
15. Baker S.N., Kilner J.M., Pinches E.M., and Lemon R.N. The role of synchrony and oscillations in the motor output. Exp. Brain Res. 128 (1999) 109-117
16. Baker S.N., Pinches E.M., and Lemon R.N. Synchronization in monkey motor cortex during a precision grip task. II. Effect of oscillatory activity on corticospinal output. J. Neurophysiol. 89 (2003) 1941-1953
17. Bauer M., Oostenveld R., Peeters M., and Fries P. Tactile spatial attention enhances gamma-band activity in somatosensory cortex and reduces low-frequency activity in parieto-occipital areas. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 490-501
18. Bernander O., Douglas R.J., Martin K.A., and Koch C. Synaptic background activity influences spatiotemporal integration in single pyramidal cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88 (1991) 11569-11573
19. Berry M.J., and Meister M. Refractoriness and neural precision. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 2200-2211
20. Berry M.J., Warland D.K., and Meister M. The structure and precision of retinal spike trains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 (1997) 5411-5416
21. Biederlack J., Castelo-Branco M., Neuenschwander S., Wheeler D.W., Singer W., and Nikolic D. Brightness induction: rate enhancement and neuronal synchronization as complementary codes. Neuron 52 (2006) 1073-1083
22. Brecht M., Singer W., and Engel A.K. Amplitude and direction of saccadic eye movements depend on the synchronicity of collicular population activity. J. Neurophysiol. 92 (2004) 424-432
23. Brosch M., and Schreiner C.E. Correlations between neural discharges are related to receptive field properties in cat primary auditory cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11 (1999) 3517-3530
24. Bruno R.M., and Sakmann B. Cortex is driven by weak but synchronously active thalamocortical synapses. Science 312 (2006) 1622-1627
25. Buracas G.T., Zador A.M., DeWeese M.R., and Albright T.D. Efficient discrimination of temporal patterns by motion-sensitive neurons in primate visual cortex. Neuron 20 (1998) 959-969
26. Cangiano L., and Grillner S. Mechanisms of rhythm generation in a spinal locomotor network deprived of crossed connections: the lamprey hemicord. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 923-935
27. Caplan J.B., Madsen J.R., Raghavachari S., and Kahana M.J. Distinct patterns of brain oscillations underlie two basic parameters of human maze learning. J. Neurophysiol. 86 (2001) 368-380
28. Caplan J.B., Madsen J.R., Schulze-Bonhage A., Aschenbrenner-Scheibe R., Newman E.L., and Kahana M.J. Human theta oscillations related to sensorimotor integration and spatial learning. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 4726-4736
29. Casagrande V.A., and Wiencken-Barger A.E. Developmental plasticity in the mammalian visual system. In: Kaas J.H. (Ed). The mutable brain. Dynamic and plastic features of the developing and mature brain (2000), Harwood Academic Publishers, The Netherlands 1-48
30. Casagrande V.A., Xu X., and Sary G. Static and dynamic views of visual cortical organization. Prog. Brain Res. 136 (2002) 389-408
31. Castelo-Branco M., Neuenschwander S., and Singer W. Synchronization of visual responses between the cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus, and retina in the anesthetized cat. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 6395-6410
32. Castelo-Branco M., Goebel R., Neuenschwander S., and Singer W. Neural synchrony correlates with surface segregation rules. Nature 405 (2000) 685-689
33. Christie J.M., Bark C., Hormuzdi S.G., Helbig I., Monyer H., and Westbrook G.L. Connexin36 mediates spike synchrony in olfactory bulb glomeruli. Neuron 46 (2005) 761-772
34. Cohen D., and Nicolelis M.A. Reduction of single-neuron firing uncertainty by cortical ensembles during motor skill learning. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 3574-3582
35. Constantine-Paton M., and Cline H.T. LTP and activity-dependent synaptogenesis: the more alike they are, the more different they become. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8 (1998) 139-148
36. Corbetta M., and Shulman G.L. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat. Rev., Neurosci. 3 (2002) 201-215
37. Crick F., and Koch C. Some reflections on visual awareness. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 55 (1990) 953-962
38. Crick F., and Koch C. A framework for consciousness. Nat. Neurosci. 6 (2003) 119-126
39. Dakin S.C., and Bex P.J. Role of synchrony in contour binding: some transient doubts sustained. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Opt. Image Sci. Vis. 19 (2002) 678-686
40. Dan Y., Alonso J.M., Usrey W.M., and Reid R.C. Coding of visual information by precisely correlated spikes in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Nat. Neurosci. 1 (1998) 501-507
41. Debener S., Herrmann C.S., Kranczioch C., Gembris D., and Engel A.K. Top-down attentional processing enhances auditory evoked gamma band activity. NeuroReport 14 (2003) 683-686
42. Desimone R., and Duncan J. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18 (1995) 193-222
43. Desimone R., and Schein S.J. Visual properties of neurons in area V4 of the macaque: sensitivity to stimulus form. J. Neurophysiol. 57 (1987) 835-868
44. Desimone R., Schein S.J., Moran J., and Ungerleider L.G. Contour, color and shape analysis beyond the striate cortex. Vis. Res. 25 (1985) 441-452
45. Eckhorn R. Oscillatory and non-oscillatory synchronizations in the visual cortex and their possible roles in associations of visual features. Prog. Brain Res. 102 (1994) 405-426
46. Eckhorn R. Neural mechanisms of visual feature grouping. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 34 (2000) 27-42
47. Eckhorn R., Bauer R., Jordan W., Brosch M., Kruse W., Munk M., and Reitboeck H.J. Coherent oscillations: a mechanism of feature linking in the visual cortex? Multiple electrode and correlation analyses in the cat. Biol. Cybern. 60 (1988) 121-130
48. Engel A.K., and Singer W. Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness. Trends Cogn. Sci. 5 (2001) 16-25
49. Engel A.K., Konig P., Gray C.M., and Singer W. Stimulus-dependent neuronal oscillations in cat visual cortex: inter-columnar interaction as determined by cross-correlation analysis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2 (1990) 588-606
50. Engel A.K., Konig P., and Singer W. Direct physiological evidence for scene segmentation by temporal coding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88 (1991) 9136-9140
51. Ermentrout B., Flores J., and Gelperin A. Minimal model of oscillations and waves in the Limax olfactory lobe with tests of the model's predictive power. J. Neurophysiol. 79 (1998) 2677-2689
52. Fahle M. Figure-ground discrimination from temporal information. Proc. Biol. Sci. 254 (1993) 199-203
53. Fell J., Klaver P., Lehnertz K., Grunwald T., Schaller C., Elger C.E., and Fernandez G. Human memory formation is accompanied by rhinal-hippocampal coupling and decoupling. Nat. Neurosci. 4 (2001) 1259-1264
54. Fell J., Klaver P., Elfadil H., Schaller C., Elger C.E., and Fernandez G. Rhinal-hippocampal theta coherence during declarative memory formation: interaction with gamma synchronization?. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17 (2003) 1082-1088
55. Felleman D.J., and Van Essen D.C. Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex 1 (1991) 1-47
56. Fellin T., Pascual O., Gobbo S., Pozzan T., Haydon P.G., and Carmignoto G. Neuronal synchrony mediated by astrocytic glutamate through activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. Neuron 43 (2004) 729-743
57. Freeman W.J. Measurement of oscillatory responses to electrical stimulation in olfactory bulb of cat. J. Neurophysiol. 35 (1972) 762-779
58. Friedrich R.W., Habermann C.J., and Laurent G. Multiplexing using synchrony in the zebrafish olfactory bulb. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004) 862-871
59. Fries P., Reynolds J.H., Rorie A.E., and Desimone R. Modulation of oscillatory neuronal synchronization by selective visual attention. Science 291 (2001) 1560-1563
60. Ghose G.M., and Freeman R.D. Oscillatory discharge in the visual system: does it have a functional role?. J. Neurophysiol. 68 (1992) 1558-1574
61. Ghose G.M., Ohzawa I., and Freeman R.D. Receptive-field maps of correlated discharge between pairs of neurons in the cat's visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 71 (1994) 330-346
62. Gilbert C.D., and Wiesel T.N. Clustered intrinsic connections in cat visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 3 (1983) 1116-1133
63. Gray C.M., and McCormick D.A. Chattering cells: superficial pyramidal neurons contributing to the generation of synchronous oscillations in the visual cortex. Science 274 (1996) 109-113
64. Gray C.M., and Singer W. Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86 (1989) 1698-1702
65. Gray C.M., and Viana D.P. Stimulus-dependent neuronal oscillations and local synchronization in striate cortex of the alert cat. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 3239-3253
66. Gray C.M., Konig P., Engel A.K., and Singer W. Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature 338 (1989) 334-337
67. Grillner S. The motor infrastructure: from ion channels to neuronal networks. Nat. Rev., Neurosci. 4 (2003) 573-586
68. Gross J., Schmitz F., Schnitzler I., Kessler K., Shapiro K., Hommel B., and Schnitzler A. Modulation of long-range neural synchrony reflects temporal limitations of visual attention in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (2004) 13050-13055
69. Grossberg S. Linking the laminar circuits of visual cortex to visual perception: development, grouping, and attention. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25 (2001) 513-526
70. Grossberg S., Mingolla E., and Todorovic D. A neural network architecture for preattentive vision. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 36 (1989) 65-84
71. Guderian S., and Duzel E. Induced theta oscillations mediate large-scale synchrony with mediotemporal areas during recollection in humans. Hippocampus 15 (2005) 901-912
72. Hahnloser R.H., Kozhevnikov A.A., and Fee M.S. An ultra-sparse code underlies the generation of neural sequences in a songbird. Nature 419 (2002) 65-70
73. Hansel D., and Sompolinsky H. Chaos and synchrony in a model of a hypercolumn in visual cortex. J. Comput. Neurosci. 3 (1996) 7-34
74. Hebb D.O. The Organization of Behavior: a Neuropsychological Theory (1949), Wiley, New York
75. Herrmann C.S., Lenz D., Junge S., Busch N.A., and Maess B. Memory-matches evoke human gamma-responses. BMC Neurosci. 5 (2004) 13
76. Hill K.G., Stange G., and Mo J. Temporal synchronization in the primary auditory response in the pigeon. Hear. Res. 39 (1989) 63-73
77. Ikegaya Y., Aaron G., Cossart R., Aronov D., Lampl I., Ferster D., and Yuste R. Synfire chains and cortical songs: temporal modules of cortical activity. Science 304 (2004) 559-564
78. Jarvis M.R., and Mitra P.P. Sampling properties of the spectrum and coherency of sequences of action potentials. Neural Comput. 13 (2001) 717-749
79. Jermakowicz W.J., Chen X., Khaytin I., Zhou Z., Bernard M.R., Bonds A.B., and Casagrande V.A. Is local neuronal synchrony better at discriminating stimulus spatial frequency in primary visual cortex (V1) than firing rate?. Society for Neuroscience (2006) (Program No. 734.12/J14)
80. Jermakowicz W.J., Chen X., Khaytin I., Zhou Z., Bernard M.R., Bonds A.B., and Casagrande V.A. Is synchrony a reasonable coding strategy for visual areas beyond V1 in primates?. Vision Sciences Society, #425, Journal of Vision (2007)
81. Kara P., Reinagel P., and Reid R.C. Low response variability in simultaneously recorded retinal, thalamic, and cortical neurons. Neuron 27 (2000) 635-646
82. Karbowski J., and Kopell N. Multispikes and synchronization in a large neural network with temporal delays. Neural Comput. 12 (2000) 1573-1606
83. Kargo W.J., and Nitz D.A. Improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio of motor cortex cells distinguish early versus late phases of motor skill learning. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 5560-5569
84. Kiehn O. Locomotor circuits in the mammalian spinal cord. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 29 (2006) 279-306
85. Kisvarday Z.F., Toth E., Rausch M., and Eysel U.T. Orientation-specific relationship between populations of excitatory and inhibitory lateral connections in the visual cortex of the cat. Cereb. Cortex 7 (1997) 605-618
86. Kleschevnikov A.M., Sokolov M.V., Kuhnt U., Dawe G.S., Stephenson J.D., and Voronin L.L. Changes in paired-pulse facilitation correlate with induction of long-term potentiation in area CA1 of rat hippocampal slices. Neuroscience 76 (1997) 829-843
87. Koch C., Rapp M., and Segev I. A brief history of time (constants). Cereb. Cortex 6 (1996) 93-101
88. Koffka K. Principals of Gestalt Psychology (1935), Lund Humphries, London
89. Kohn A., and Smith M.A. Stimulus dependence of neuronal correlation in primary visual cortex of the macaque. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 3661-3673
90. Konig P., Engel A.K., and Singer W. Integrator or coincidence detector? The role of the cortical neuron revisited. Trends Neurosci. 19 (1996) 130-137
91. Kreiter A.K., and Singer W. Oscillatory neuronal responses in the visual cortex of the awake macaque monkey. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4 (1992) 369-375
92. Kreiter A.K., and Singer W. Stimulus-dependent synchronization of neuronal responses in the visual cortex of the awake macaque monkey. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 2381-2396
93. Kuba H., Yamada R., Fukui I., and Ohmori H. Tonotopic specialization of auditory coincidence detection in nucleus laminaris of the chick. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 1924-1934
94. Kuba H., Ishii T.M., and Ohmori H. Axonal site of spike initiation enhances auditory coincidence detection. Nature 444 (2006) 1069-1072
95. Lafreniere-Roula M., and McCrea D.A. Deletions of rhythmic motoneuron activity during fictive locomotion and scratch provide clues to the organization of the mammalian central pattern generator. J. Neurophysiol. 94 (2005) 1120-1132
96. Lamme V.A., and Spekreijse H. Neuronal synchrony does not represent texture segregation. Nature 396 (1998) 362-366
97. Laurent G. Dynamical representation of odors by oscillating and evolving neural assemblies. Trends Neurosci. 19 (1996) 489-496
98. Laurent G., and Naraghi M. Odorant-induced oscillations in the mushroom bodies of the locust. J. Neurosci. 14 (1994) 2993-3004
99. Laurent G., Wehr M., and Davidowitz H. Temporal representations of odors in an olfactory network. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 3837-3847
100. Leonards U., Singer W., and Fahle M. The influence of temporal phase differences on texture segmentation. Vis. Res. 36 (1996) 2689-2697
101. Lowel S., and Singer W. Selection of intrinsic horizontal connections in the visual cortex by correlated neuronal activity. Science 255 (1992) 209-212
102. Lumer E.D., Edelman G.M., and Tononi G. Neural dynamics in a model of the thalamocortical system. II. The role of neural synchrony tested through perturbations of spike timing. Cereb. Cortex 7 (1997) 228-236
103. Machens C.K., Stemmler M.B., Prinz P., Krahe R., Ronacher B., and Herz A.V. Representation of acoustic communication signals by insect auditory receptor neurons. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 3215-3227
104. MacLeod K., and Laurent G. Distinct mechanisms for synchronization and temporal patterning of odor-encoding neural assemblies. Science 274 (1996) 976-979
105. MacLeod K., Backer A., and Laurent G. Who reads temporal information contained across synchronized and oscillatory spike trains?. Nature 395 (1998) 693-698
106. Marois R., Chun M.M., and Gore J.C. Neural correlates of the attentional blink. Neuron 28 (2000) 299-308
107. Mason A.C., and Faure P.A. The physiology of insect auditory afferents. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63 (2004) 338-350
108. Matsuyama K., Nakajima K., Mori F., Aoki M., and Mori S. Lumbar commissural interneurons with reticulospinal inputs in the cat: morphology and discharge patterns during fictive locomotion. J. Comp. Neurol. 474 (2004) 546-561
109. Maynard E.M., Hatsopoulos N.G., Ojakangas C.L., Acuna B.D., Sanes J.N., Normann R.A., and Donoghue J.P. Neuronal interactions improve cortical population coding of movement direction. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 8083-8093
110. McClelland J.L., McNaughton B.L., and O'Reilly R.C. Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychol. Rev. 102 (1995) 419-457
111. Meijers L.M., and Eijkman E.G. The motor system in simple reaction time experiments. Acta Psychol. (Amst) 38 (1974) 367-377
112. Meister M., Lagnado L., and Baylor D.A. Concerted signaling by retinal ganglion cells. Science 270 (1995) 1207-1210
113. Melloni L., Molina C., Pena M., Torres D., Singer W., and Rodriguez E. Synchronization of neural activity across cortical areas correlates with conscious perception. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007) 2858-2865
114. Merriam E.B., Netoff T.I., and Banks M.I. Bistable network behavior of layer I interneurons in auditory cortex. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 6175-6186
115. Moiseff A., and Konishi M. Neuronal and behavioral sensitivity to binaural time differences in the owl. J. Neurosci. 1 (1981) 40-48
116. Munk M.H., Roelfsema P.R., Konig P., Engel A.K., and Singer W. Role of reticular activation in the modulation of intracortical synchronization. Science 272 (1996) 271-274
117. Murthy V.N., and Fetz E.E. Coherent 25- to 35-Hz oscillations in the sensorimotor cortex of awake behaving monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89 (1992) 5670-5674
118. Murthy V.N., and Fetz E.E. Synchronization of neurons during local field potential oscillations in sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 76 (1996) 3968-3982
119. Murthy V.N., and Fetz E.E. Oscillatory activity in sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys: synchronization of local field potentials and relation to behavior. J. Neurophysiol. 76 (1996) 3949-3967
120. Narayanan N.S., Kimchi E.Y., and Laubach M. Redundancy and synergy of neuronal ensembles in motor cortex. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 4207-4216
121. Neuenschwander S., and Singer W. Long-range synchronization of oscillatory light responses in the cat retina and lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature 379 (1996) 728-732
122. Niebur E., Hsiao S.S., and Johnson K.O. Synchrony: a neuronal mechanism for attentional selection?. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12 (2002) 190-194
123. Nomura M., Fukai T., and Aoyagi T. Synchrony of fast-spiking interneurons interconnected by GABAergic and electrical synapses. Neural Comput. 15 (2003) 2179-2198
124. Nusser Z., Kay L.M., Laurent G., Homanics G.E., and Mody I. Disruption of GABA(A) receptors on GABAergic interneurons leads to increased oscillatory power in the olfactory bulb network. J. Neurophysiol. 86 (2001) 2823-2833
125. Oertel D. The role of timing in the brain stem auditory nuclei of vertebrates. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 61 (1999) 497-519
126. Optican L.M., and Richmond B.J. Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single units in primate inferior temporal cortex. III. Information theoretic analysis. J. Neurophysiol. 57 (1987) 162-178
127. Palanca B.J., and DeAngelis G.C. Does neuronal synchrony underlie visual feature grouping?. Neuron 46 (2005) 333-346
128. Palva J.M., Palva S., and Kaila K. Phase synchrony among neuronal oscillations in the human cortex. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 3962-3972
129. Paz R., and Vaadia E. Learning-induced improvement in encoding and decoding of specific movement directions by neurons in the primary motor cortex. PLoS Biol. 2 (2004) E45
130. Pei X., Vidyasagar T.R., Volgushev M., and Creutzfeldt O.D. Receptive field analysis and orientation selectivity of postsynaptic potentials of simple cells in cat visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 14 (1994) 7130-7140
131. Perez-Orive J., Mazor O., Turner G.C., Cassenaer S., Wilson R.I., and Laurent G. Oscillations and sparsening of odor representations in the mushroom body. Science 297 (2002) 359-365
132. Raghavachari S., Kahana M.J., Rizzuto D.S., Caplan J.B., Kirschen M.P., Bourgeois B., Madsen J.R., and Lisman J.E. Gating of human theta oscillations by a working memory task. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 3175-3183
133. Rall W., and Shepherd G.M. Theoretical reconstruction of field potentials and dendrodendritic synaptic interactions in olfactory bulb. J. Neurophysiol. 31 (1968) 884-915
134. Ramachandran V.S. Form, motion, and binocular rivalry. Science 251 (1991) 950-951
135. Ramoa A.S., Campbell G., and Shatz C.J. Dendritic growth and remodeling of cat retinal ganglion cells during fetal and postnatal development. J. Neurosci. 8 (1988) 4239-4261
136. Reich D.S., Victor J.D., Knight B.W., Ozaki T., and Kaplan E. Response variability and timing precision of neuronal spike trains in vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 77 (1997) 2836-2841
137. Reinagel P., and Reid R.C. Temporal coding of visual information in the thalamus. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 5392-5400
138. Reinagel P., Godwin D., Sherman S.M., and Koch C. Encoding of visual information by LGN bursts. J. Neurophysiol. 81 (1999) 2558-2569
139. Richmond B.J., and Optican L.M. Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single units in primate inferior temporal cortex. II. Quantification of response waveform. J. Neurophysiol. 57 (1987) 147-161
140. Richmond B.J., Optican L.M., Podell M., and Spitzer H. Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single units in primate inferior temporal cortex. I. Response characteristics. J. Neurophysiol. 57 (1987) 132-146
141. Rizzuto D.S., Madsen J.R., Bromfield E.B., Schulze-Bonhage A., Seelig D., Aschenbrenner-Scheibe R., and Kahana M.J. Reset of human neocortical oscillations during a working memory task. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 (2003) 7931-7936
142. Rockland K.S., and Lund J.S. Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 216 (1983) 303-318
143. Rodriguez R., Kallenbach U., Singer W., and Munk M.H. Short- and long-term effects of cholinergic modulation on gamma oscillations and response synchronization in the visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 10369-10378
144. Roelfsema P.R., Lamme V.A., and Spekreijse H. Synchrony and covariation of firing rates in the primary visual cortex during contour grouping. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004) 982-991
145. Rolls E.T. Hippocampo-cortical and cortico-cortical backprojections. Hippocampus 10 (2000) 380-388
146. Roy S.A., Dear S.P., and Alloway K.D. Long-range cortical synchronization without concomitant oscillations in the somatosensory system of anesthetized cats. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 1795-1808
147. Samonds J.M., and Bonds A.B. From another angle: differences in cortical coding between fine and coarse discrimination of orientation. J. Neurophysiol. 91 (2004) 1193-1202
148. Samonds J.M., and Bonds A.B. Gamma oscillation maintains stimulus structure-dependent synchronization in cat visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 93 (2005) 223-236
149. Samonds J.M., Allison J.D., Brown H.A., and Bonds A.B. Cooperation between area 17 neuron pairs enhances fine discrimination of orientation. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 2416-2425
150. Samonds J.M., Allison J.D., Brown H.A., and Bonds A.B. Cooperative synchronized assemblies enhance orientation discrimination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (2004) 6722-6727
151. Samonds J.M., Zhou Z., Bernard M.R., and Bonds A.B. Synchronous activity in cat visual cortex encodes collinear and cocircular contours. J. Neurophysiol. 95 (2006) 2602-2616
152. Schomburg E.D., Petersen N., Barajon I., and Hultborn H. Flexor reflex afferents reset the step cycle during fictive locomotion in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 122 (1998) 339-350
153. Schuster H.G., and Wagner P. A model for neuronal oscillations in the visual cortex. 2. Phase description of the feature dependent synchronization. Biol. Cybern. 64 (1990) 83-85
154. Schuster H.G., and Wagner P. A model for neuronal oscillations in the visual cortex. 1. Mean-field theory and derivation of the phase equations. Biol. Cybern. 64 (1990) 77-82
155. Sederberg P.B., Kahana M.J., Howard M.W., Donner E.J., and Madsen J.R. Theta and gamma oscillations during encoding predict subsequent recall. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 10809-10814
156. Shadlen M.N., and Movshon J.A. Synchrony unbound: a critical evaluation of the temporal binding hypothesis. Neuron 24 (1999) 67-77
157. Sherrington C.S. Observations on the scratch-reflex in the spinal dog. J. Physiol. 34 (1906) 1-50
158. Sherrington C.S. Man on His Nature (1941), Cambridge University Press, London
159. Shimojo S., Silverman G.H., and Nakayama K. An occlusion-related mechanism of depth perception based on motion and interocular sequence. Nature 333 (1988) 265-268
160. Sillito A.M., Jones H.E., Gerstein G.L., and West D.C. Feature-linked synchronization of thalamic relay cell firing induced by feedback from the visual cortex. Nature 369 (1994) 479-482
161. Singer W. Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 55 (1993) 349-374
162. Singer W., and Bedworth N. Inhibitory interaction between X and Y units in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. Brain Res. 49 (1973) 291-307
163. Singer W., and Gray C.M. Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18 (1995) 555-586
164. Singer W., and Lux H.D. Presynaptic depolarization and extracellular potassium in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. Brain Res. 64 (1973) 17-33
165. Smith A.T., and Harris L.R. Use of plaid patterns to distinguish the corticofugal and direct retinal inputs to the brainstem optokinetic nystagmus generator. Exp. Brain Res. 86 (1991) 324-332
166. Softky W. Sub-millisecond coincidence detection in active dendritic trees. Neuroscience 58 (1994) 13-41
167. Srinivasan R., Russell D.P., Edelman G.M., and Tononi G. Increased synchronization of neuromagnetic responses during conscious perception. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 5435-5448
168. Steinmetz P.N., Roy A., Fitzgerald P.J., Hsiao S.S., Johnson K.O., and Niebur E. Attention modulates synchronized neuronal firing in primate somatosensory cortex. Nature 404 (2000) 187-190
169. Stellwagen D., and Shatz C.J. An instructive role for retinal waves in the development of retinogeniculate connectivity. Neuron 33 (2002) 357-367
170. Stoner G.R., and Albright T.D. The interpretation of visual motion: evidence for surface segmentation mechanisms. Vis. Res. 36 (1996) 1291-1310
171. Stoner G.R., Albright T.D., and Ramachandran V.S. Transparency and coherence in human motion perception. Nature 344 (1990) 153-155
172. Stopfer M., and Laurent G. Short-term memory in olfactory network dynamics. Nature 402 (1999) 664-668
173. Stopfer M., Bhagavan S., Smith B.H., and Laurent G. Impaired odour discrimination on desynchronization of odour-encoding neural assemblies. Nature 390 (1997) 70-74
174. Struber D., Basar-Eroglu C., Hoff E., and Stadler M. Reversal-rate dependent differences in the EEG gamma-band during multistable visual perception. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 38 (2000) 243-252
175. Tallon-Baudry C., and Bertrand O. Oscillatory gamma activity in humans and its role in object representation. Trends Cogn. Sci. 3 (1999) 151-162
176. Tallon-Baudry C., Bertrand O., Delpuech C., and Permier J. Oscillatory gamma-band (30-70 Hz) activity induced by a visual search task in humans. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 722-734
177. Tallon-Baudry C., Bertrand O., and Fischer C. Oscillatory synchrony between human extrastriate areas during visual short-term memory maintenance. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) RC177
178. Tallon-Baudry C., Mandon S., Freiwald W.A., and Kreiter A.K. Oscillatory synchrony in the monkey temporal lobe correlates with performance in a visual short-term memory task. Cereb. Cortex 14 (2004) 713-720
179. Tamas G., Buhl E.H., Lorincz A., and Somogyi P. Proximally targeted GABAergic synapses and gap junctions synchronize cortical interneurons. Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2000) 366-371
180. Taylor K., Mandon S., Freiwald W.A., and Kreiter A.K. Coherent oscillatory activity in monkey area v4 predicts successful allocation of attention. Cereb. Cortex 15 (2005) 1424-1437
181. Thiele A., and Stoner G. Neuronal synchrony does not correlate with motion coherence in cortical area MT. Nature 421 (2003) 366-370
182. Tiesinga P.H., Fellous J.M., Salinas E., Jose J.V., and Sejnowski T.J. Inhibitory synchrony as a mechanism for attentional gain modulation. J. Physiol. (Paris) 98 (2004) 296-314
183. Tomita M., and Eggermont J.J. Cross-correlation and joint spectro-temporal receptive field properties in auditory cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 93 (2005) 378-392
184. Treves A., and Rolls E.T. Computational analysis of the role of the hippocampus in memory. Hippocampus 4 (1994) 374-391
185. Usrey W.M., and Reid R.C. Synchronous activity in the visual system. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 61 (1999) 435-456
186. Usrey W.M., Alonso J.M., and Reid R.C. Synaptic interactions between thalamic inputs to simple cells in cat visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 5461-5467
187. van der Togt C., Kalitzin S., Spekreijse H., Lamme V.A., and Super H. Synchrony dynamics in monkey V1 predict success in visual detection. Cereb. Cortex 16 (2006) 136-148
188. van Vreeswijk C., and Sompolinsky H. Chaos in neuronal networks with balanced excitatory and inhibitory activity. Science 274 (1996) 1724-1726
189. Vidal J.R., Chaumon M., O'Regan J.K., and Tallon-Baudry C. Visual grouping and the focusing of attention induce gamma-band oscillations at different frequencies in human magnetoencephalogram signals. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 18 (2006) 1850-1862
190. Vingerhoets G. Cognitive effects of seizures. Seizure 15 (2006) 221-226
191. Vislay-Meltzer R.L., Kampff A.R., and Engert F. Spatiotemporal specificity of neuronal activity directs the modification of receptive fields in the developing retinotectal system. Neuron 50 (2006) 101-114
192. Volgushev M., Voronin L.L., Chistiakova M., and Singer W. Relations between long-term synaptic modifications and paired-pulse interactions in the rat neocortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9 (1997) 1656-1665
193. von der Malsburg C., and Cowan J.D. Outline of a theory for the ontogenesis of iso-orientation domains in visual cortex. Biol. Cybern. 45 (1982) 49-56
194. Voronin L.L., Volgushev M., Chistiakova M., Kuhnt U., and Singer W. Involvement of silent synapses in the induction of long-term potentiation and long-term depression in neocortical and hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 74 (1996) 323-330
195. Ward L.M. Synchronous neural oscillations and cognitive processes. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7 (2003) 553-559
196. Wehr M., and Laurent G. Odour encoding by temporal sequences of firing in oscillating neural assemblies. Nature 384 (1996) 162-166
197. Westheimer G. Cooperative neural processes involved in stereoscopic acuity. Exp. Brain Res. 36 (1979) 585-597
198. Wiencken A.E., and Casagrande V.A. Endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS) in astrocytes: another source of nitric oxide in neocortex. Glia 26 (1999) 280-290
199. Womelsdorf T., Fries P., Mitra P.P., and Desimone R. Gamma-band synchronization in visual cortex predicts speed of change detection. Nature 439 (2006) 733-736
200. Woolley S.M., Gill P.R., and Theunissen F.E. Stimulus-dependent auditory tuning results in synchronous population coding of vocalizations in the songbird midbrain. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 2499-2512
201. Yin T.C., and Kuwada S. Binaural interaction in low-frequency neurons in inferior colliculus of the cat. II. Effects of changing rate and direction of interaural phase. J. Neurophysiol. 50 (1983) 1000-1019
202. Young M.P., Tanaka K., and Yamane S. On oscillating neuronal responses in the visual cortex of the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 67 (1992) 1464-1474
203. Zochowski M.R., and Cohen L.B. Oscillations in the olfactory bulb carry information about odorant history. J. Neurophysiol. 94 (2005) 2667-2675
204. Zohary E., Shadlen M.N., and Newsome W.T. Correlated neuronal discharge rate and its implications for psychophysical performance. Nature 370 (1994) 140-143