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2+ solution. Repetitive stimulation and the method of failures were used to measure the quantal content of release from each terminal. Depolarizations induced by quanta from each terminal (quantal efficiency) were also measured. The data indicate that early in the synapse elimination period, multiple inputs to the same fiber had approximately similar quantal content, whereas later in the same period, when many fibers retained only one input, the ratio of quantal content for inputs to fibers that retained two inputs was greater than four to one. The increasing disparity in quantal content of multiple inputs was attributable to an increase in quantal content of the stronger input, as well as a decrease in the quantal content of the weaker input. This decrease in quantal content for the weaker input was associated with, but distinct from, a decrease in quantal efficiency of the same terminal, indicating a reduction in cholinergic receptors at that postsynaptic site. The data support changes in both pre- and postsynaptic processes in this well-documented instance of activity-dependent synaptic refinement.
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of special interest. The intracortical and interhemispheric connections of kittens made strabismic at 17-18 days of age were studied at 2-3 months of age. The functional architecture of area 17 was visualized using optical imaging of intrinsic signals, after which red and green fluorescently tagged microspheres were injected into the center of orientation domains located within either left or right eye territories. Cortical domains sharing ocular dominance and orientation specificity were also identified using 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. This experiment demonstrated that orientation-dependent activity correlations within a local region of each retina determine both the tangential intrinsic connections within superficial layers of visual cortex and the long-range intracortical connections.
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Schmidt KE, Kim D-S, Singer W, Bonhoeffer T, Lowel S. Functional specificity of long-range intrinsic and interhemispheric connections in the visual cortex of strabismic cats. of special interest J Neurosci. 17:1997;5480-5492 The intracortical and interhemispheric connections of kittens made strabismic at 17-18 days of age were studied at 2-3 months of age. The functional architecture of area 17 was visualized using optical imaging of intrinsic signals, after which red and green fluorescently tagged microspheres were injected into the center of orientation domains located within either left or right eye territories. Cortical domains sharing ocular dominance and orientation specificity were also identified using 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. This experiment demonstrated that orientation-dependent activity correlations within a local region of each retina determine both the tangential intrinsic connections within superficial layers of visual cortex and the long-range intracortical connections.
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Schmidt, K.E.1
Kim D-S2
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0029963657
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Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits
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of special interest. This recent review of activity-dependent synaptic development is focused on the geniculocortical pathway and on the work of the authors, who have contributed considerably to knowledge in this area. It also presents the view that neurotrophins are actively involved in attracting young contacts to an activated target membrane.This model is quite different from the selective stabilization of a subset of pre-existing inputs. At issue are observations in which young axons appear sparse during the activity-dependent phase of synaptogenesis. The authors argue that this is inconsistent with an activity-dependent removal of inputs. However, an arbor with sparse but transient contacts can nevertheless sample a large number of potential synaptic sites over time: a behavior that has been well-documented in studies of noncortical regions [4,5].
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Katz LC, Shatz CJ. Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits. of special interest Science. 274:1996;1133-1138 This recent review of activity-dependent synaptic development is focused on the geniculocortical pathway and on the work of the authors, who have contributed considerably to knowledge in this area. It also presents the view that neurotrophins are actively involved in attracting young contacts to an activated target membrane.This model is quite different from the selective stabilization of a subset of pre-existing inputs. At issue are observations in which young axons appear sparse during the activity-dependent phase of synaptogenesis. The authors argue that this is inconsistent with an activity-dependent removal of inputs. However, an arbor with sparse but transient contacts can nevertheless sample a large number of potential synaptic sites over time: a behavior that has been well-documented in studies of noncortical regions [4,5].
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Katz, L.C.1
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Thalamic relay of spontaneous retinal activity prior to vision
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of outstanding interest. Using a newly developed in vitro preparation of the neonatal mouse visual system, this study shows that bursts of optic nerve action potentials that have temporal characteristics of spontaneous retinal waves are capable of generating periodic action potentials in young lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells. Furthermore, even though NMDA-receptor-mediated synaptic currents are present, periodic spiking of LGN neurons persists in the absence of NMDA receptor function, suggesting that the receptor is not necessary for transmission of correlated activity through the geniculate to the cortex. These data do not rule out a subthreshold synaptic function of NMDA receptors, such as induction of AMPA receptors (see below), although they do provide evidence that AMPA receptors can be expressed at synaptic contacts in mutant mice lacking functional NMDA receptors.
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Mooney R, Penn AA, Gallego R, Shatz CJ. Thalamic relay of spontaneous retinal activity prior to vision. of outstanding interest Neuron. 17:1996;863-874 Using a newly developed in vitro preparation of the neonatal mouse visual system, this study shows that bursts of optic nerve action potentials that have temporal characteristics of spontaneous retinal waves are capable of generating periodic action potentials in young lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells. Furthermore, even though NMDA-receptor-mediated synaptic currents are present, periodic spiking of LGN neurons persists in the absence of NMDA receptor function, suggesting that the receptor is not necessary for transmission of correlated activity through the geniculate to the cortex. These data do not rule out a subthreshold synaptic function of NMDA receptors, such as induction of AMPA receptors (see below), although they do provide evidence that AMPA receptors can be expressed at synaptic contacts in mutant mice lacking functional NMDA receptors.
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Neuron
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Mooney, R.1
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11
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0030976082
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Disruption of orientation tuning in visual cortex by artificially correlated neuronal activity
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of outstanding interest. Cuff electrodes implanted on the optic nerves of neonatal ferrets were used to synchronously stimulate the input from one eye during development, thereby masking proximity-dependent activity correlations that could be used for activity-dependent orientation tuning in the visual cortex. Subsequent recordings from the visual cortex of these animals revealed significant broadening of the orientation tuning curves of single cells, indicating a need for correct temporal patterning of activity to establish this aspect of input refinement. Optical imaging of the orientation responses across the cortical surface also revealed that orientation tuning strength was decreased by the treatment, although the general mapping process that assures a uniform distribution of orientations throughout the retinotopic projection had not been disturbed by abnormally synchronized activity.
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Weliky M, Katz LC. Disruption of orientation tuning in visual cortex by artificially correlated neuronal activity. of outstanding interest Nature. 386:1997;680-685 Cuff electrodes implanted on the optic nerves of neonatal ferrets were used to synchronously stimulate the input from one eye during development, thereby masking proximity-dependent activity correlations that could be used for activity-dependent orientation tuning in the visual cortex. Subsequent recordings from the visual cortex of these animals revealed significant broadening of the orientation tuning curves of single cells, indicating a need for correct temporal patterning of activity to establish this aspect of input refinement. Optical imaging of the orientation responses across the cortical surface also revealed that orientation tuning strength was decreased by the treatment, although the general mapping process that assures a uniform distribution of orientations throughout the retinotopic projection had not been disturbed by abnormally synchronized activity.
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Nature
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Weliky, M.1
Katz, L.C.2
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Li, Y.1
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Crair MS, Malenka RC. A critical period for long-term potentiation at thalamocortical synapses. Nature. 375:1995;325-328.
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A receptor blockers was used to show that a change in inhibition was not the basis of the reduced selectivity. This study provides the first evidence at the single-cell level that activity mediated by glutamate receptors is critical to the normal sharpening of response properties in the barrel field. Anatomical techniques for visualizing normal barrel development have failed to show any changes with the same blockade.
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Fox, K.1
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Stevens CF, Wang Y. Changes in reliability of synaptic function as a mechanism for plasticity. Nature. 371:1994;704-707.
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Hawkins RD, Kandel ER, Seigelbaum SA. Learning to modulate transmitter release: themes and variations in synaptic plasticity. Annu Rev Neurosci. 16:1993;625-626.
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Selig DK, Segal MR, Liao D, Malenka RC, Malinow R, Nicoll RA, Lisman JE. Examination of the role of cGMP in long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Learning Memory. 3:1996;42-48.
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Selig, D.K.1
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Nicoll, R.A.6
Lisman, J.E.7
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0029821684
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Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase does not prevent ocular dominance plasticity in kitten visual cortex
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of outstanding interest. The ocular dominance shifts in kitten visual cortex resulting from monocular deprivation were examined following application of NOS inhibitors L-NMMA or L-NOArg to the cortex via an osmotic minipump. A profound shift in favor of the nondeprived eye was found in both control and experimental cortices. NOS activity was analyzed in the same cortical tissue and found to be reduced to approximately 5% of that in the control cortices. The results indicate that NOS activity is not essential for the activity-dependent intraocular competition underlying ocular dominance plasticity.
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Ruthazer ES, Gillespie DC, Dawson TM, Snyder SH, Stryker MP. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase does not prevent ocular dominance plasticity in kitten visual cortex. of outstanding interest J Physiol. 494:1996;519-527 The ocular dominance shifts in kitten visual cortex resulting from monocular deprivation were examined following application of NOS inhibitors L-NMMA or L-NOArg to the cortex via an osmotic minipump. A profound shift in favor of the nondeprived eye was found in both control and experimental cortices. NOS activity was analyzed in the same cortical tissue and found to be reduced to approximately 5% of that in the control cortices. The results indicate that NOS activity is not essential for the activity-dependent intraocular competition underlying ocular dominance plasticity.
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Ruthazer, E.S.1
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Berninger B, Poo M-m. Fast actions of neurotrophic factors. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 6:1996;324-330.
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Bonhoeffer T. Neurotrophins and activity-dependent development of the neocortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 6:1996;119-126.
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Cohen-Cory, S.1
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0031039772
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Synaptic innervation density is regulated by neuron-derived BDNF
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of outstanding interest. Synaptic innervation density of spinal preganglionic axons onto sympathetic neurons was quantitatively examined in transgenic mice expressing 2-4-fold increases over normal amounts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and in BDNF knockout mice. Sympathetic neurons normally express BDNF but do not express TrkB receptors and, consequently, do not respond to this neurotrophin. The size and number of pre-ganglionic neurons and the size of sympathetic neurons, as well as synapse density, were measured at the electron microscopy (EM) level. Synapse innervation density was significantly increased relative to normal mice in the mice overexpressing BDNF and significantly decreased in number relative to normal mice in the BDNF knockout mice. The density increase was found to reflect an increase in the number of terminals per pre-ganglionic axon.
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Causing CG, Gloster A, Aloyz R, Bamji SX, Chang E, Fawcett J, Kuchel G, Miller FD. Synaptic innervation density is regulated by neuron-derived BDNF. of outstanding interest Neuron. 18:1997;257-267 Synaptic innervation density of spinal preganglionic axons onto sympathetic neurons was quantitatively examined in transgenic mice expressing 2-4-fold increases over normal amounts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and in BDNF knockout mice. Sympathetic neurons normally express BDNF but do not express TrkB receptors and, consequently, do not respond to this neurotrophin. The size and number of pre-ganglionic neurons and the size of sympathetic neurons, as well as synapse density, were measured at the electron microscopy (EM) level. Synapse innervation density was significantly increased relative to normal mice in the mice overexpressing BDNF and significantly decreased in number relative to normal mice in the BDNF knockout mice. The density increase was found to reflect an increase in the number of terminals per pre-ganglionic axon.
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Neuron
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Causing, C.G.1
Gloster, A.2
Aloyz, R.3
Bamji, S.X.4
Chang, E.5
Fawcett, J.6
Kuchel, G.7
Miller, F.D.8
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note
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Cabelli RJ, Shelton DL, Segal RA, Shatz CJ. Blockade of endogenous ligands of Trk B inhibits formation of ocular dominance columns. of special interest Neuron. 19:1997;63-76 Recombinant proteins consisting of the ligand-binding site of TrkB receptors (for neurotrophins BDNF and NT- 4 5 ) and an immunoglobulin chain (Trk-IgGs) were infused into kitten visual cortex to absorb and inactivate endogenous ligand. This infusion disrupted ocular dominance (OD) column (or patch) formation, as revealed by grain counting after anterograde trans-synaptic transport of radioactive proline injected into one eye. Within the region in which OD patches were absent, the grain density decreased to values approximating that in patches of the nonlabeled eye, indicating an absence of labeled afferents in that region. Therefore, these data suggest that endogenous neurotrophin is necessary to maintain geniculocortical afferents within layer 4. This finding supports the more classical model of neurotrophin function, in which neurotrophins promote and maintain neuronal growth. Because it appears that the afferents retract from the site of infusion, the data do not speak to the issue of whether neurotrophins are retrograde signals that selectively stabilize inputs on the basis of correlated activity.
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Neuron
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Cabelli, R.J.1
Shelton, D.L.2
Segal, R.A.3
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Regulation of BDNF expression and release from hippocampal neurons is mediated by non-NMDA type glutamate receptors
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Wu, K.1
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Liao D, Hessler NA, Malinow R. Activation of postsynaptically silent synapses during pairing-induced LTP in CA1 region of hippocampal slice. Nature. 375:1995;400-404.
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Liao, D.1
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Deficiency in induction but not expression of LTP in hippocampal slices from young rats
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of outstanding interest. Several earlier studies suggested that it was difficult or impossible to induce LTP in the hippocampus of young rat using tetanic stimuli and field recordings. This study demonstrated that it is possible to induce LTP in hippocampal slices from neonatal animals (<8 days old) by using a stimulation protocol that pairs presynaptic stimulation with postsynaptic depolarization. The failure of other studies to induce LTP with tetanic stimulation in slices from young rats was attributable to the inability of neurons to follow the tetanic stimuli and produce sufficient postsynaptic depolarization to induce LTP. The study also demonstrated that LTP induction with a pairing protocol converts silent, pure NMDA synapses to synapses that are mediated by AMPA and NMDA receptors and are, therefore, functional at resting potential.
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Liao D, Malinow R. Deficiency in induction but not expression of LTP in hippocampal slices from young rats. of outstanding interest Learning Memory. 3:1996;138-149 Several earlier studies suggested that it was difficult or impossible to induce LTP in the hippocampus of young rat using tetanic stimuli and field recordings. This study demonstrated that it is possible to induce LTP in hippocampal slices from neonatal animals (<8 days old) by using a stimulation protocol that pairs presynaptic stimulation with postsynaptic depolarization. The failure of other studies to induce LTP with tetanic stimulation in slices from young rats was attributable to the inability of neurons to follow the tetanic stimuli and produce sufficient postsynaptic depolarization to induce LTP. The study also demonstrated that LTP induction with a pairing protocol converts silent, pure NMDA synapses to synapses that are mediated by AMPA and NMDA receptors and are, therefore, functional at resting potential.
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Learning Memory
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Liao, D.1
Malinow, R.2
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Long-term potentiation and functional synapse induction in developing hippocampus
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2+ imaging and whole-cell recordings suggested an absence of spines at the synapses at which this induction occurred.
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2+ imaging and whole-cell recordings suggested an absence of spines at the synapses at which this induction occurred.
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Nature
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Durand, G.M.1
Kovalchuk, Y.2
Konnerth, A.3
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Silent synapses during development of thalamocortical inputs
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of outstanding interest. This paper documents the presence of silent synapses in neocortex and their relative decrease in prevalence with development. In addition, the authors demonstrate that LTP at the thalamocortical synapse occurs as a conversion from synapses with low AMPA/NMDA ratios to those with higher AMPA/NMDA ratios.This study adds to the evidence that postsynaptic modification in AMPA receptor function underlies developmental LTP.
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Isaac JTR, Crair MC, Nicoll RA, Malenka RC. Silent synapses during development of thalamocortical inputs. of outstanding interest Neuron. 18:1997;1-20 This paper documents the presence of silent synapses in neocortex and their relative decrease in prevalence with development. In addition, the authors demonstrate that LTP at the thalamocortical synapse occurs as a conversion from synapses with low AMPA/NMDA ratios to those with higher AMPA/NMDA ratios.This study adds to the evidence that postsynaptic modification in AMPA receptor function underlies developmental LTP.
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(1997)
Neuron
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Isaac, J.T.R.1
Crair, M.C.2
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of outstanding interest. Taking advantage of the rostrocaudal gradient of development in larval Xenopus tecta, this electrophysiological study showed that normal development of retinotectal glutamatergic synapses in Xenopus involves a switch from silent, pure NMDA synapses to synapses mediated by AMPA and NMDA receptors. A comparable developmental program is followed by neocortical and hippocampal rodent neurons. Viral expression of a constitutively active form of CaM-KII in tectal neurons promoted synaptic maturation, as evidenced by increased AMPA responses at young synapses. Thus, this study suggests that CaM-KII activation of AMPA receptors underlies AMPA current induction at developing synapses. The results reinforce the mechanistic similarity between synapse maturation and the postsynaptic mechanisms of associative LTP.
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Wu GY, Malinow R, Cline HT. Maturation of a central glutamatergic synapse. of outstanding interest Science. 274:1996;972-976 Taking advantage of the rostrocaudal gradient of development in larval Xenopus tecta, this electrophysiological study showed that normal development of retinotectal glutamatergic synapses in Xenopus involves a switch from silent, pure NMDA synapses to synapses mediated by AMPA and NMDA receptors. A comparable developmental program is followed by neocortical and hippocampal rodent neurons. Viral expression of a constitutively active form of CaM-KII in tectal neurons promoted synaptic maturation, as evidenced by increased AMPA responses at young synapses. Thus, this study suggests that CaM-KII activation of AMPA receptors underlies AMPA current induction at developing synapses. The results reinforce the mechanistic similarity between synapse maturation and the postsynaptic mechanisms of associative LTP.
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Gordon JA, Cioffi D, Silva AJ, Stryker MP. Deficient plasticity in the primary visual cortex of α-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II mutant mice. of outstanding interest Neuron. 17:1996;491-499 Visual cortex responses were found to develop normally in the cortex of mice lacking the α subunit of CaM-KII. However, when subjected to monocular deprivation during the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity, half the animals showed the full shift in ocular dominance (similar to wild-type animals), whereas the other half showed an abnormal partial shift, suggesting that plasticity had been reduced. This division of the mutant mice into two groups was also seen when comparing the time it took to learn the Morris maze.
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of outstanding interest. Whole-cell patch-clamp studies were conducted to examine the kinetics of NMDA receptor currents in the developing rat somatosensory cortex. Reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was then conducted on mRNA isolated from the dendrites of the same cells using a newly developed dot-blot hybridization assay to provide semiquantitative data concerning the expression of NR2 subunit transcripts. It was found that expression of NR2A transcript even at low levels was sufficient to decrease the NMDA receptor current time course and that the proportion of cells expressing NR2A and showing fast NMDA synaptic currents increased with developmental age.
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