Differential functional phenotypes of two primary HIV-1 strains resulting from homologous point mutations in the LLP domains of the envelope gp41 intracytoplasmic domain

Virology

Volumn 367, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 102-116

  Newman, Jason T ^a   Sturgeon, Timothy J ^a   Gupta, Phalguni ^b   Montelaro, Ronald C ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Cell fusion; HIV; HIV envelope incorporation and biosynthesis; HIV envelope protein gp41; Site directed mutagenesis; Viral infectivity; Virus replication

Indexed keywords

GLYCOPROTEIN GP 41; VIRUS ENVELOPE PROTEIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ARTICLE; BIOSYNTHESIS; CELL FUSION; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MUTATION; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PHENOTYPE; POINT MUTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; VIRUS INFECTIVITY; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS STRAIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; CELL FUSION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, VIRAL; GENE PRODUCTS, ENV; HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP41; HIV-1; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; PHENOTYPE; POINT MUTATION; VIRUS REPLICATION;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1;

EID: 34548679151     PISSN: 00426822     EISSN: 10960341     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.027     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Affranchino J.L., and Gonzalez S.A. Mutations at the C-terminus of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein affect gp120-gp41 stability on virions. Virology 347 (2006) 217-225
2. Akari H., Fukumori T., and Adachi A. Cell-dependent requirement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 cytoplasmic tail for Env incorporation into virions. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 4891-4893
3. Alexander W.A., Moss B., and Fuerst T.R. Regulated expression of foreign genes in vaccinia virus under the control of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase and the Escherichia coli lac repressor. J. Virol. 66 (1992) 2934-2942
4. Blot G., Janvier K., Le Panse S., Benarous R., and Berlioz-Torrent C. Targeting of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope to the trans-Golgi network through binding to TIP47 is required for env incorporation into virions and infectivity. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 6931-6945
5. Boge M., Wyss S., Bonifacino J.S., and Thali M. A membrane-proximal tyrosine-based signal mediates internalization of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein via interaction with the AP-2 clathrin adaptor. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 15773-15778
6. Buchacher A., Predl R., Strutzenberger K., Steinfellner W., Trkola A., Purtscher M., Gruber G., Tauer C., Steindl F., Jungbauer A., et al. Generation of human monoclonal antibodies against HIV-1 proteins; electrofusion and Epstein-Barr virus transformation for peripheral blood lymphocyte immortalization. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10 (1994) 359-369
7. Bultmann A., Muranyi W., Seed B., and Haas J. Identification of two sequences in the cytoplasmic tail of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein that inhibit cell surface expression. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 5263-5276
8. Celma C.C., Manrique J.M., Affranchino J.L., Hunter E., and Gonzalez S.A. Domains in the simian immunodeficiency virus gp41 cytoplasmic tail required for envelope incorporation into particles. Virology 283 (2001) 253-261
9. Chakrabarti L., Emerman M., Tiollais P., and Sonigo P. The cytoplasmic domain of simian immunodeficiency virus transmembrane protein modulates infectivity. J. Virol. 63 (1989) 4395-4403
10. Chan W.E., and Chen S.S. Downregulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag expression by a gp41 cytoplasmic domain fusion protein. Virology 348 (2006) 418-429
11. Chan D.C., Fass D., Berger J.M., and Kim P.S. Core structure of gp41 from the HIV envelope glycoprotein. Cell 89 (1997) 263-273
12. Chanh T.C., Dreesman G.R., Kanda P., Linette G.P., Sparrow J.T., Ho D.D., and Kennedy R.C. Induction of anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies by synthetic peptides. EMBO J. 5 (1986) 3065-3071
13. Chen M., Singh M.K., Balachandran R., and Gupta P. Isolation and characterization of two divergent infectious molecular clones of HIV type 1 longitudinally obtained from a seropositive patient by a progressive amplification procedure. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 13 (1997) 743-750
14. Chen S.S., Lee S.F., and Wang C.T. Cellular membrane-binding ability of the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope transmembrane protein gp41. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 9925-9938
15. Cheung L., McLain L., Hollier M.J., Reading S.A., and Dimmock N.J. Part of the C-terminal tail of the envelope gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is exposed on the surface of infected cells and is involved in virus-mediated cell fusion. J. Gen. Virol. 86 (2005) 131-138
16. Cleveland S.M., McLain L., Cheung L., Jones T.D., Hollier M., and Dimmock N.J. A region of the C-terminal tail of the gp41 envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 contains a neutralizing epitope: evidence for its exposure on the surface of the virion. J. Gen. Virol. 84 (2003) 591-602
17. Collman R., Balliet J.W., Gregory S.A., Friedman H., Kolson D.L., Nathanson N., and Srinivasan A. An infectious molecular clone of an unusual macrophage-tropic and highly cytopathic strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 66 (1992) 7517-7521
18. Cosson P. Direct interaction between the envelope and matrix proteins of HIV-1. EMBO J. 15 (1996) 5783-5788
19. Day J.R., Munk C., and Guatelli J.C. The membrane-proximal tyrosine-based sorting signal of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 is required for optimal viral infectivity. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 1069-1079
20. Derdeyn C.A., Decker J.M., Sfakianos J.N., Wu X., O'Brien W.A., Ratner L., Kappes J.C., Shaw G.M., and Hunter E. Sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to the fusion inhibitor T-20 is modulated by coreceptor specificity defined by the V3 loop of gp120. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 8358-8367
21. Doranz B.J., Rucker J., Yi Y., Smyth R.J., Samson M., Peiper S.C., Parmentier M., Collman R.G., and Doms R.W. A dual-tropic primary HIV-1 isolate that uses fusin and the beta-chemokine receptors CKR-5, CKR-3, and CKR-2b as fusion cofactors. Cell 85 (1996) 1149-1158
22. Dubay J.W., Roberts S.J., Hahn B.H., and Hunter E. Truncation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein cytoplasmic domain blocks virus infectivity. J. Virol. 66 (1992) 6616-6625
23. Edwards T.G., Hoffman T.L., Baribaud F., Wyss S., LaBranche C.C., Romano J., Adkinson J., Sharron M., Hoxie J.A., and Doms R.W. Relationships between CD4 independence, neutralization sensitivity, and exposure of a CD4-induced epitope in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 5230-5239
24. Edwards T.G., Wyss S., Reeves J.D., Zolla-Pazner S., Hoxie J.A., Doms R.W., and Baribaud F. Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain induces exposure of conserved regions in the ectodomain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 2683-2691
25. Egan M.A., Carruth L.M., Rowell J.F., Yu X., and Siliciano R.F. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein endocytosis mediated by a highly conserved intrinsic internalization signal in the cytoplasmic domain of gp41 is suppressed in the presence of the Pr55gag precursor protein. J. Virol. 70 (1996) 6547-6556
26. Eisenberg D., and Wesson M. The most highly amphiphilic alpha-helices include two amino acid segments in human immunodeficiency virus glycoprotein 41. Biopolymers 29 (1990) 171-177
27. Freed E.O., and Martin M.A. Virion incorporation of envelope glycoproteins with long but not short cytoplasmic tails is blocked by specific, single amino acid substitutions in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 1984-1989
28. Freed E.O., and Martin M.A. Domains of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix and gp41 cytoplasmic tail required for envelope incorporation into virions. J. Virol. 70 (1996) 341-351
29. Gabuzda D.H., Lever A., Terwilliger E., and Sodroski J. Effects of deletions in the cytoplasmic domain on biological functions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins. J. Virol. 66 (1992) 3306-3315
30. Gallaher W.R., Ball J.M., Garry R.F., Griffin M.C., and Montelaro R.C. A general model for the transmembrane proteins of HIV and other retroviruses. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 5 (1989) 431-440
31. Gawrisch K., Han K.H., Yang J.S., Bergelson L.D., and Ferretti J.A. Interaction of peptide fragment 828-848 of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type I with lipid bilayers. Biochemistry 32 (1993) 3112-3118
32. Hirsch V.M., Edmondson P., Murphey-Corb M., Arbeille B., Johnson P.R., and Mullins J.I. SIV adaptation to human cells. Nature 341 (1989) 573-574
33. Hollier M.J., and Dimmock N.J. The C-terminal tail of the gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 clades A, B, C, and D may exist in two conformations: an analysis of sequence, structure, and function. Virology 337 (2005) 284-296
34. Hunter E. gp41, A Multifunctional Protein Involved in HIV Entry and Pathogenesis. In: Korber B., Hahn B., Foley B., Mellors J.W., Leitner T., Myers G., McCutchan F., and Kuiken C.L. (Eds). Human Retroviruses and AIDS Vol. 1 (1997), Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos III-55-73
35. Hunter E., and Swanstrom R. Retrovirus envelope glycoproteins. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 157 (1990) 187-253
36. Hynes R.O. Integrins: bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines. Cell 110 (2002) 673-687
37. Kalia V., Sarkar S., Gupta P., and Montelaro R.C. Rational site-directed mutations of the LLP-1 and LLP-2 lentivirus lytic peptide domains in the intracytoplasmic tail of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 indicate common functions in cell-cell fusion but distinct roles in virion envelope incorporation. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 3634-3646
38. Kalia V., Sarkar S., Gupta P., and Montelaro R.C. Antibody neutralization escape mediated by point mutations in the intracytoplasmic tail of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 2097-2107
39. Kennedy R.C., Henkel R.D., Pauletti D., Allan J.S., Lee T.H., Essex M., and Dreesman G.R. Antiserum to a synthetic peptide recognizes the HTLV-III envelope glycoprotein. Science 231 (1986) 1556-1559
40. Kliger Y., and Shai Y. A leucine zipper-like sequence from the cytoplasmic tail of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein binds and perturbs lipid bilayers. Biochemistry 36 (1997) 5157-5169
41. Kodama T., Wooley D.P., Naidu Y.M., Kestler III H.W., Daniel M.D., Li Y., and Desrosiers R.C. Significance of premature stop codons in env of simian immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol. 63 (1989) 4709-4714
42. Kwong P.D., Wyatt R., Majeed S., Robinson J., Sweet R.W., Sodroski J., and Hendrickson W.A. Structures of HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoproteins from laboratory-adapted and primary isolates. Struct. Fold. Des. 8 (2000) 1329-1339
43. Lambele M., Labrosse B., Roch E., Moreau A., Verrier B., Barin F., Roingeard P., Mammano F., and Brand D. Impact of natural polymorphism within the gp41 cytoplasmic tail of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on the intracellular distribution of envelope glycoproteins and viral assembly. J. Virol. 81 (2007) 125-140
44. Lee S.F., Ko C.Y., Wang C.T., and Chen S.S. Effect of point mutations in the N terminus of the lentivirus lytic peptide-1 sequence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane protein gp41 on Env stability. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 15363-15375
45. Lopez-Verges S., Camus G., Blot G., Beauvoir R., Benarous R., and Berlioz-Torrent C. Tail-interacting protein TIP47 is a connector between Gag and Env and is required for Env incorporation into HIV-1 virions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006) 14947-14952
46. Luciw P.A., Shaw K.E., Unger R.E., Planelles V., Stout M.W., Lackner J.E., Pratt-Lowe E., Leung N.J., Banapour B., and Marthas M.L. Genetic and biological comparisons of pathogenic and nonpathogenic molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac). AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8 (1992) 395-402
47. Luciw P.A., Shaw K.E., Shacklett B.L., and Marthas M.L. Importance of the intracytoplasmic domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope glycoprotein for pathogenesis. Virology 252 (1998) 9-16
48. Mammano F., Kondo E., Sodroski J., Bukovsky A., and Gottlinger H.G. Rescue of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein mutants by envelope glycoproteins with short cytoplasmic domains. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 3824-3830
49. Manrique J.M., Celma C.C., Affranchino J.L., Hunter E., and Gonzalez S.A. Small variations in the length of the cytoplasmic domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus transmembrane protein drastically affect envelope incorporation and virus entry. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 17 (2001) 1615-1624
50. Marthas M.L., Banapour B., Sutjipto S., Siegel M.E., Marx P.A., Gardner M.B., Pedersen N.C., and Luciw P.A. Rhesus macaques inoculated with molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus. J. Med. Primatol. 18 (1989) 311-319
51. Miller M.A., Garry R.F., Jaynes J.M., and Montelaro R.C. A structural correlation between lentivirus transmembrane proteins and natural cytolytic peptides. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 7 (1991) 511-519
52. Miller M.A., Cloyd M.W., Liebmann J., Rinaldo C.R., Islam K.R., Wang S.Z., Mietzner T.A., and Montelaro R.C. Alterations in cell membrane permeability by the lentivirus lytic peptide (LLP-1) of HIV-1 transmembrane protein. Virology 196 (1993) 89-100
53. Moeller K., Duffy I., Duprex P., Rima B., Beschorner R., Fauser S., Meyermann R., Niewiesk S., ter Meulen V., and Schneider-Schaulies J. Recombinant measles viruses expressing altered hemagglutinin (H) genes: functional separation of mutations determining H antibody escape from neurovirulence. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 7612-7620
54. Murakami T., and Freed E.O. Genetic evidence for an interaction between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix and alpha-helix 2 of the gp41 cytoplasmic tail. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 3548-3554
55. Murakami T., and Freed E.O. The long cytoplasmic tail of gp41 is required in a cell type-dependent manner for HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein incorporation into virions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (2000) 343-348
56. Murakami T., Ablan S., Freed E.O., and Tanaka Y. Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env-mediated membrane fusion by viral protease activity. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 1026-1031
57. Ohno H., Aguilar R.C., Fournier M.C., Hennecke S., Cosson P., and Bonifacino J.S. Interaction of endocytic signals from the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein complex with members of the adaptor medium chain family. Virology 238 (1997) 305-315
58. Piller S.C., Dubay J.W., Derdeyn C.A., and Hunter E. Mutational analysis of conserved domains within the cytoplasmic tail of gp41 from human immunodeficiency virus type 1: effects on glycoprotein incorporation and infectivity. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 11717-11723
59. Purtscher M., Trkola A., Gruber G., Buchacher A., Predl R., Steindl F., Tauer C., Berger R., Barrett N., and Jungbauer A. A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10 (1994) 1651-1658
60. Purtscher M., Trkola A., Grassauer A., Schulz P.M., Klima A., Dopper S., Gruber G., Buchacher A., Muster T., and Katinger H. Restricted antigenic variability of the epitope recognized by the neutralizing gp41 antibody 2F5. Aids 10 (1996) 587-593
61. Reading S.A., Heap C.J., and Dimmock N.J. A novel monoclonal antibody specific to the C-terminal tail of the gp41 envelope transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 that preferentially neutralizes virus after it has attached to the target cell and inhibits the production of infectious progeny. Virology 315 (2003) 362-372
62. Rizzuto C.D., Wyatt R., Hernandez-Ramos N., Sun Y., Kwong P.D., Hendrickson W.A., and Sodroski J. A conserved HIV gp120 glycoprotein structure involved in chemokine receptor binding. Science 280 (1998) 1949-1953
63. Ross T.M., Xu Y., Bright R.A., and Robinson H.L. C3d enhancement of antibodies to hemagglutinin accelerates protection against influenza virus challenge. Nat. Immunol. 1 (2000) 127-131
64. Ross T.M., Xu Y., Green T.D., Montefiori D.C., and Robinson H.L. Enhanced avidity maturation of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus envelope: DNA vaccination with gp120-C3d fusion proteins. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 17 (2001) 829-835
65. Rowell J.F., Stanhope P.E., and Siliciano R.F. Endocytosis of endogenously synthesized HIV-1 envelope protein. Mechanism and role in processing for association with class II MHC. J. Immunol. 155 (1995) 473-488
66. Rucker J., Doranz B.J., Edinger A.L., Long D., Berson J.F., and Doms R.W. Cell-cell fusion assay to study role of chemokine receptors in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry. Methods Enzymol. 288 (1997) 118-133
67. Salter R.D., Howell D.N., and Cresswell P. Genes regulating HLA class I antigen expression in T-B lymphoblast hybrids. Immunogenetics 21 (1985) 235-246
68. Shacklett B.L., Weber C.J., Shaw K.E., Keddie E.M., Gardner M.B., Sonigo P., and Luciw P.A. The intracytoplasmic domain of the Env transmembrane protein is a locus for attenuation of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac in rhesus macaques. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 5836-5844
69. Shacklett B.L., Shaw K.E., Adamson L.A., Wilkens D.T., Cox C.A., Montefiori D.C., Gardner M.B., Sonigo P., and Luciw P.A. Live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac-M4, with point mutations in the Env transmembrane protein intracytoplasmic domain, provides partial protection from mucosal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 11365-11378
70. Simm M., Shahabuddin M., Chao W., Allan J.S., and Volsky D.J. Aberrant Gag protein composition of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif mutant produced in primary lymphocytes. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 4582-4586
71. Srinivas S.K., Srinivas R.V., Anantharamaiah G.M., Segrest J.P., and Compans R.W. Membrane interactions of synthetic peptides corresponding to amphipathic helical segments of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope glycoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 7121-7127
72. Tencza S.B., Miller M.A., Islam K., Mietzner T.A., and Montelaro R.C. Effect of amino acid substitutions on calmodulin binding and cytolytic properties of the LLP-1 peptide segment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane protein. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 5199-5202
73. Tencza S.B., Douglass J.P., Creighton D.J., Montelaro R.C., and Mietzner T.A. Novel antimicrobial peptides derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other lentivirus transmembrane proteins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41 (1997) 2394-8394
74. Tencza S.B., Creighton D.J., Yuan T., Vogel H.J., Montelaro R.C., and Mietzner T.A. Lentivirus-derived antimicrobial peptides: increased potency by sequence engineering and dimerization. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44 (1999) 33-41
75. Venable R.M., Pastor R.W., Brooks B.R., and Carson F.W. Theoretically determined three-dimensional structures for amphipathic segments of the HIV-1 gp41 envelope protein. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 5 (1989) 7-22
76. Vzorov A.N., Gernert K.M., and Compans R.W. Multiple domains of the SIV Env protein determine virus replication efficiency and neutralization sensitivity. Virology 332 (2005) 89-101
77. Wei X., Decker J.M., Liu H., Zhang Z., Arani R.B., Kilby J.M., Saag M.S., Wu X., Shaw G.M., and Kappes J.C. Emergence of resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients receiving fusion inhibitor (T-20) monotherapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46 (2002) 1896-1905
78. Weissenhorn W., Dessen A., Harrison S.C., Skehel J.J., and Wiley D.C. Atomic structure of the ectodomain from HIV-1 gp41. Nature 387 (1997) 426-430
79. West J.T., Weldon S.K., Wyss S., Lin X., Yu Q., Thali M., and Hunter E. Mutation of the dominant endocytosis motif in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 can complement matrix mutations without increasing Env incorporation. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 3338-3349
80. Wilk T., Pfeiffer T., and Bosch V. Retained in vitro infectivity and cytopathogenicity of HIV-1 despite truncation of the C-terminal tail of the env gene product. Virology 189 (1992) 167-177
81. Wyatt R., and Sodroski J. The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens. Science 280 (1998) 1884-1888
82. Wyma D.J., Kotov A., and Aiken C. Evidence for a stable interaction of gp41 with Pr55(Gag) in immature human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 9381-9387
83. Wyma D.J., Jiang J., Shi J., Zhou J., Lineberger J.E., Miller M.D., and Aiken C. Coupling of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fusion to virion maturation: a novel role of the gp41 cytoplasmic tail. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 3429-3435
84. Wyss S., Berlioz-Torrent C., Boge M., Blot G., Honing S., Benarous R., and Thali M. The highly conserved C-terminal dileucine motif in the cytosolic domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein is critical for its association with the AP-1 clathrin adaptor [correction of adapter]. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 2982-2992
85. Wyss S., Dimitrov A.S., Baribaud F., Edwards T.G., Blumenthal R., and Hoxie J.A. Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein fusion by a membrane-interactive domain in the gp41 cytoplasmic tail. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 12231-12241
86. Yang Z.N., Mueser T.C., Kaufman J., Stahl S.J., Wingfield P.T., and Hyde C.C. The crystal structure of the SIV gp41 ectodomain at 1.47 A resolution. J. Struct. Biol. 126 (1999) 131-144
87. Ye L., Bu Z., Vzorov A., Taylor D., Compans R.W., and Yang C. Surface stability and immunogenicity of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein: role of the cytoplasmic domain. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 13409-13419
88. Yu X., Yuan X., McLane M.F., Lee T.H., and Essex M. Mutations in the cytoplasmic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane protein impair the incorporation of Env proteins into mature virions. J. Virol. 67 (1993) 213-221
89. Yuste E., Reeves J.D., Doms R.W., and Desrosiers R.C. Modulation of Env content in virions of simian immunodeficiency virus: correlation with cell surface expression and virion infectivity. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 6775-6785
90. Yuste E., Johnson W., Pavlakis G.N., and Desrosiers R.C. Virion envelope content, infectivity, and neutralization sensitivity of simian immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 12455-12463
91. Zingler K., and Littman D.R. Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein increases env incorporation into particles and fusogenicity and infectivity. J. Virol. 67 (1993) 2824-2831