Buying science and selling science: Gender differences in the market for commercial science

Industrial and Corporate Change

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 657-689

  Murray, Fiona ^a   Graham, Leigh ^b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENDER DISPARITY; GENDER ISSUE; UNIVERSITY SECTOR; WOMENS STATUS;

EID: 34548203262     PISSN: 09606491     EISSN: 14643650     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icc/dtm021     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Agrawal, A. and R. M. Henderson (2002), 'Putting patents in context: exploring knowledge transfer from MIT,' Management Science, 48 1), 44-60.
2. Audretsch, D. B. and P. E. Stephan (1996), 'Company-scientist locational links: The case of biotechnology,' American Economic Review, 86 3), 641-652.
3. Azoulay, P., Ding, W. and T. E. Stuart, (2006, January), 'The impact of academic patenting on the rate, quality, and direction of (public) research output,' NBER Working Paper No. W11917.
4. Azoulay, P., W. Ding and T. E. Stuart (2007), 'The determinants of faculty patenting behavior: Demographics or opportunities,' Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 63, 599-623.
5. Babcock, L. and S. Laschever (2003), Women Don't Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide. University Press: Princeton.
6. Barinaga, M. (1992), 'Profile of a field: Neuroscience,' Science, 255(5050), 1366-1367.
7. Bercowitz, J. and M. Feldmann (2003), 'Technology transfer and the academic department: Who participates and why?,' Mimeo, TBD.
8. Biagioli, M. (2000), 'Replication or monopoly? The economies of invention and discovery in galileo's observations of 1610,' Science in Context, 13(3-4), 547-590.
9. Blair-Loy, M. (2005), Competing Devotions: Career and Family among Women Executives. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
10. Bremmer, H. (2001), The first two decades of the Bayh-Dole Act as public policy. Address to the National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges, Washington, DC, November 11, 2001.
11. Bruni, A., S. Gherardi and B. Poggio (2005), Gender and entrepreneurship: An ethnographical approach. Routledge: Abingdon and New York.
12. Bunker Whittington, K. and L. Smith-Doerr (2005), 'Gender and commercial science: Women's patenting in the life sciences,' Journal of Technology Transfer, 30, 355-370.
13. Buttner, E. H. and B. Rosen (1988), 'Bank loan officers' perceptions of the characteristics of men, women, and successful entrepreneurs,' Journal of Business Venturing, 3(3), 249-258.
14. Buttner, E. H. and B. Rosen (1989), 'Funding new business ventures: Are decision makers biased against women entrepreneurs?', Journal of Business Venturing, 4(4), 249-261.
15. Campbell, E. G., B. Clarridge, M. Gokhale, L. Birenbaum, S. Hilgartner, N. Holtzman and D. Blumenthal (2002), 'Data withholding in academic genetics: Evidence from a national survey,' Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(4), 473-479.
16. Carter, S. and P. Rosa (1998), 'The financing of male and female owned businesses,' Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 10 3), 225-241.
17. Carter, S., S. Anderson and E. Shaw (2001), 'Women's business ownership: a review of the academic, popular and internet literature,' A Report to the Small Business Service, University of Strathclyde: Glasgow.
18. Clark, S. M. and M. Corcoran (1986), 'Perspectives on the professional socialization of women faculty: A case of accumulative disadvantage?,' The Journal of Higher Education, 57(1), 20-43.
19. Cockburn, I. M. (2005), 'Blurred boundaries: Tensions between open scientific resources and commercial exploitation of knowledge in biomedical research,' Prepared for the Advancing Knowledge and the Knowledge Economy Conference, January 10-11, 2005, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
20. Cohen, S., A. Chang, H. Boyer and R. Helling (1973), 'Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro,' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 70, 3240-3244.
21. Coleman, S. (2000), 'Access to capital: A comparison of men and women-owned small businesses,' Journal of Small Business Management 38(3), 37-52.
22. Colyvas, J. and W.W. Powell, (2006), 'Roads to institutionalization: The remaking of boundaries between public and private science,' Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, 305-353.
23. Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine (2006), Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering. CITY: National Academies Press.
24. Corley, E. and M. Gaughan (2005), 'Scientists participation in university research centers: What are the gender differences?,' Journal of Technology Transfer, 30(4), 371-81.
25. Correll, S. (2001), 'Gender and the career choice process: The role of biased self-assessments,' The American Journal of Sociology, 106(6), 1691-1730.
26. Crane, D. (1969), 'Social structure in a group of scientists: A test of the 'invisible college' hypothesis,' American Sociological Review, 34, 335-352.
27. Dasgupta, P. and P. David (1994), 'Towards a new economics of science,' Research Policy, (23), 487-521.
28. Ding, W., F. Murray and T. E. Stuart (2005), 'Commercial Science: A New Arena for gender Stratification in Scientific Careers,' Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal, Quebec, August 14, 2006.
29. Ding, W., F. Murray and T. E. Stuart (2006), 'Gender difference in patenting in the academic life science,' Science, 313, 665-667.
30. Ducheneaut, B. (1997), 'Women entrepreneurs in SMEs,' Report prepared for the OECD Conference on Women Entrepreneurs in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Paris: France.
31. Du Rietz, A. and M. Henrekson (2000), 'Testing the female underperformance hypothesis,' Small Business Economics, 14 1), 1-10.
32. Eckel, C. and P. Grossman (2003), 'Men, women and risk aversion: experimental evidence,' in C. Plott and V. L. Smith (eds), The Handbook of Experimental Economics Results. Elsevier Science: Amsterdam.
33. Etzkowitz, H. (1998), 'The norms of entrepreneurial science: Cognitive effects of the new university-industry linkages,' Research Policy, 27, 823-833.
34. Fabrizio, K. and A. DiMinin (2005), 'Commercializing the Laboratory: The Relationship Between Faculty Patenting and Publishing,' Guizueta Paper Series GSM-OM-2005-04, Atlanta, GA.
35. Fernandez, R. M., E. J. Castilla and P. Moore (2000), 'Social capital at work: Network and employment at a phone center,' American Journal of Sociology, 105, 1288-1356.
36. Fernandez, R. and L. Sosa (2005), 'Gendering the job: Networks and recruitment at a call center,' American Journal of Sociology, 111, 859-904.
37. Festinger, L. (1954), 'An experimental investigation of the effect of unstable interpersonal relations in a group,' Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 513-522.
38. Fiske, S. T. and S. E. Taylor (1984), Social Cognition. Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA.
39. Fox, M. F. (1991), 'Gender, environmental milieu, and productivity in science,' in H. Zuckerman, J. Cole and John Bruer (eds), The Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Community. W. W. Norton: CITY.
40. Fox, M. F. (1998), 'Women in science and engineering: Theory, practice, and policy in programs,' Signs, 24(1), 201-223.
41. Ginther, D. and K. Hayes (2003), 'Gender differences in salary and promotion for faculty in the humanities 1977-95,' Journal of Human Resources, 38(1), 34-73.
42. Goldin, Claudia (2004), 'The long road to the fast track: Career and family,' The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 596((1)), 20-35.
43. Greene, P., C. Brush, M. Hart and P. Saparito (2001), 'Patterns of venture capital funding: Is gender a factor?,' Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 3(1), 63-83.
44. Granovetter, M. (1973), 'The strength of weak ties,' American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360-80.
45. Granovetter, M. and C. Tilly (1988), 'Inequality and labor processes,' in N. Smelser (ed.), Handbook of Sociology. Sage Publications.
46. Haynes, G. W. and D. C. Haynes (1999), 'The debt structure of small businesses owned by women in 1987 and 1993,' Journal of Small Business Management, 37(2), 1-19.
47. Heller, M. and R. Eisenberg (1998), 'Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomedical research,' Science, 280(5364), 698-701.
48. Holgate, S. and S. Edwards (2006), 'Research collaboration and development of intellectual property with the University of Southampton in the field of asthma and COPD,' Journal of Commercial Biotechnology 12(3), 200-204.
49. Ibarra, H. (1992), 'Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm,' Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(3), 422-447.
50. Ibarra, H. (1999), 'Provisional selves: Experimenting with image and identity in professional adaptation,' Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 764-791.
51. Jacobs, J. A. (1995), 'Gender and academic specialties: Trends among college degree recipients during the 1980s,' Sociology of Education 68(2), 81-98.
52. Kaplan, S., F. Murray and R. Henderson (2003), 'Recognition and response to biotechnology by leading pharmaceuticals companies,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 12(4), 203-233.
53. Keller, E. F. (1985), Reflections on Gender and Science. Yale University Press: New Haven.
54. Keller, E. F. (1988), 'Feminist perspectives on science studies,' Science, Technology & Human Values, 13(3/4), 235-249.
55. Kenney, M. (1986), Biotechnology: The University-Industrial Complex Yale University Press: New Haven.
56. Krimsky, S. (2003), Science in the Private Interest. Has the Lure of Profits Corrupted Biomedical Research? Rowman-Littlefield Publishing Co.: Lanham, MD.
57. Levin, S. and P. Stephan (1998), 'Gender differences in the rewards to publishing in academic science in the 1970s,' Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 38, 1049-1064.
58. Long, J. Scott (1990), 'The origins of sex differences in science,' Social Forces, 68(4), 1297-1316.
59. Major, B. (1989), 'Gender differences in comparisons and entitlement: implications for comparable worth,' Journal of Social Issues, 45(4), 99-115.
60. Marlow, S. and D. Patton (2005), 'All credit to men? Entrepreneurship, finance and gender,' Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 717-735.
61. Merton, R. (1973), The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
62. Merton, R. (1976), Sociological Ambivalence & Other Essays. The Free Press: New York.
63. Minniti, M. and P. Arenius (2003), 'Women in entrepreneurship,' Prepared for The Entrepreneurial Advantage of Nations: First Annual Global Entrepreneurship Symposium, New York, NY, April 29, 2003.
64. Mokyr, J. (2004), The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton University Press: Princeton.
65. Morange, M. (1998), A History of Molecular Biology. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
66. Murray, F. (2002), 'Innovation as overlapping scientific and technological trajectories: Exploring tissue engineering,' Research Policy, 31, 1389-1403.
67. Murray, F. and S. Kaplan (2003), The Evolution of Biotechnology: The Role of Social Evidence in Shaping a Technological Trajectory. Sloan Management School Working paper, Cambridge, MA.
68. Murray, F. (2004), 'The role of academic inventors in entrepreneurial firms: Sharing the laboratory life,' Research Policy, 33, 643-659.
69. Murray, F. and S. Stern (2006), 'Do formal intellectual property rights hinder the free flow of scientific knowledge? an empirical test of the anti-commons hypothesis,' Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 63, 648-687.
70. Nonnemaker, L. (2000), 'Women physicians in academic medicine: New insights from cohort studies,' New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 399-405.
71. Petersen, T. (2004), 'The opportunity structure for network discrimination,' American Journal of Sociology, 109(4), 852-901.
72. Rai, A. (1999), 'Regulating scientific research: Intellectual property rights and the norms of science,' Northwestern University Law Review 77, 94-129.
73. Renzulli, L., H. Aldrich and J. Moody (2000), 'Family matters: Gender, networks and entrepreneurial outcomes,' Social Forces, 79 2), 523-546.
74. Reskin, B. F. and P. A. Roos (1990), Job queues, gender queues: Explaining women's inroads into male occupations. Temple University Press.
75. Reynolds, P. et al. (2001), GEM Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Executive Report. Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership: Kansas City.
76. Reynolds, P., N. Carter, W. Gartner and P. Greene (2004), 'The prevalence of nascent entrepreneurs in the United States: Evidence from the panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics,' Small Business Economics, 23(4), 262-284.
77. Ridgeway, C. (2006), 'Gender as an organizing force in social relations: implications for the future of inequality,' in F. D. Blau, M. B. Brinton and D. G. Grusky (eds), The Declining Significance of Gender? Russell Sage: New York, pp. 265-287.
78. Ridgeway, C. and S. Correll (2004), 'Unpacking the gender system: A theoretical perspective on gender beliefs and social relations,' Gender & Society, 18(4), 510-531.
79. Schissel, A., J. Merz and M. Cho (1999), 'Survey confirms fears about licensing of genetic tests,' Nature, 402, 118.
80. Shane, S. and R. Khurana (2003), 'Bringing individuals back in: The effect of career experience on new firm founding,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 12(3), 519-543.
81. Shragg, P., L. Yacuk and A. Glass (1992), 'Study of barriers facing albertan women in business,' Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 9(4), 40-49.
82. Smelser, N. J. (1998), 'The rational and the ambivalent in the social sciences: 1997 Presidential address,' American Sociological Review 63(1), 1-16.
83. Spencer, S., S. Fein and C. Lomore (2001), 'Maintaining one's self-image vis-à-vis others: The role of self-affirmation in the social evaluation of the self,' Motivation and Emotion, 25(1), 41-65.
84. Stephan P., S. Gurmu, A. J. Sumell and G. Black (2006), 'Who's patenting in the university? Evidence from the survey of doctoral recipients,' Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 16(2), 71-99.
85. Stern, S. (1999), 'Do scientists pay to be scientists,' Management Science, 50(4), 835-853.
86. Stokes, D. (1997), Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic science and technological innovation. The Brookings Institution: Washington D.C.
87. Stuart, T. E. (1998), 'Producer network positions and propensities to collaborate: An investigation of strategic alliance formations in a high-technology industry,' Administrative Science Quarterly, 43 668-698.
88. Stuart, Toby E. and Waverly Ding (2006), 'When do scientists become entrepreneurs? The social structural antecedents of commercial activity in the academic life sciences,' American Journal of Sociology, 112(1), 97-144.
89. Swidler, A. (1986), 'Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies,' American Sociological Review, 51(2), 273-286.
90. Thursby, J. G., R. Jensen and M. C. Thursby (2001), 'Objectives, characteristics and outcomes of university licensing: A survey of major U.S. universities,' The Journal of Technology Transfer, 26 1-2), 59-72.
91. Thursby, J. G. and M. C. Thursby (2003), Patterns of Research and Licensing Activity of Science and Engineering Faculty. Mimeo Georgia Tech. and Amory University.
92. Thursby, J. and M. C. Thursby (2005), 'Gender patterns of research and licensing activity of science and engineering faculty,' Journal of Technology Transfer, 30, 343-353.
93. Treichel, M. and J. A. Scott (2006), 'Women-owned businesses and access to bank credit: Evidence from three surveys since (1987),' Venture Capital: An international journal of entrepreneurial finance, 8 1), 51-67.
94. Wagner, J. (2004), 'What a difference a Y makes - female and male Nascent Entrepreneurs in Germany,' IZA DP No. 1134, Discussion Paper Series, Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, Institute for the Study of Labor. Accessed from http://opus.zbw-kiel.de/volltexte/2004/ 1874/pdf/dp(1134),pdf.
95. Wenneras, C. and A. Wold (1997), 'Nepotism and sexism in peer-review,' Nature, 387(6631), 341-3.
96. West, C. and D. Zimmerman (1987), 'Doing gender,' Gender and Society 1(2), 125-151.
97. Xie, Y. and K. A. Shauman (1998), 'Sex differences in research productivity: New evidence about an old puzzle,' American Sociological Review, 63(6), 847-870.
98. Zucker, L., M. Darby and M. Brewer (1998), 'Intellectual human capital and the birth of US,' Biotechnology Enterprises American Economic Review, 88, 290-306.