Relatedness of identities and emotional closeness with parents across and within cultures

Asian Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 145-161

  Imamǒlu, E Olcay ^a   Karakitapǒlu Aygün, Zahide ^b  

^a MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b BILKENT UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Balanced integration differentiation model; Cultural and socioeconomic status differences; Individualism collectivism; Relatedness with parents; Self types

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547781672     PISSN: 13672223     EISSN: 1467839X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-839X.2007.00221.x     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1972). Attachment and dependency: A comparison. In : J. L. Gewirtz, ed. Attachment and Dependency, pp. 97 137. Washington, DC : Winston & Sons.
2. Aron, A., Aron, E. N. Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 596 612.
3. Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Tudor, M. Nelson, G. (1991). Close relationships as including other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 241 253.
4. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1 26.
5. Baumeister, R. Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497 529.
6. Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory. London : Routledge.
7. Chodorow, N. (1978). The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley, CA : University of California Press.
8. Cross, S. E. Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 5 37.
9. Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L. Morris, M. L. (2000). The relational- interdependent self-construal and relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 791 808.
10. Fijneman, Y. A., Willemsen, M. E. Poortinga, Y. H. in cooperation with Erelcin, F. G., Georgas, J., Hui, H. C., Leung, K. Malpass, R. S. (1996). Individualism-collectivism: An empirical study of a conceptual issue. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 381 401.
11. Fişek, G. O. (1984). Psychopathology and the Turkish family: A family systems theory analysis. In : Ç. Kàitçibaşi, ed. Sex Roles, Family and Community in Turkey, pp. 295 321. Bloomington, IN : Indiana University.
12. Frank, S. J., Avery, C. B. Laman, M. S. (1988). Young adult's perceptions of their relationships with their parents: Individual differences in connectedness, competence and emotional autonomy. Developmental Psychology, 24, 729 737.
13. Freeman, M. A. (1997). Demographic correlates of individualism and collectivism: A study of social values in Sri Lanka. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 321 341.
14. Gabriel, S. Gardner, W. L. (1999). Are there 'his' and 'hers' types of interdependence? The implications of gender differences in collective versus relational interdependence for affect, behavior, and cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 642 655.
15. Geertz, C. (1973a). Religion as a cultural system. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays by Clifford Geertz, pp. 87 125. New York : Basic.
16. Geertz, C. (1973b). Ritual and social change: A Javanese example. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays by Clifford Geertz, pp. 142 169. New York : Basic.
17. Georgas, J., Mylonas, K., Bafiti T., et al. (2001). Functional relationships in the nuclear and extended family: A 16-culture study. International Journal of Psychology, 36, 289 300.
18. Gezici, M. Güvenç, G. (2003). Çalişan kadinlarin ve ev kadinlarinin benlik algisi ve benlik kurgusu açisindan karşilaştirilmasi [Self perceptions and self-construals of women in relation to employment and domestic status]. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 18, 1 17 (in Turkish).
19. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
20. Göregenli, M. (1997). Individualist and collectivist tendencies in a Turkish sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 787 794.
21. Güler, A. (2004). Relationship between self-construals and future time orientations. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
22. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K. Greenholtz, J. (2002). What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales? The reference-group effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 903 918.
23. Hoff-Ginsberg, E. Tardif, T. (1995). Socioeconomic status and parenting. In : M. H. Bornstein, ed. Handbook of Parenting: Biology and Ecology of Parenting, Vol. 2, pp. 161 188. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
24. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA : Sage.
25. Imamòlu, E. O. (1987). An interdependence model of human development. In : Ç. Kàitçibaşi, ed. Growth and Progress in Cross-Cultural Psychology, pp. 138 145. Lisse : Swets and Zeitlinger.
26. Imamòlu, E. O. (1991). Çocùun aile içinde yetişme ortami ve toplumsallaşmasi [Socialization of the child in the family context]. In : I. Sezal, M. Mete, M. Isen H. Karpuz, eds. Türkiye Aile Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 1, pp. 236 240. Ankara : Türkiye Yazarlar Birlìi Vakfi (in Turkish).
27. Imamòlu, E. O. (1995). Dèişim sürecinde aile: Evlilik ilişkileri, bireysel gelişim ve demokratik dèerler [Family in transition: Marital relations, individual development, and democratic values]. In : The Turkish Family Research Association, eds. 1994 Aile Kurultayi, pp. 33 51. Ankara : Aile Araştirma Kurumu (in Turkish).
28. Imamòlu, E. O. (1998). Individualism and collectivism in a model and scale of balanced differentiation and integration. Journal of Psychology, 132, 95 105.
29. Imamòlu, E. O. (2002). Dòu-Bati kavşàinda benlik: Dengeli ayrişma-bütünleşme modeli [Self at East-West crossroads: The balanced integration- differentiation model]. Invited speech, The 12th Turkish Psychology Congress; September 2002, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
30. Imamòlu, E. O. (2003). Individuation and relatedness: Not opposing, but distinct and complementary. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 129, 367 402.
31. Imamòlu, E. O. (2006). Dengeli yetişme ortami ve benlik modeli: 1970'lerden 2000'lere bir araştirma öyküsü [A model of balanced developmental context and self: Story of a research program from 1970s to 2000s]. Invited speech, The 14th Turkish Psychology Congress; September 2006, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
32. Imamòlu, E. O. Imamòlu, V. (1992). Life situations and attitudes of the Turkish elderly toward institutional living within a cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47, 102 108.
33. Imamòlu, E. O. Imamòlu, V. (1996). Insan, Evi ve Çevresi [Individuals, Their Homes, and Environments]. Ankara : Başbakanlik Toplu Konut Idaresi Yayini (in Turkish).
34. Imamòlu, E. O. Imamòlu, S. (in press). Relationships between attachment security and self-construal orientations. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied.
35. Imamòlu, E. O. Karakitapòlu-Aygün, Z. (1999). 1970lerden 1990lara dèerler: Üniversite düzeyinde gözlenen zaman, kuşak ve cinsiyet farkliliklari [Value preferences from 1970s to 1990s: Cohort, generation and gender differences at a Turkish University]. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 14, 1 22 (in Turkish).
36. Imamòlu, E. O. Karakitapòlu-Aygün, Z. (2004). Self-construals and values in different cultural and socioeconomic contexts. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130, 277 306.
37. Imamòlu, E. O. Karakitapòlu-Aygün, Z. (2006). Actual, ideal and expected relatedness with parents across and within cultures. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 721 745.
38. Imamòlu, E. O., Küller, R., Imamòlu, V. Küller, M. (1993). The social psychological worlds of Swedes and Turks in and around retirement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 26 41.
39. Imamòlu, S. (2005). Secure exploration: Conceptualization, types, and relationships with secure attachment, self-construals, and other self-related variables. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
40. Jordan, J. V. (1997). The relational model is a source of empowerment for women. In : M. R. Walsh, ed. Women, Men and Gender: Ongoing Debates. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press.
41. Kàitçibaşi, Ç. (1996). The autonomous-relational self: A new synthesis. European Psychologist, 1, 180 186.
42. Kàitçibaşi, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 403 422.
43. Karadayi, F. (1998). Ilişkili Ōzerklik: Kavrami, Ōlcülmesi, Gelişimi ve Toplumsal Ōnemi [Related Autonomy: Conceptualization, Measurement, Development, and Societal Importance]. Adana : Çukurova Üniversitesi Basimevi (in Turkish).
44. Karakitapòlu-Aygün, Z. (2004). Self, identity, and emotional well-being among Turkish University students. Journal of Psychology, 138, 457 478.
45. Karakitapòlu-Aygün, Z. Imamòlu, E. O. (2002). Value domains of Turkish adults and University students. Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 333 351.
46. Kashima, Y., Yamaguchi, K. Y., Kim, U., Choi, S. C., Gelfand, M. J. Yuki, M. (1995). Culture, gender and self: A perspective from individualism- collectivism research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 925 937.
47. Kohn, M. (1969). Class and Conformity: A Study in Values. Homewood, IL : Dorsey.
48. Kohn, M. Schooler, C. (1982). Job conditions and personality: A longitudinal assessment of their reciprocal effects. American Journal of Sociology, 87, 1257 1283.
49. Kurt, A. (2002a). A comparison of three self-construal conceptualizations with respect to issues of culture and gender. Poster Presented at the Annual Convention of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology; February, 2002, Savannah, GA.
50. Kurt, A. (2002b). Autonomy and relatedness: A comparison of Canadians and Turks. Paper Presented at the Annual Convention of Canadian Psychological Association; June 2002, Vancouver, BC.
51. Li, H. Z. (2002). Culture, gender and self-close other(s) connectedness in Canadian and Chinese samples. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 93 104.
52. Lykes, M. B. (1985). Gender and individualistic versus collectivist bases for notions about the self. Journal of Personality, 53, 357 383.
53. Markus, H. R. Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224 253.
54. Markus, H. R. Kitayama, S. (2003). Models of agency: Sociocultural diversity in the construction of action. In : V. M. Berman J. J. Berman, eds. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Cross-Cultural Differences in Perspectives on the Self, Vol. 49, pp. 1 57. Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska Press.
55. Matsumoto, D. (1999). Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama's theory of independent and interdependent self-construals. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 289 310.
56. Mellor, S. (1989). Gender differences in identity formation as a function of self-other relations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18, 361 375.
57. Miller, J. G. (2003). Culture and agency: Implications for psychological theories of motivation and social development. In : V. M. Berman J. J. Berman, eds. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Cross-Cultural Differences in Perspectives on the Self, Vol. 49, pp. 59 99. Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska Press.
58. Neff, K. (2003). Understanding how universal goals of independence and interdependence are maintained within particular cultural contexts. Human Development, 46, 312 318.
59. Olver, R. R., Aries, E. Batgos, J. (1989). Self-other differentiation and the mother-child relationship: The effects of sex and birth order. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 150, 311 321.
60. Oyserman, D. (1993). The lens of personhood: Viewing the self and others in a multicultural society. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 993 1009.
61. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M. Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3 72.
62. Rhee, E., Uleman, J. S. Lee, H. K. (1996). Variations in collectivism, and individualism by in-group and culture: Confirmatory factor analyses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1037 1054.
63. Ryan, R. M. (1991). The nature of the self in autonomy and relatedness. In : J. Strauss G. R. Goethals, eds. The Self: Interdisciplinary Approaches, pp. 208 238. New York : Springer-Verlag.
64. Ryan, R. M. Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68 78.
65. Ryan, R. M. Lynch, J. H. (1989). Emotional autonomy versus detachment: Revisiting the vicissitudes of adolescence and young adulthood. Child Development, 60, 340 356.
66. Schooler, C. (1996). Cultural and social-structural explanations of cross-national psychological differences. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 323 349.
67. Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values. In : M. Zanna, ed. Advances in Experimental Psychology, Vol. 25, pp. 1 62. New York : Academic Press.
68. Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M. Owens, V. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 519 542.
69. Scott, J. (2002). Social class and stratification in late modernity. Acta Sociologica, 45, 23 35.
70. Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580 591.
71. Sinha, D. Tripathi, R. C. (1994). Individualism in a collectivist culture: A case of coexistence of opposites. In : U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, Ç. Kàitçibaşi, S. C. Choi G. Yoon, eds. Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Applications, pp. 123 136. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
72. Sunar, D. (1999). Culture and gender influences on self-concept and the bases of self-esteem: Four Turkish studies. In : W. J. Lonner, ed. Merging Past, Present and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology: Selected Papers from the 14th International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, pp. 387 395. Lisse : Swets & Zeitlinger.
73. Takano, Y. Osaka, E. (1999). An unsupported common view: Comparing Japan and the U.S. on individualism/collectivism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 311 341.
74. Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506 520.
75. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, CO : Westview.
76. Triandis, H. C., Bontempo. R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M. Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-in-group relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 323 338.
77. Uleman, J., Rhee, E., Bardoliwalla, N., Semin, G. Toyama, M. (2000). The relational self: Closeness to ingroups depends on who they are, culture and the type of closeness. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 1 17.
78. Van den Heuvel, K. Poortinga, Y. H. (1999). Resource allocation by Greek and Dutch students: A test of three models. International Journal of Psychology, 34, 1 13.
79. Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. Sagi, A. (1999). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: Universal and contextual dimensions. In : J. Cassidy P. R. Shaver, eds. Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, pp. 434 456. New York : Guilford Press.
80. Youniss, J. Ketterlinus, R. D. (1987). Communication and connectedness in mother and father-adolescent relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 265 280.