Variations in Collectivism and Individualism by Ingroup and Culture: Confirmatory Factor Analyses

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 71, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 1037-1054

  Rhee, Eun ^a   Uleman, James S ^a   Lee, Hoon Koo ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Yonsei University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030523331     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.5.1037     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
2. Berry, J. W. (1980). Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. In A. Padilla (Ed.), Acculturation: Theory, models, and some new findings (pp. 9-25). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
3. Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 31, 491-571.
4. Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H., & Dasen, P. R. (1992). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
5. Bochner, S. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the self-concept: A test of Hofstede's individualism/collectivism distinction. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 273-283.
6. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
7. Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1993). Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
8. Bond, M. H. (1988). Finding universal dimensions of individual variation in multicultural studies of value: The Rokeach and Chinese value surveys. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 1009-1015.
9. Bond, M. H., & Cheung, T. (1983). College students' spontaneous self-concept: The effect of culture among respondents in Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14, 153-171.
10. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185-216.
11. Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In H. C. Triandis & H. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 389-444). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
12. Burt, R. S. (1973). Confirmatory factor-analytic structures and the theory construction process. Sociological Methods and Research, 2, 131-190.
13. Carmines, E. G., & McIver, J. P. (1981). Analyzing models with unobserved variables: Analysis of covariance structures. In G. W. Bohrnstedt & E. F. Borgatta (Eds.), Social measurement: Current issues. (pp. 63-115). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
14. Cha, J. (1994). Aspects of individualism and collectivism in Korea. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâǧitçibaşi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp.137-156). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
15. Chan, D. K. (1994). COLINDEX: A refinement of three collectivism measures. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâǧitçibaşi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 200-212). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
16. Choi, S. C., Kim U., & Choi, S. H. (1993). Indigenous analysis of collective representations: A Korean perspective. In U. Kim & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Indigenous psychologies: Research and experience in cultural context (pp. 193-210). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
17. Cousins, S. D. (1989). Culture and selfhood in Japan and the U.S. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 124-131.
18. Hayduk, L. (1987). Structural equation modeling with LISREL: Essentials and advances. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins Press.
19. Ho, D. Y. (1993). Relational orientation in Asian social psychology. In U. Kim & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Indigenous psychologies: Research and experience in cultural context (pp. 240-259). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
20. Ho, D. Y., & Chiu, C. (1994). Component ideas of individualism, collectivism, and social organization: An application in the study of Chinese culture. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâǧitçibaşi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 123-136). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
21. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
22. Hofstede, G. (1994). Foreword. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâǧitçibaşi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. ix-xiv). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
23. Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1984). Hofstede's culture dimensions: An independent validation using Rokeach's value survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15, 417-433.
24. Hsu, F. L. K. (1971). Psychosocial homeostasis and jen: Conceptual tools for advancing psychological anthropology. American Anthropologist, 73, 23-44.
25. Hui, C. H. (1988). Measurement of individualism-collectivism. Journal of Research on Personality, 22, 17-36.
26. Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. (1986). Individualism-collectivism: A study of cross-cultural researchers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 7, 225-248.
27. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1989). LISREL 7: A guide to the program and applications (2nd ed.). Chicago: SPSS, Inc.
28. Kâǧitçibaşi, C. (1987). Individual and group loyalties: Are they compatible? In C. Kâǧitçibaşi (Ed.), Growth and progress in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 94-103). Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
29. Kâǧitçibaşi, C. (1994). A critical appraisal of individualism and collectivism: Toward a new formulation. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâǧ-itçibaşi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 52-65). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
30. Kâǧitçibaşi, C., & Berry, J. W. (1989). Cross-cultural psychology: Current research and trends. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 493-531.
31. Kashima, Y. (1987). Conceptions of person: Implications in individualism-collectivism research. In C. Kâǧitçibaşi (Ed.), Growth and progress in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 104-112). Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
32. Kihlstrom, J. F., & Klein, S. B. (1994). The self as a knowledge structure. In R. S. Wyer, Jr., & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition. Vol. 1: Basic processes (2nd e;d., pp. 153-208). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
33. Kim, U. (1994). Individualism and collectivism: Conceptual clarification and elaboration. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâǧitçibaşi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 19-40). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
34. Kim, U., Triandis, H. C., Kâǧitçibaşi, C., Choi, S. C., & Yoon, G. (1994). Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
35. LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H., L. K. & Gerton, J. (1993). Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 395-412.
36. Leung, K. (1989). Cross-cultural differences: Individual-level vs. culture-level analysis. Internationa/Journal of Psychology, 24, 703-719.
37. Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. (1989). On the empirical identification of dimensions of cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20, 133-151.
38. Linville, P., & Carlston, D. (1994). Social cognition of the self. In P. G. Devine, D. L. Hamilton, & T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Social cognition: Impact on social psychology (pp. 143-193). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
39. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
40. McGuire, W. J., & McGuire, C. V. (1981). The spontaneous self-concept as affected by personal distinctiveness. In M. D. Lynch, A. A. Norem-Hebeisen, & K. J. Gergen (Eds.), Self-concept: Advances in theory and research (pp. 147-172). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
41. Messick, D. M., & Mackie, D. M. (1989). Intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 45-82.
42. Miller, J. G. (1994). Cultural diversity in the morality of caring: Individually oriented versus duty-based interpersonal moral codes. Cross Cultural Research, 28, 3-39.
43. Miller, J. G., Bersoff, D. M., & Harwood, R. L. (1990). Perceptions of social responsibility in India and the United States: Moral imperatives or personal decisions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 33-47.
44. Mishra, R. C. (1994). Individualist and collectivist orientations across generations. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâǧitçibaşi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 225-238). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
45. Rhee, E., Uleman, J. S., Lee, H. K., & Roman, R. J. (1995). Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 142-152.
46. Schwartz, S. H. (1990). Individualism-collectivism: Critique and proposed refinements. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 21, 139-157.
47. Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism and collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâǧitçibaşi, S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 85-119). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
48. Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universal psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550-562.
49. Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 878-891.
50. Shweder, R. A., & Bourne, E. J. (1982). Does the concept of the person vary cross-culturally? In A. Marsella & G. White (Eds.), Cultural conceptions of mental health and therapy (pp. 97-137). New York: Reidel.
51. Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580-591.
52. Sinha, D., & Tripathi, R. C. (1994). Individualism in a collectivist culture: A case of coexistence of opposites. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâǧitçibaşi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 123-136). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
53. Sinha, J. B., & Verma, J. (1987). Structure of collectivism. In C. Kâǧitçibaşi (Ed.), Growth and progress in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 123-129). Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
54. Trafimow, D., Triandis, H. C., & Goto, S. G. (1991). Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 649-655.
55. Triandis, H. C. (1989a). Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism. In J. Berman (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 41-133). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
56. Triandis, H. C. (1989b). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
57. Triandis, H. C. (1991). Manual of instruments for the study of allocentrism or collectivism and idiocentrism or individualism. Unpublished manuscript, University of Illinois.
58. Triandis, H. C. (1994). Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of collectivism and individualism. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâǧitçibaşi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 41-51). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
59. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
60. Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Betancourt, H., Bond, M., Leung, K., Brenes, A., Georgas, J., Hui, C. H., Marin, G., Setiadi, B., Sinha, J. B. P., Verma, J., Spangenberg, J., Touzard, H., & de Montmollin, G. (1986). The measurement of the etics aspects of individualism and collectivism across cultures. Australian Journal of Psychology, 38, 257-268.
61. Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 323-338.
62. Triandis, H. C., Kashima, Y., Shimada, E., & Villareal, M. (1986). Acculturation indices as a means of confirming cultural differences. International Journal of Psychology, 21, 43-70.
63. Triandis, H. C., McCusker, C., Betancourt, H., Iwao, S., Leung, K., Salazar, J. M., Setiadi, B., Sinha, J. B. P., Touzard, H., & Zaleski, Z. (1993). An etic-emic analysis of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 366-383.
64. Triandis, H. C., McCusker, C., & Hui, C. H. (1990). Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1006-1020.
65. Verma, J. (1985). The ingroup and its relevance to individual behavior: A study of collectivism and individualism. Psychologia, 28, 13-181.
66. Watkins, D. (1989). The role of confirmatory factor analysis in cross-cultural research. International Journal of Psychology, 24, 685-701.
67. Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. In D. R. Heise (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1977 (pp. 84-136). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
68. Wheeler, L., Reis, H. T., & Bond, M. H. (1989). Collectivism-individualism in everyday social life: The middle kingdom and the melting pot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 79-86.
69. Yamaguchi, S. (1990). Personality and cognitive correlates of collectivism among the Japanese: Validation of collectivism scale. Unpublished manuscript.
70. Yamaguchi, S. (1994). Collectivism among the Japanese: A perspective from the self. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâǧitçibaşi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 157-174). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
71. Yang, K. S. (1981). Social orientation and individual modernity among Chinese students in Taiwan. Journal of Social Psychology, 113, 159-170.