Actual, ideal, and expected relatedness with parents across and within cultures

European Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 721-745

  Imamoǧlu, E Olcay ^a   Karakitapoǧlu aygün, Zahide ^b  

^a MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b BILKENT UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749384085     PISSN: 00462772     EISSN: 10990992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.313     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1972). Attachment and dependency: A comparison. In J. L. Gewirtz (Ed.), Attachment and dependency (pp. 97-137). Washington, DC: Winston & Sons.
2. Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 596-612.
3. Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (1991). Close relationships as including other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 241-253.
4. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1-26.
5. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.
6. Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. New York: Harper & Row.
7. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routledge.
8. Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9. Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., & Morris, M. L. (2000). The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 791-808.
10. Cross, S. E., & Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 5-37.
11. D'Andrade, R. G. (1997). Schemas and motivation. In R. G. D'Andrade, & C. Strauss (Eds.), Human motives and cultural models (pp. 23-44). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Fijneman, Y. A., Willemsen, M. E., & Poortinga, Y. H. in cooperation with Erelcin, F. G., Georgas, J., Hui, H. C., Leung, K., & Malpass, R. S. (1996). Individualism-collectivism: An empirical study of a conceptual issue. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 381-401.
13. Fişek, G. O. (1984). Psychopathology and the Turkish family: A family systems theory analysis. In Ç. Kaǧitçibaşi (Ed.), Sex roles, family and community in Turkey. Bloomington: Indiana University.
14. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
15. Frank, S. J., Avery, C. B., & Laman, M. S. (1988). Young adult's perceptions of their relationships with their parents: Individual differences in connectedness, competence and emotional autonomy. Developmental Psychology, 24, 729-737.
16. Freeman, M. A. (1997). Demographic correlates of individualism and collectivism: A study of social values in Sri Lanka. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 321-341.
17. Fuligni, A. J. (1994). The academic achievement and parent-child relationships of Chinese-American and European-American early adolescents. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Michigan.
18. Gabriel, S., & Gardner, W. L. (1999). Are there 'his' and 'hers' types of interdependence? The implications of gender differences in collective versus relational interdependence for affect, behavior, and cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 642-655.
19. Gaines, J., Marelich, W. D., Bledsoe, K. L., Steers, W. N., Henderson, M. C., Granrose, C. S., Barajas, L., Hicks, D., Lyde, M., Takahashi, Y., Yum, N., Rios, D. L, Garcia, B. F., Farris, K. R., & Page, M. S. (1997). Links between race/ethnicity and cultural values as mediated by racial/ethnic identity and moderated by gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1460-1476.
20. Geertz, C. (1973a). Religion as a cultural system. In The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays by Clifford Geertz (pp. 87-125). New York: Basic.
21. Geertz, C. (1973b). Ritual and social change: A Javanese example. In The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays by Clifford Geertz (pp. 142-169). New York: Basic.
22. Georgas, J., Mylonas, K., Bafiti, T., Poortinga, Y. H., Christakopoulou, S., Kaǧitçibaşi, C., Kwak, K., Ataca, B., Berry, J., Orung, S., Sunar, D., Charalambous, N., Goodwin, R., Wang, Z., Angleitner, A., Stepanikova, I., Pick, S., Givaudan, M., Zhuravliova-Gionis, I., Konantambigi, R., Gelfand, M. J., Marinova, V., McBride-Chang, C., & Kodic, Y. (2001). Functional relationships in the nuclear and extended family: A 16-culture study. International Journal of Psychology, 36, 289-300.
23. Gezici, M., & Güvenç, G. (2003). Çalişan kadinlarin ve ev kadinlarinin benlik algisi ve benlik kurgusu açisindan karşilaştirilmasi (Self-perception and self-construals of women in relation to employment and domestic status). Turkish Journal of Psychology, 18, 1-17.
24. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
25. Göregenli, M. (1997). Individualist and collectivist tendencies in a Turkish sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 787-794.
26. Güler, A. (2004). Relationship between self-construals and future-time orientations. Unpublished M. S. Thesis, Middle East Technical University.
27. Hauser, S. T., Book, B. K., Houlihan, J., Powers, S., Weiss-Perry, B., Follansbee, D., Jacobson, A. M., & Noam, G. G. (1987). Sex differences within the family: Studies of adolescent and parent-family interactions. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 199-220.
28. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
29. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
30. Hunter, F. T., & Youniss, J. (1982). Changes in functions of three relations during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 18, 806-811.
31. Imamoǧlu, E. O. (1987). An interdependence model of human development. In Ç. Kaǧitçibaşi (Ed.), Growth and progress in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 138-145). Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger.
32. Imamoǧlu, E. O. (1991). Çocuǧun aile içinde yetişme ortami ve toplumsallaşmasi (Socialization of the child in the family context). Türkiye Aile Ansiklopedisi (Vol. 1, pp. 236-240). Ankara: Turkiye Yazarlar Birliǧi Vakfi.
33. Imamoǧlu, E. O. (1995). Deǧişim sürecinde aile: Evlilik ilişkileri, bireysel gelişim ve demokratik deǧerler (Family in transition: Marital relations, individual development, and democratic values). 1994 Aile Kurultayi, (pp. 35-51). Ankara, Turkey: Aile Araştirma Kurumu.
34. Imamoǧlu, E. O. (1998). Individualism and collectivism in a model and scale of balanced differentiation and integration. Journal of Psychology, 132, 95-105.
35. Imamoǧlu, E. O. (2002). Doǧu-Bati kavşaǧinda benlik: Dengeli ayrişma-bütünleşme modeli (Self at East-West crossroads: The balanced integration-differentiation model). Invited speech, the 12th Turkish Psychology Congress, Ankara.
36. Imamoǧlu, E. O. (2003). Individuation and relatedness: Not opposing, but distinct and complementary. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 129, 367-402.
37. Imamoǧlu, E. O. & Imamoǧlu, V. (1992). Life situations and attitudes of the Turkish elderly toward institutional living within a cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47(2), 102-108.
38. Imamoǧlu, E. O., & Imamoǧlu, V. (1996). Insan, evi ve çevresi (Individuals, their homes, and environments). Ankara: Başbakanhk Toplu Konut Idaresi Yayini.
39. Imamoǧlu, E. O., & Karakitapoǧlu-Aygün, Z. (1999). 19701erden 1990lara deǧerler: Üniversite düzeyinde gözlenen zaman, kuşak ve cinsiyet farkliliklari (Value preferences from 1970s to 1990s: Cohort, generation and gender differences at a Turkish university). Turkish Journal of Psychology, 14(44), 1-22.
40. Imamoǧlu, E. O., & Karakitapoǧlu-Aygün, Z. (2004). Self-construals and values across different cultural and socioeconomic contexts. Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 130(4), 277-306.
41. Imamoǧlu, E. O., & Karakitapoǧlu-Aygün, Z. (2005). Relatedness of identities and emotional closeness with parents across and within cultures. Manuscript under review.
42. Imamoǧlu, E. O., Küller, R., Imamoǧlu, V., & Küller, M. (1993). The social psychological worlds of Swedes and Turks in and around retirement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 26-41.
43. Jordan, J. V. (1997). The relational model is a source of empowerment for women. In M. R. Walsh (Ed.), Women, men and gender: Ongoing debates (pp. 373-379). New Haven: Yale University Press.
44. Karakitapoǧlu-Aygün, Z. (2004). Self, identity, and emotional well-being among Turkish university students. The Journal of Psychology, 138, 451-478.
45. Karakitapoǧlu-Aygün, Z., & Imamoǧlu, E. O. (2002). Value domains of Turkish adults and university students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 333-351.
46. Kashima, Y., Kim, U., Gelfand, M. J., Yamaguchi, K. Y., Choi, S. C., & Yuki, M. (1995). Culture, gender and self: A perspective from individualism-collectivism research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 925-937.
47. Kurt, A. (2002). Autonomy and relatedness: A comparison of Canadians and Turks. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of Canadian Psychological Association, Vancouver, BC.
48. Lykes, M. B. (1985). Gender and individualistic versus collectivist bases for notions about the self. Journal of Personality, 53, 357-383.
49. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
50. Mellor, S. (1989). Gender differences in identity formation as a function of self-other relations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 75, 361-375.
51. Olver, R. R., Aries, E., & Batgos, J. (1989). Self-other differentiation and the mother-child relationship: The effects of sex and birth order. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 150, 311-321.
52. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3-72.
53. Rhee, E., Uleman, J. S., & Lee, H. K. (1996). Variations in collectivism, and individualism by in-group and culture: Confirmatory factor analyses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1037-1054.
54. Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
55. Rothbaum, F., Pott, M., Azuma, H., Miyake, K., & Weisz, J. (2000). The development of close relationships in Japan and the United States: Paths of symbiotic harmony and generative tension. Child Development, 71, 1121-1142.
56. Sampson, E. E. (1988). The debate on individualism: Indigenous psychologies of the individual and their role in individual and societal functioning. American Psychologist, 43, 15-22.
57. Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1-62). New York: Academic Press.
58. Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M., & Owens, V. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 519-542.
59. Shore, B. (1996). Culture in mind: Cognition, culture, and the problem of meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
60. Sinha, D., & Tripathi, R. C. (1994). Individualism in a collectivist culture: A case of coexistence of opposites. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, Ç. Kaǧitçibaşi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and application (pp. 123-136). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
61. Smith, P. B., & Bond, M. H. (1998). Social psychology across cultures. London: Prentice Hall Europe.
62. Strauss, C., & Quinn, N. (1997). A cognitive theory of cultural meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
63. Sunar, D. (1999). Culture and gender influences on self-concept and the bases of self-esteem: Four Turkish studies. In W. J. Lonner (Ed.), Merging past, present and future in cross-cultural psychology: Selected papers from the 14th International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (pp. 387-395). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
64. Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
65. Triandis, H. C. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism. In J. Berman (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1989 (pp. 41-133). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
66. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder: Westview.
67. Triandis, H. C. (1997). Cross-cultural perspectives on personality. In R. Hogan (Ed.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 439-464). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
68. Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-in-group relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 323-338.
69. Uleman, J., Rhee, E., Bardoliwalla, N., Semin, G., & Toyama, M. (2000). The relational self: Closeness to ingroups depends on who they are, culture and the type of closeness. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 1-17.
70. Van den Heuvel, K., & Poortinga, Y. H. (1999). Resource allocation by Greek and Dutch students: A test of three models. International Journal of Psychology, 34, 1-13.
71. Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Sagi, A. (1999). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: Universal and contextual dimensions. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 434-465). New York: Guilford Press.
72. Youniss, J., & Ketterlinus, R. D. (1987). Communication and connectedness in mother and father-adolescent relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 265-280.