Giftedness and evidence for reproducibly superior performance: An account based on the expert performance framework

High Ability Studies

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 3-56

  Ericsson, K Anders ^a   Roring, Roy W ^a   Nandagopal, Kiruthiga ^a  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547265739     PISSN: 13598139     EISSN: 1469834X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13598130701350593     Document Type: Article

References (250)

1. Abernethy, B. (1991) Visual search strategies and decision-making in sport, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22, 189-210.
2. Bamberger, J. (1982) Growing up prodigies: the mid-life crisis, in: D. H. Feldman (Ed) Developmental approaches to giftedness and creativity (San Francisco, Jossey-Bass), 61-67.
3. Bamberger, J. (1986) Cognitive issues in the development of musically gifted children, in: R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds) Conceptions of giftedness (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 388-413.
4. Barlow, F. (1952) Mental prodigies (New York, Greenwood Press).
5. Bédard, J. & Chi, M. T. H. (1993) Expertise in auditing. Auditing, 12(Suppl.), 1-25.
6. Beek, P. J. (1989) Juggling dynamics (Amsterdam, Free University Press).
7. Bengtsson, S. L., Nagy, Z., Skare, S., Forsman, L., Forsberg, H. & Ullén, F. (2005) Extensive piano practicing has regionally specific effects on white matter development, Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1148-1150.
8. Berger, J. (1994) The young scientists: America's future and the winning of the Westinghouse (Reading, MA, Addison Wesley).
9. Binet, A. & Simon, Th. (1915) A method of measuring the development of the intelligence of young children (Chicago, Medical Book).
10. Bloom, B. S. (1985) Generalizations about talent development, in: B. S. Bloom (Ed.) Developing talent in young people (New York, Ballantine Books), 507-549.
11. Bongaerts, T. (1999) Ultimate attainment in L2 pronunciation: the case of very late advanced L2 learners, in: D. Birdsong (Ed.) Second language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis (Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 133-159.
12. Borland, J. H. (2005) Gifted education without gifted children: the case for no conception of giftedness, in: R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds) Conceptions of giftedness (2nd edn) (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 1-19.
13. Borland, J. H., Horton, D., Subotnik, R. F., Chen, S-J., Chen, M., Freeman, C., Goldberg, S. & Yu, J. (2002) Ability grouping and acceleration of gifted students: articles from the Roeper Review, Roeper Review. Special issue: A quarter century of ideas on ability grouping and acceleration, 24, 100-101.
14. Bouchard, T. J. Jr. & Lykken, D. T. (1999) Genetic and Environmental influence on correlates of creativity, in: N. Colangelo & S. G. Assouline (Eds) Talent development III: proceedings from The 1995 Henry B. & Jecelyn Wallace National Symposium on Talent Development (Scottsdale, AZ, Gifted Psychology Press), 81-97.
15. Boucher, J. L. & Mutimer, T. P. (1994) The relative age phenomenon in sport: a replication and extension with ice-hockey players, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65, 377-381.
16. Bühler, W. K. (1981) Gauss: a biographical study (New York, Springer).
17. Burke, R. J. & Maier, N. R. (1965) Attempts to predict success on an insight problem, Psychological Reports, 17, 303-310.
18. Camerer, C. F. & Johnson, E. J. (1991) The process-performance paradox in expert judgment: how can experts know so much and predict so badly?, in: K. A. Ericsson & J. Smith (Eds) Toward a general theory of expertise: prospects and limits (New York, Cambridge University Press), 195-217.
19. Carroll, J. B. (2003) The higher-stratum structure of cognitive abilities: current evidence supports g and about ten broad factors, in: H. Nyborg (Ed) The scientific study of general intelligence: a tribute to Arthur H. Jensen (Oxford, Elsevier Science), 5-22.
20. Carson, J. A., Nettleton, D. & Reecy, J. M. (2001) Differential gene expression in the rat soleus muscle during early work overload-induced hypertrophy, FASEB Journal, 15, U261-U281.
21. Ceci, S. J. (1991) How much does schooling influence general intelligence and its cognitive components? A reassessment of the evidence, Developmental Psychology, 27, 703-722.
22. Chabris, C. F. & Hearst, E. S. (2003) Visualization, pattern recognition, and forward search: effects of playing speed and sight of the position on grandmaster chess errors, Cognitive Science, 27, 637-648.
23. Chaffin, R. & Imreh, G. (1997) 'Pulling teeth and torture': musical memory and problem solving, Thinking and Reasoning, 3, 315-336.
24. Charlton, J. C., Marolf, D. M. & Stanley, J. C. (2002) Follow-up insights on rapid educational acceleration, Roeper Review. Special issue: A quarter century of ideas on ability grouping and acceleration, 24, 145-151.
25. Charness, N., Krampe, R. T. h. & Mayr, U. (1996) The role of practice and coaching in entrepreneurial skill domains: an international comparison of life-span chess skill acquisition, in: K. A. Ericsson (Ed.) The road to excellence: the acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum), 51-80.
26. Charness, N., Tuffiash, M., Krampe, R., Reingold, E. & Vasyukova, E. (2005) The role of deliberate practice in chess expertise, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 151-165.
27. Choudhry, N. K., Fletcher, R. H. & Soumerai, S. B. (2005) Systematic review: the relationship between clinical experience and quality of healthcare, Annals of Internal Medicine, 142, 260-273.
28. Cicchetti, D. V. (1991) The reliability of peer review for manuscript and grant submissions: a cross-disciplinary investigation, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 119-186.
29. Cole, S. (1991) Consensus and the reliability of peer reviews, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 140.
30. Cole, S., Cole, J. R. & Simon, G. A. (1981) Chance and consensus in peer review, Science, 214, 881-886.
31. Cowan, R. & Carney, D. P. J. (2006) Calendrical savants: exceptionality and practice, Cognition, 100, B1-B9.
32. Cox, C. M. (1926) Genetic studies of genius, Vol. II. (Stanford, Stanford University Press).
33. Cross, T. L. & Coleman, L. J. (2005) School-based conception of giftedness, in: R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds) Conceptions of giftedness (2nd edn) (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 52-63.
34. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999) Implications of a systems perspective for the study of creativity, in: R. J. Sternberg (Ed.) Handbook of creativity (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 313-338.
35. Csikszentmihalyi, M., Rathunde, K. & Whalen, S. (1993) Talented teenagers: the root of success and failure (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
36. Cox, C. M. (1926) Genetic studies of genius Volume II. (Stanford, Stanford University Press).
37. Davis, G. A. & Belcher, T. L. (1971) How shall creativity be measured? Torrance tests, RAT, alpha biographical, and IQ, Journal of Creative Behavior, 9, 75-87.
38. Dawes, R. M. (1994) House of cards: psychology and psychotherapy built on myth (New York, Free Press).
39. de Groot, A. (1978) Thought and choice in chess (The Hague, Mouton).
40. Deakin, J. M. & Cobley, S. (2003) An examination of the practice environments in figure skating and volleyball: a search for deliberate practice, in: J. Starkes & K. A. Ericsson (Eds) Expert performance in sports: advances in research on sport expertise (Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics), 90-113.
41. Detterman, D. K., Gabriel, L. T. & Ruthsatz, J. M. (1998) Absurd environmentalism, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 411-412.
42. Detterman, D. K. & Ruthsatz, J. M. (2001) The importance of individual differences for exceptional achievement, in: N. Colangelo & S. G. Assouline (Eds) Talent development IV: proceedings from the 1998 Henry B, &Jocelyn Wallace national symposium on talent development (Scottsdale, AZ, Gifted Psychology Press), 135-154.
43. Deutsch, G. K., Dougherty, R. F., Bammer, R., Siok, W. T., Gabrieli, J. D. & Wandell, B. (2005) Children's reading performance is correlated with white matter structure measured by diffusion tensor imaging, Cortex, 41, 354-363.
44. Djakow, J. N., Petrowski, N. W. & Rudik, P. A. (1927) Psychologie des Schachspiels [The psychology of chess] (Berlin, Walter de Gruyter).
45. Doll, J. & Mayr, U. (1987) Intelligenz und Schachleistung - eine Untersuchung an Schachexperten [Intelligence and achievement in chess - a study of chess masters], Psychologische Beiträge, 29, 270-289.
46. Duffy, L. J. (2002) Gender differences in target throwing skills and dart playing performance: Evidence from elite dart players. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Middlesex University, London, England..
47. Duffy, L. J., Baluch, B. & Ericsson, K. A. (2004) Dart performance as a function of facets of practice amongst professional and amateur men and women players, International Journal of Sports Psychology, 35, 232-245.
48. Dvorak, A., Merrick, N. L., Dealey, W. L. & Ford, G. C. (1936) Typewriting behaviour (New York, American Book Company).
49. Elbert, T., Pantev, C., Wienbruch, C., Rockstroh, B. & Taub, E. (1995) Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players, Science, 270, 305-307.
50. Elo, A. E. (1978) The rating of chessplayers, past and present (London, Batsford).
51. Ericsson, K. A. (1985) Memory skill., Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39, 188-231.
52. Ericsson, K. A. (1988) Analysis of memory performance in terms of memory skill, in: R. J. Sternberg (Ed.) Advances in the psychology of human intelligence (Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum), Volume 4, 137-179.
53. Ericsson, K. A. (1990) Peak performance and age: an examination of peak performance in sports, in: P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (Eds) Successful aging: perspectives from the behavioral sciences (New York, Cambridge University Press), 164-195.
54. Ericsson, K. A. (1996) The acquisition of expert performance: an introduction to some of the issues., in: K. A. Ericsson (Ed.) The road to excellence: the acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum), 1-50.
55. Ericsson, K. A. (1998) Basic capacities can be modified or circumvented by deliberate practice: A rejection of talent accounts of expert performance, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 413-414.
56. Ericsson, K. A. (1999) Creative expertise as superior reproducible performance: Innovative and flexible aspects of expert performance, Psychological Inquiry, 10, 329-333.
57. Ericsson, K. A. (2000) How experts attain and maintain superior performance: Implications for the enhancement of skilled performance in older individuals, Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 8, 346-352.
58. Ericsson, K. A. (2000/2001) Expertise in interpreting: an expert performance perspective, International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting, 5, 187-220.
59. Ericsson, K. A. (2002) Attaining excellence through deliberate practice: insights from the study of expert performance, in: M. Ferrari (Ed.) The pursuit of excellence in education (Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum), 21-55.
60. Ericsson, K. A. (2003a) Exceptional memorizers: made, not born, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 233-235.
61. Ericsson, K. A. (2003b) The development of elite performance and deliberate practice: an update from the perspective of the expert performance approach, in: J. Starkes & K. A. Ericsson (Eds) Expert performance in sport: recent advances in research on sport expertise (Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics), 49-81.
62. Ericsson, K. A. (2003c) How the expert performance approach differs from traditional approaches to expertise in sports: in search of a shared theoretical framework for studying expert performance, in: J. Starkes & K. A. Ericsson (Eds) Expert performance in sport: recent advances in research on sport expertise (Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics), 371-401.
63. Ericsson, K. A. (2003d) The search for general abilities and basic capacities: theoretical implications from the modifiability and complexity of mechanisms mediating expert performance, in: R. J. Sternberg & E. L. Grigorenko (Eds) Perspectives on the psychology of abilities, competencies, and expertise (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 93-125.
64. Ericsson, K. A. (2004) Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains, Academic Medicine, 79, S70-S81.
65. Ericsson, K. A. (2006a) Protocol analysis and expert thought: concurrent verbalizations of thinking during experts' performance on representative task, in: K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. Feltovich & R. R. Hoffman (Eds) Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 223-242.
66. Ericsson, K. A. (2006b) The influence of experience and deliberate practice on the development of superior expert performance, in: K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. Feltovich & R. R. Hoffman (Eds) Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 685-706.
67. Ericsson, K. A. (2007a) Deliberate practice and the modifiability of body and mind: toward a science of the structure and acquisition of expert and elite performance, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38, 4-34.
68. Ericsson, K. A. (2007b) Toward a science of expert and exceptional performance in sport: a reply to the commentaries, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38, 109-123.
69. Ericsson, K. A. & Charness, N. (1994) Expert performance: its structure and acquisition, American Psychologist, 49, 725-747.
70. Ericsson, K. A., Charness, N., Feltovich, P. J. & Hoffman, R. R. (2006) The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
71. Ericsson, K. A. & Chase, W. G. (1982) Exceptional memory, American Scientist, 70, 607-615.
72. Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G. & Faloon, S. (1980) Acquisition of a memory skill, Science, 208, 1181-1182.
73. Ericsson, K. A. & Faivre, I. (1988) What's exceptional about exceptional abilities?, in: L. K. Obler & D. Fein (Eds) The exceptional brain: neuropsychology of talent and special abilities (New York, Guilford), 436-473.
74. Ericsson, K. A. & Kintsch, W. (1995) Long-term working memory, Psychological Review, 102, 211-245.
75. Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T. h. & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993) The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance, Psychological Review, 100, 363-406.
76. Ericsson, K. A. & Lehmann, A. C. (1996) Expert and exceptional performance: evidence on maximal adaptations on task constraints, Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 273-305.
77. Ericsson, K. A. & Lehmann, A. C. (1999) Expertise, in: M. A. Runco & S. Pritzer (Eds) Encyclopedia of creativity (San Diego, CA, Academic Press), Volume 1, 695-707.
78. Ericsson, K. A., Patel, V. & Kintsch, W. (2000) How experts' adaptations to representative task demands account for the expertise effect in memory recall: comment on Vicente and Wang (1998), Psychological Review, 107, 578-592.
79. Ericsson, K. A. & Simon, H. A. (1993) Protocol analysis: verbal reports as data (revised edition) (Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press).
80. Ericsson, K. A. & Smith, J. (1991) Prospects and limits in the empirical study of expertise: an introduction, in: K. A. Ericsson & J. Smith (Eds) Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 1-38.
81. Ericsson, K. A., Whyte, J. & Ward, P. (2007) Expert performance in nursing: reviewing research on expertise in nursing within the framework of the expert performance approach, Advances in Nursing Science, 30, E58-E71.
82. Feldhusen, J. F. & Jarwan, F. A. (1993) Identification of gifted and talented youth for educational programs, in: K. A. Heller & F. J. Monks (Eds) International handbook of research and development of giftedness and talent (Elmsford, NY, Pergamon Press), 233-251.
83. Feldman, D. H. (1986) Nature's gambit: child prodigies and the development of human potential (New York, Basic Books).
84. Feldman, D. H. & Katzir, T. (1998) Natural talents: an argument for the extremes, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 414-415.
85. Ferguson, D. N. (1935) A history of musical thought (New York, F. S. Crofts & Co).
86. Findley, L. C. & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2004) A reputation bias in figure skating judging, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 154-166.
87. Fitts, P. & Posner, M. I. (1967) Human performance (Belmont, CA, Brooks/Cole).
88. Freeman, J. (2000) Teaching for talent: lessons from the research, in: C. F. M. van Lieshout & P. G. Heymans (Eds) Developing talent across the life span (Hove, Psychology Press), 231-248.
89. Frydman, M. & Lynn, R. (1992) The general intelligence and spatial ability of gifted young Belgian chess players, British Journal of Psychology 83, 233-235.
90. Fuligni, A. J. & Stevenson, H. W. (1995) Time use and mathematics achievement among American, Chinese and Japanese high school students, Child Development, 66, 830-842.
91. Gabrielsson, A. (1999) The performance of music, in: D. Deutsch (Ed.) The psychology of music (2nd edn). (San Diego, Academic Press), 501-602.
92. Gagné, F. (1991) Toward a differentiated model of giftedness and talent, in: N. Colangelo & G. A. Davis (Eds) Handbook of gifted education (Boston, Allyn & Bacon), 65-80.
93. Gagné, F. (1998) A biased survey and interpretation of the nature-nurture literature. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 415-416.
94. Gagné, F. (2005) From gifts to talents: The DMGT as a developmental model, in: R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds) Conceptions of giftedness (2nd edn) (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 98-119.
95. Gallagher, J. J. (1991) Personal patterns of underachievement, Journal for the Education of the Gifted 14, 221-233.
96. Galton, F. (1979) Hereditary genius: an inquiry into its laws and consequences (Originally published in 1869) (London, Julian Friedman Publishers).
97. Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligences (New York, Basic Books).
98. Gardner, H. (1993) Creating minds (New York, Basic Books).
99. Gaser, C. & Schlaug, G. (2003) Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians, Journal of Neuroscience 23, 9240-9245.
100. Gawel, R. (1997) The use of language by trained and untrained experienced wine tasters, Journal of Sensory Studies 12, 267-284.
101. Getzels, J. W. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1976) The creative vision: a longitudinal study of problem finding in art (New York, John Wiley & Sons).
102. Gleick, J. (1993) Genius: the life and science of Richard Feynman (New York, Vintage).
103. Gobet, F., Campitelli, G. & Waters, A. J. (2002) Rise of human intelligence: comments on Howard (1999), Intelligence, 30, 303-311.
104. Goldin, C. & Rouse, C. (2000) Orchestrating impartiality: the impact of 'blind' auditions on female musicians, American Economic Review, 90, 715-741.
105. Goldsmith, L. T. (2000) Tracking trajectories of talent: child prodigies, in: R. C. Friedman & B. M. Shore (Eds) Talents unfolding (Washington, DC, American Psychological Association), 89-118.
106. Gould, S. J. (1981) The mismeasure of man (New York, W. W. Norton).
107. Gottfredson, L. S. (1997) Why g matters: the complexity of everyday life, Intelligence, 24, 79-132.
108. Gottfredson, L. S. (2004) Life, death, and intelligence, Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 4, 23-46.
109. Gottfried, A. W., Gottfried, A. E., Bathurst, K. & Guerin, D. W. (1994) Gifted IQ: early developmental aspects (New York, Plenum Press).
110. Gough, H. G. (1976) Studying creativity by means of word association tests, Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 348-353.
111. Grabner, R. H., Neubauer, A. C. & Stern, E. (2006) Superior impact and neural efficiency: the impact of intelligence and expertise, Brain Research Bulletin, 69, 422-439.
112. Grape, C., Sandgren, M., Hansson, L-O., Ericsson, M. & Theorell, T. (2003) Does singing promote well-being? An empirical study of professional and amateur singers during a singing lesson, Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 38, 65-71.
113. Gribbin, J. & Gribbin, M. (1997) Richard Feynman: a life in science (New York, Dutton).
114. Gruson, L. M. (1988) Rehearsal skill and musical competence: does practice make perfect?, in: J. A. Sloboda (Ed.) Generative processes in music: the psychology of performance, improvisation, and composition (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 91-112.
115. Gustin, W. C. (1985) The development of exceptional research mathematicians, in: B. S. Bloom (Ed.) Developing talent in young people (New York, Ballantine Books), 270-331.
116. Hartwell, L. H., Hood, L., Goldber, M. L., Reynolds, A. E., Silver, L. M. & Veres, R. C. (2004) Genetics: from genes to genomes (2nd edn) (Boston, MA, McGraw Hill).
117. Heller, K. A., Perleth, C. & Lim, T. K. (2005) The Munich model of giftedness designed to identify and promote gifted students, in: R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds) Conceptions of giftedness (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 147-170.
118. Helson, R. (1971) Women mathematicians and the creative personality, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36, 210-220.
119. Helsen, W. F. & Starkes, J. L. (1999) A multidimensional approach to skilled perception and performance in sport, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, 1-27.
120. Helsen, W. F., Starkes, J. L. & van Winckel, J. (2000) Effect of a change in selection year on success in male soccer players, American Journal of Human Biology, 12, 729-735.
121. Higbee, K. L. (1997) Novices, apprentices, and mnemonists: Acquiring expertise with the phonetic mnemonic, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11, 147-161.
122. Hill, L. (1999) Mental representations in skilled golf putting Masters thesis, Department of Psychology, Florida State University..
123. Hill, L. A., Ericsson, K. A. & Watson, J. C. (1999) Expert golf putting: better prediction and higher consistency of ball trajectories, poster presented at the 40th annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Los Angeles, CA.
124. Hill, N. M. & Schneider, W. (2006) Brain changes in the development of expertsie: neuroanatomical and neurophysiological evidence about skill-based adaptations, in: K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. Feltovich & R. R. Hoffman (Eds) Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 223-242.
125. Hollingworth, L. S. (1942) Children above 180 IQ: Stanford Binet origin and development (Yonkers-on-Hudson, NY, World Book Company).
126. Hoover, S. M. & Feldhusen, J. F. (1990) The scientific hypothesis formulation ability of gifted ninth grade students, Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 838-848.
127. Horgan, D. D. & Morgan, D. (1990) Chess expertise in children, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 4, 109-128.
128. Horowitz, F. D. (1994) Giftedness, in: R. J. Sternberg (Ed.) Encyclopedia of human intelligence (New York, MacMillan), 491-496.
129. Howe, M. J. A. (1997) IQ in question: the truth about intelligence (Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications).
130. Howe, M. J. A., Davidson, J. W., Moore, D. G. & Sloboda, J. A. (1995) Are there early childhood signs of musical ability?, Psychology of Music, 23, 162-176.
131. Howe, M. J. A., Davidson, J. W. & Sloboda, J. A. (1998) Innate talents: reality or myth?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 399-442.
132. Hulin, C. L., Henry, R. A. & Noon, S. L. (1990) Adding a dimension: time as a factor in the generalizability of predictive relationships, Psychological Bulletin, 107, 328-340.
133. Hunter, J. E. & Hunter, R. F. (1984) Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance, Psychological Bulletin, 96, 72-98.
134. Hyllegard, R. (2000) Parental attribution of artistic ability in talented children, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91, 1134-1144.
135. Ilies, R., Arvey, R. D. & Bouchard, T. J. (2006) Darwinism, behavioral genetics, and organizational behavior: a review and agenda for future research, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 121-141.
136. Iverson, P., Kuhl, P. K., Akahane-Yamada, R., Diesch, E., Tohkura, Y., Kettermann, A. & Siebert, C. (2003) A perceptual interference account of acquisition difficulties for non-native phonemes, Cognition, 87, B47-B57.
137. Jarosewich, T. & Stocking, V. B. (2003) Talent search: student and parent perceptions of out-of-level testing, Journal of Secondary Gifted Education 14, 137-150.
138. Jensen, A. R. (1998) The g factor: the science of mental ability (Westport, CT, Praeger).
139. Jensen, A. R. (2002) Gallon's legacy to research on intelligence, Journal of Biosocial Science, 34, 145-172.
140. Johnson, C. (1981) Smart kids have problems too, Today's Education, 70, 26-29.
141. Kammer, P. P. (1984) Conceptual level of development as it relates to student participation in gifted programs, Gifted Child Quarterly, 28, 89-91.
142. Konstantopoulous, S., Modi, M. & Hedges, L. V. (2001) Who are America's gifted?, American Journal of Education, 109, 344-382.
143. Klissouras, V., Casini, B., Di Salvo, V., Faina, M., Marini, C., Pigozzi, F., Pittaluga, M., Spataro, A., Taddei, F. & Parisi, P. (2001) Genes and Olympic performance: a co-twin study, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 22, 250-255.
144. Kolb, B. & Whishaw, I. Q. (1998) Brain plasticity and behaviour, Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 43-64.
145. Kozbelt, A. (2001) Artists as experts in visual cognition, Visual Cognition, 8, 705-723.
146. Kozbelt, A. (2003) Products and processes of artistic creation. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Chicago, 2002), Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, 3490.
147. Krampe, R. T. h. & Ericsson, K. A. (1996) Maintaining excellence: deliberate practice and elite performance in young and older pianists, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125, 331-359.
148. Larson, R. W. & Verma, S. (1999) How children and adolescents spend time across the world: Work, play, and developmental opportunities, Psychological Bulletin, 125, 701-736.
149. Law, M., Cǒté, J. & Ericsson, K. A. (2007) Characteristics of expert development in rhythmic gymnastics: a retrospective study, International Journal of Exercise and Sport Psychology, 5, 82-103.
150. Lehman, H. C. (1953) Age and achievement (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press).
151. Lehmann, A. C. (1997) The acquisition of expertise in music: efficiency of deliberate practice as a moderating variable in accounting for sub-expert performance, in: I. Deliège & J. Sloboda (Eds) Perception and cognition of music (Hove, Psychology Press), 161-187.
152. Lehmann, A. C. & Ericsson, K. A. (1993) Sight-reading ability of expert pianists in the context of piano accompanying, Psychomusicology 12, 182-195.
153. Lehmann, A. C. & Ericsson, K. A. (1996) Music performance without preparation: structure and acquisition of expert sight-reading, Psychomusicology, 15, 1-29.
154. Lehmann, A. C. & Ericsson, K. A. (1998) The historical development of domains of expertise: performance standards and innovations in music, in: A. Steptoe (Ed.) Genius and the mind: studies of creativity and temperament in the historical record (Oxford, Oxford University Press), 67-94.
155. Lenneberg, E. H. (1967) Biological foundations of language (New York, Wiley).
156. Levitin, D. J. & Rogers, S. E. (2005) Absolute pitch: perception, coding, and controversies, Trends in Cognitive Science, 9, 26-33.
157. Lubinski, D., Webb, R. M., Morelock, M. J. & Benbow, (2001) Top 1 in 10,000: a 10-year follow-up of the profoundly gifted, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 718-729.
158. Luria, A. R. (1986) The mind of a mnemonist [New York: Avon]. (Original work published 1968.)
159. Lykken, D. T. (1998) The genetics of genius, in: A. Steptoe (Ed.) Genius and the mind: studies of creativity and temperament in the historical record (New York, Oxford University Press), 15-37.
160. Lynn, R., Wilson, G. R. & Gault, A. (1989) Simple musical tests as measures of Spearman's g, Personality and Individual Differences 10, 25-28.
161. Ma, X. (2005) A longitudinal assessment of early acceleration of students in mathematics on growth in mathematics achievement, Developmental Review, 25, 104-132.
162. Maguire, E. A., Valentine, E. R., Wilding, J. M. & Kapur, N. (2003) Routes to remembering: the brains behind superior memory, Nature Neuroscience, 6, 90-95.
163. MacKinnon, D. W. (1962) The nature and nurture of creative talent, American Psychologist, 17, 484-495.
164. Mahoney, M. J. (1977) Publication prejudices: an experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 161-175.
165. Mahoney, M. J., Kazdin, A. E. & Kenigsberg, M. (1978) Getting published. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 69-70.
166. Masunaga, H. & Horn, J. (2001) Expertise and age-related changes in components of intelligence, Psychology and Aging, 16, 293-311.
167. Mayer, R. E. (2005) The scientific study of giftedness, in: R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds) Conception of giftedness (2nd edn) (New York, Cambridge University Press), 437-447.
168. McArthur, D. G. & North, K. N. (2005) Genes and human elite athletic performance, Human Genetics, 116, 331-339.
169. McClelland, J. L., Fiez, J. A. & McCandliss, B. D. (2002) Teaching the /r/-/l/ discrimination to Japanese adults: Behavioral and neural aspects, Physiology and Behavior, 77, 657-662.
170. McPherson, S. & Kernodle, M. W. (2003) Tactics, the neglected attribute of expertise: problem representations and performance skills in tennis, in: J. Starkes & K. A. Ericsson (Eds) Expert performance in sport: recent advances in research on sport expertise (Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics), 137-164.
171. Miller, G. A. (1956) The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits of our capacity for processing information, Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.
172. Miller, L. K. (1999) The savant syndrome: intellectual impairment and exceptional skill, Psychological Bulletin, 125, 31-46.
173. Miyawaki, K., Strange, W., Verbrugge, R., Liberman, A., Jenkins, J. & Fujimura, O. (1975) An effect of language experience: the discrimination of/r/ and /l/ by native speakers of Japanese and English, Perception and Psychophysics, 18, 331-340.
174. Musch, J. & Hay, R. (1999) The relative age effect in soccer: cross-cultural evidence for a systematic discrimination against children born late in the competition year, Sociology of Sport Journal, 16, 54-64.
175. National Commission on Excellence in Education (1983) A nation at risk: the imperative for educational reform (Washington, DC, United States Department of Education).
176. Nielsen, S. (1999) Regulation of learning strategies during practice: a case study of a single church organ student preparing a particular work for a concert performance, Psychology of Music 27, 218-229.
177. Olszewski-Kublius, P., Kulieke, M. J., Shaw, B., Willis, G. B. & Krasney, N. (1990) Predictors of achievement in mathematics of gifted males and females, Gifted Child Quarterly, 34, 64-71.
178. Paik, S., Wang, D. & Walberg, H. (2002) Timely improvements in learning, Educational Horizons, 80, 69-71.
179. Parker, E. S., Cahill, L. & McGaugh, J. L. (2006) A case of unusual autobiographical remembering, Neurocase 12, 35-49.
180. Patrick, C. (1935) Creative thought in poets, Archives of Psychology, 178.
181. Patrick, C. (1937) Creative thought in artists, Journal of Psychology, 4, 35-73.
182. Pascual-Leone, A. (2001) The brain that plays music and is changed by it, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 930, 315-329.
183. Peters, D. P. & Ceci, S. J. (1982) Peer-reviewed practices of psychological journals: the fate of published articles, submitted again, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 187-255.
184. Pezzullo, T. R., Thorsen, E. E. & Madaus, G. F. (1972) The heritability of Jensen's Level I and II and divergent thinking, American Educational Research Journal, 9, 539-546.
185. Pfeiffer, S. I. (2003) Challenges and opportunities for students who are gifted: what the experts say, Gifted Child Quarterly 47, 161-169.
186. Phillips, D. (1976) An investigation of the relationship between musicality and intelligence, Psychology of Music, 4, 16-31.
187. Pieper, H. G. (1998) Humeral torsion in the throwing arm of handball players, American Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 247-253.
188. Qin, Y. & Simon, H. A. (1990) Laboratory replication of scientific discovery processes, Cognitive Science, 14, 281-312.
189. Reznikoff, M., Domino, G., Bridges, G. & Honeyman, M. (1973) Creative abilities in identical and fraternal twins, Behavior Genetics, 3, 365-377.
190. Raaheim, K. (1988) Intelligence and task novelty, in: R. J. Sternberg (Ed.) Advances in the psychology of human intelligence (Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum), Volume 4, 35-46.
191. Raskin, E. (1936) Comparison of scientific and literary ability: a biographical study of eminent scientists and letters of the nineteenth century, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 31, 20-35.
192. Renzulli, J. S. (2005) The three-ring conception of giftedness: a developmental model for promoting creative productivity, in: R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds) Conception of giftedness (New York, Cambridge University Press), 246-279.
193. Repp, B. H. (1999) A microcosm of musical expression: II. Quantitative analysis of pianists' dynamics in the initial measures of Chopin's Etude in E major, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105, 1972-1988.
194. Reznikoff, M., Domino, G., Bridges, C. & Honeyman, M. (1973) Creative abilities in identical and fraternal twins, Behavior Genetics, 3, 365-377.
195. Richardson, D. & Stratton, G. (1999) Preliminary investigation of the seasonal birth distribution of England World Cup campaign players (1982-1998), Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 821-822.
196. Robergs, R. A. & Roberts, S. O. (1997) Exercise physiology: exercise, performance, and clinical applications (St Louis, MO, Mosby-Year Book).
197. Roe, A. (1952) A psychologist examines 64 eminent scientists, Scientific American 187, 21-25.
198. Roe, A. (1953) The making of a scientist (New York, Dodd, Mead & Co).
199. Rogers, K. B. (2002) Grouping the gifted and talented: questions and answers, Roeper Review. Special issue: A quarter century of ideas on ability grouping and acceleration, 24, 103-107.
200. Roring, R. W. & Ericsson, K. A. (submitted) The highest levels of intellectual achievement are rising: evidence from world championship performance.
201. Ruthsatz, J. M. (2001) Predicting expert performance within the musical domain: a test of summation theory, Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 61(8-B), 4454.
202. Scheinfeld, A. (1939) You and heredity (New York, Frederick A. Stokes Company).
203. Schneider, W. (1993) Acquiring expertise: determinants of exceptional performance, in: K. A. Heller, J. Mönks & H. Passow (Eds) International handbook of research and development of giftedness and talent (Oxford, Pergamon Press), 311-324.
204. Schlaug, G., Jäncke, L., Huang, Y., Staiger, J. F. & Steinmetz, H. (1995) Increased corpus callosum size in musicians, Neuropsychologica, 33, 1047-1055.
205. Schmidt, F. L. & Hunter, J. E. (2004) General mental ability in the world of work: occupational attainment and job performance, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 162-173.
206. Schraagen, J. M. (1993) How experts solve a novel problem in experimental design, Cognitive Science, 17, 285-309.
207. Schultz, R. A. (2002) Illuminating realities: a phenomenological view from two underachieving gifted learners, Roeper Review, 24, 203-212.
208. Schulz, R. & Curnow, C. (1988) Peak performance and age among superathletes: track and field, swimming, baseball, tennis, and golf, Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 43, 113-120.
209. Shanteau, J. & Stewart, T. R. (1992) Why study expert decision making? Some historical perspectives and comments, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 53, 95-106.
210. Shore, B. M. (2000) Metacognition and flexibility: qualitative differences in how gifted children think, in: R. C. Friedman & B. M. Shore (Eds) Talents unfolding (Washington, DC, American Psychological Association), 167-187.
211. Shuter-Dyson, R. (1982) Musical ability, in: D. Deutsch (Ed.) The psychology of music (New York, Academic Press), 391-412.
212. Simon, H. A. & Chase, W. G. (1973) Skill in chess, American Scientist, 61, 394-403.
213. Simonton, D. K. (1976) Biographical determinants of achieved eminence: a multivariate approach to the Cox data, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 218-226.
214. Simonton, D. K. (1984) Genius, creativity, and leadership: historiometric inquiries (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press).
215. Simonton, D. K. (1997) Creative productivity: a predictive and explanatory model of career trajectories and landmarks, Psychological Review, 104, 66-89.
216. Simonton, D. K. (1999a) The continued evolution of creative Darwinism, Psychological Inquiry, 10, 362-367.
217. Simonton, D. K. (1999b) Talent and its development: an emergenic and epigenetic approach, Psychological Review, 106, 435-457.
218. Simonton, D. K. (2005) Genetics of giftedness: the implications of an emergenic-epigenetic model, in: R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds) Conceptions of giftedness (2nd edn) (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 312-326.
219. Sloboda, J. A., Davidson, J. W., Howe, M. J. A. & Moore, D. G. (1996) The role of practice in the development of performing musicians, British Journal of Psychology 87, 287-309.
220. Sosniak, L. A. (1985) Becoming an outstanding research neurologist, in: B. S. Bloom (Ed.) Developing talent in young people (New York, Ballantine Books), 348-408.
221. Speakman, J. R. (2004) Obesity: the integrated roles of environment and genetics, Journal of Nutrition, 134, 2090S-2105S.
222. Spearman, C. (1904) 'General intelligence' objectively determined and measured, American Journal of Psychology, 15, 201-293.
223. Spearman, C. E. (1927) The abilities of man, their nature and measurement (New York, Macmillan).
224. Stanley, J. C., Keating, D. P. & Fox, L. H. (1974) Mathematical talent: discovery, description, and development (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press).
225. Starkes, J. L. & Deakin, J. (1984) Perception in sport: a cognitive approach to skilled performance, in: W. F. Straub & J. M. Williams (Eds) Cognitive sport psychology (Lansing, NY, Sport Science Associates), 115-128.
226. Stein, M. I. (1991) On the sociohistorical context of creativity programs, Creativity Research Journal, 4, 294-300.
227. Sternberg, R. J. (1996) The costs of expertise, in: K. A. Ericsson (Ed.) The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games (pp. 347-354). Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum.
228. Sternberg, R. J. & Davidson, J. E. (Eds) (2005) Conceptions of giftedness (2nd edn) (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
229. Sternberg, R. J. & Grigorenko, E. L. (1998) Dynamic testing, Psychological Bulletin, 124, 75-111.
230. Stillman, J. (1991) Multiple authorship and the my th of solitary genius (New York, Oxford University Press).
231. Subotnik, R. F. & Jarvin, L. (2005) Beyond expertise: conceptions of giftedness as great performance, in: R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds) Conceptions of giftedness (2nd edn) (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 343-357.
232. Treffert, D. A. (1989) Extraordinary people: understanding 'idiots savants' (New York, Harper & Row).
233. US Commissioner of Education (1972) Education of the gifted and talented: report to the Congress of the United States by the US Commissioner of Education (Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office).
234. Valentin, D., Pichon, M., de Boishebert, V. & Abdi, H. (2000) What's in a wine name? When and why do wine experts perform better than novices?, Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society, 5, 36.
235. van der Maas, H. L. J. & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2005) A psychometric analysis of chess expertise, American Journal of Psychology, 118, 29-60.
236. Vitouch, O. (1998) The rage to drink, or: frontiers of expertise, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 428-429.
237. Vogel, F. & Motulsky, A. G. (1997) Human genetics: problems and approaches (3rd edn) (Berlin, Springer Verlag).
238. von Károlyi, C. & Winner, E. (2005) Extreme giftedness, in: R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds) Conceptions of giftedness (2nd edn) (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 377-394.
239. Walberg, H. J. & Paik, S. J. (2005) Making giftedness productive, in: R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds) Conception of giftedness (2nd edn) (New York, Cambridge University Press), 395-410.
240. Wahlsten, D. (1999) Single-gene influences on brain and behaviour, Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 599-624.
241. Wallach, M. A. (1970) Creativity, in: P. H. Mussen (Ed.) Carmichael's manual of child psychology (3rd edn) (New York, John Wiley & Son's), Volume 1, 1211-1272.
242. Ward, P., Hodges, N. J., Williams, A. M. & Starkes, J. L. (2004) Deliberate practice and expert performance, in: A. M. Williams & N. J. Hodges (Eds) Skill acquisition in sport (London, Routledge), 231-258.
243. Ward, P. & Williams, A. M. (2005) Perceptual and cognitive skill development in soccer: the multidimensional nature of expert performance, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 93-111.
244. Wilding, J. & Valentine, E. (1997) Superior memory (Hove, Psychology Press).
245. Wilding, J. M. & Valentine, E. M. (2006) Exceptional memory, in: K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich & R. R. Hoffman (Eds) The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 539-552.
246. Winner, E. (1996a) The rage to master: the decisive role of talent in the visual arts, in: K. A. Ericsson (Ed.) The road to excellence: the acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum), 271-301.
247. Winner, E. (1996b) Gifted children: myths and realities (New York, Basic Books).
248. Winner, E. & Casey, M. B. (1992) Cognitive profiles of artists, in: G. C. Cupchik & J. László (Eds) Emerging visions of the aesthetic process: psychology, semiology, and philosophy (New York, NY, Cambridge University Press), 154-170.
249. Wilding, J. M. & Valentine, E. M. (2006) Exceptional memory, in: K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich & R. R. Hoffman (Eds) The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), 539-552.
250. Ziegler, A. (2005) The actiotope model of giftedness, in: R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds) Conception of giftedness (New York, Cambridge University Press), 411-436.