Pigmentary Disorders in the Mediterranean Area

Dermatologic Clinics

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 401-417

  El Mofty, Medhat A ^a   Esmat, Samia M ^a   Abdel Halim, Mona R E ^a  

^a CAIRO UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY; ALBRIGHT SYNDROME; ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA; BECKER NEVUS; BLOOM SYNDROME; DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA; FANCONI ANEMIA; GAUCHER DISEASE; GEOGRAPHY; HALLERMANN STREIFF SYNDROME; HAPPY PUPPET SYNDROME; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HERITABILITY; HOMOCYSTINURIA; HUMAN; LENTIGINOSIS; LEOPARD SYNDROME; MELANOCYTIC NEVUS; MENKES SYNDROME; NEUROFIBROMATOSIS; NEVUS; NIEMANN PICK DISEASE; OCULAR ALBINISM; OCULOCUTANEOUS ALBINISM; PARAPROTEINEMIA; PEUTZ JEGHERS SYNDROME; PHAKOMATOSIS; PHENYLKETONURIA; PIEBALDISM; PIGMENT DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE; REVIEW; SKIN; SOUTHERN EUROPE; TIETZE SYNDROME; VITILIGO; VOGT KOYANAGI SYNDROME; WILSON DISEASE; XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM;

HUMANS; MEDITERRANEAN REGION; PIGMENTATION DISORDERS; SKIN NEOPLASMS; SKIN PIGMENTATION;

EID: 34447625193     PISSN: 07338635     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2007.04.003     Document Type: Review

References (335)

1. Countries that border the Mediterranean Sea. Graphic maps. Available at: http://worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/medsea.htm. Accessed June 15, 2006.
2. Ripley WZ. The races of Europe. 1899. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Z._Ripley. Accessed June 15, 2006.
3. Coon CS. Caravan: the story of the Middle East 1958. Available at: http://dienekes.angeltowns.net/texts/coonmed/. Accessed June 15, 2006.
4. Hooton E. Up from the Ape. 1931. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_race. Accessed June 15, 2006.
5. Coon CS. Revised edition of "The races of Europe" 1939. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_race. Accessed June 15, 2006.
6. Hassan M.I. Geography of the Arabic world and the Mediterranean basin: regional, analytical and comparative study (2001), University Youth Association, Cairo (Egypt) p. 587-89 [Arabic]
7. Lancer H.A. Lancer ethnicity scale (LES). Lasers Surg Med 22 (1998) 9 [correspondence]
8. Ballone E., Passamonti M., Lappa G., et al. Pigmentary traits, nevi and skin phototypes in a youth population of Central Italy. Eur J Epidemiol 15 (1999) 189-195
9. Taylor S.C. Skin of color: biology, structure, function, and implications for dermatologic diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 46 2 (2002) S41-S62
10. Ruiz-Villaverde R., Blasco-Melguizo J., and Naranjo-Sintes R. Pigmentary demarcation lines in a pregnant Caucasian woman. Int J Dermatol 43 (2004) 911-912
11. Bonci A., and Patrizi A. Pigmentary demarcation lines in pregnancy. Arch Dermatol 138 (2002) 127-128
12. Delmonte S., Parodi A., and Rebora A. Pigmentary demarcation lines type B in a white non-pregnant woman. Acta Derm Venereol 77 1 (1997) 82
13. Touraine A. Centrofacial lentiginosis and associated dysplasias. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 48 (1941) 518-521 [in French] [Cited from: Cullen MK. Genetic epidermal syndromes: disorders characterized by lentigines. Centrofacial lentiginosis. In: Nordlund JJ, Boissy RE, Hearing VJ, et al, editors. The pigmentary system: Physiology and pathophysiology. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998. p. 766-70]
14. Touraine A. A novel congenital neuro-ectodermatosis: centrofacial lentiginosis and associated dysplasias. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) 8 (1941) 453-473 [in French] [Cited from: Cullen MK. Genetic Epidermal syndromes: Disorders characterized by lentigines. Centrofacial lentiginosis. In: Nordlund JJ, Boissy RE, Hearing VJ, King RA, Ortonne JP, editors. The pigmentary system: Physiology and pathophysiology, 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998. p. 766-70]
15. Musumeci V. Studio clinico e critico sulla lentigginosi centro-faciale. Journal of Italian Dermatology and Syphilis 88 (1947) 502-511 [in Italian] [Cited from: Cullen MK. Genetic epidermal syndromes: disorders characterized by lentigines. Centrofacial lentiginosis. In: Nordlund JJ, Boissy RE, Hearing VJ, et al, editors. The pigmentary system: Physiology and pathophysiology. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998. p. 766-70]
16. Montagnani A., and Mariott F. The neurodysraphic centrofacial lentiginosis of Touraine: a case report. Minerva Dermatol 34 (1959) 588 [in Italian] [Cited from: Cullen MK. Genetic Epidermal syndromes: Disorders characterized by lentigines. Centrofacial lentiginosis. In: Nordlund JJ, Boissy RE, Hearing VJ, King RA, Ortonne JP, editors. The pigmentary system: Physiology and Pathophysiology, 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998. p. 766-70]
17. Murgu V., Dociu I., Sirjita N., et al. Osseus anomalies of centrofacial lentiginosis: 39 cases. J Radiol Electrol Med Nucl 56 (1975) 75-81
18. Mercadal-Peyri J. VIIIe Congres des dermatologists et syphilographes de langue francaise (Nancy -Vittel, 29-31 Mai 1953). Communications et discussions (1953) 172-176 [Cited from Cullen MK. Genetic Epidermal syndromes: Disorders characterized by lentigines. Centrofacial lentiginosis. In: Nordlund JJ, Boissy RE, Hearing VJ, King RA, Ortonne JP, editors. The pigmentary system: Physiology and Pathophysiology, 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998. p. 766-70]
19. th edition (1999), McGraw Hill, NewYork 945-1017
20. Nair B.K. Vitiligo: a retrospect. Int J Dermatol 17 (1978) 755-757
21. Mehta N.R., Shah K.C., Theodore C., et al. Epidemiological study of vitiligo in Surat area, South Gujarat. Indian J Med Res 61 1 (1973) 145-154
22. Johnson M.L.T., and Roberts J. Skin conditions and related need for medical care among person 1-74 years. Publication No. (PHS) 79-1660 (1978), US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Hyattsville (MD)
23. Howitz J., Brodthagen H., Schwartz M., et al. Prevalence of vitiligo. Arch Dermatol 113 (1977) 47-52
24. Sarmiento E., Mora R., Rodriguez-Mahou M., et al. Autoimmune disease in primary antibody deficiencies. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 33 2 (2005) 69-73
25. Iacovelli P., Sinagra J.L., Vidolin A.P., et al. Relevance of thyroiditis and of other autoimmune diseases in children with vitiligo. Dermatology 210 1 (2005) 26-30
26. Frati R., Frati C., Sassano P.P., et al. Vitiligo, autoimmune thyroiditis: a rare thyroid cancer arising with bone metastates on maxillofacial area. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 18 1 (1999) 85-87
27. Picardo M., Passi S., Morrone A., et al. Antioxidant status in the blood of patients with active vitiligo. Pigment Cell Res 7 2 (1994) 110-115
28. Perfetti L., Cespa M., Nume A., et al. Prevalence of atopy in vitiligo: a preliminary report. Dermatologica 182 4 (1991) 218-220
29. Kasr El-Eini Outpatient Clinic. Annual statistical report. Cairo, Egypt: University of Cairo; 2005.
30. El-Mofty A.M. Vitiligo and psoralens (1968), Pergamon Press, London p. 24
31. Abdel Azim A.A., Nowier S.R., and Darwish H.M.A. Inheritance of vitiligo among Egyptian patients. Journal of Pan-Arab League of Dermatologists 15 3 (2004) 61-66
32. El Zawahry B.M., Sobeih S.A., Sharaf A.E., et al. A study of cytomegalovirus infection by polymerase chain reaction in patients with alopecia areata and vitiligo. Journal of Pan-Arab League of Dermatologists 16 1 (2005) 17-24
33. El-Mofty A.M., and El-Mofty M. Vitiligo: a symptom complex. Int J Dermatol 19 5 (1980) 237-244
34. El-Mofty A.M., El-Mofty M., and Esmat S. Disorders in healthy relatives of vitiligo patients. In: Lotti T., and Hercogová J. (Eds). Vitiligo: problems and solutions (2004), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 51-63
35. Morrone A. Historical and psycho-anthropological aspects of vitiligo. In: Lotti T., and Hercogová J. (Eds). Vitiligo: problems and solutions (2004), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 15-31
36. Fahmy I.R., and Abu Shady H.A.A. Pharmacognostical study and isolation of crystalline constituent, ammoidin. J Pharm Pharmacol 20 (1948) 281-282
37. El-Mofty A.M. A preliminary clinical report on the treatment of leukodermia with Ammi Majus Linn. The Journal of the Royal Egyptian Medical Association 31 8 (1948) 651-665
38. El-Mofty A.M. Further study on treatment of leukodermia with Ammi Majus Linn. The Journal of the Royal Egyptian Medical Association 35 1 (1952) 1-19
39. El-Mofty A.M., and El-Sawalhy H. Clinical study of a new preparation of 8-methoxypsoralen in photochemotherapy. Int J Dermatol 33 8 (1994) 588-592
40. Abdel-Fattah A., Aboul-Enein M.N., Wassel G.M., et al. An approach to the treatment of vitiligo by khellin. Dermatologica 165 2 (1982) 136-140
41. Vedaldi D., Caffieri S., Dall'Acqua F., et al. Khellin, a naturally occurring furochromone, used for the photochemotherapy of skin diseases: mechanism of action. Farmaco (Sci) 43 4 (1988) 333-346
42. Orecchia G., and Perfetti L. Photochemotherapy with topical khellin and sunlight in vitiligo. Dermatology 184 2 (1992) 120-123
43. Morliere P., Honigsmann H., Averbeck D., et al. Phototherapeutic, photobiologic, and photosensitizing properties of khellin. J Invest Dermatol 90 5 (1988) 720-724
44. Trabalzini L., Martelli P., Bovalini L., et al. Photosensitization of DNA of defined sequence by furochromones, khellin and visnagin. J Photochem Photobiol B 7 2-4 (1990) 317-336
45. Kahana M., Feldman M., Abudi Z., et al. The incidence of birthmarks in Israeli neonates. Int J Dermatol 34 10 (1995) 704-706
46. Metzker A., Morag C., and Weitz R. Segmental pigmentation disorder. Acta Derm Venereol 63 2 (1983) 167-169
47. Tymen R., Forestier J.F., Boutet B., et al. Late Becker's nevus: one hundred cases. Ann Dermatol Venereol 108 1 (1981) 41-46 [in French]
48. Ballone E., Fazii P., Lappa G., et al. Prevalence of Becker's nevi in a population of young men in central Italy. J Am Acad Dermatol 48 5 (2003) 795
49. Casanova D., Bardot J., Aubert J.P., et al. Management of nevus spilus. Pediatr Dermatol 13 3 (1996) 233-238
50. Pique E., Aguilar A., Farina M.C., et al. Partial unilateral lentiginosis: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Clin Exp Dermatol 20 4 (1995) 319-322
51. Micali G., Nasca M.R., Innocenzi D., et al. Agminated lentiginosis: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 11 3 (1994) 241-245
52. Betti R., Inselvini E., Palvarini M., et al. Agminated intradermal Spitz nevi arising on an unusual speckled lentiginous nevus with localized lentiginosis: a continuum?. Am J Dermatopathol 19 5 (1997) 524-527
53. Marchesi L., Naldi L., Di Landro A., et al. Segmental lentiginosis with "jentigo" histologic pattern. Am J Dermatopathol 14 4 (1992) 323-327
54. Baba M., Akcali C., Seckin D., et al. Segmental lentiginosis with ipsilateral nevus depigmentosus: another example of twin spotting?. Eur J Dermatol 12 4 (2002) 319-321
55. Claudel P., Labbe L., Pedespan J.M., et al. Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis: report of two cases. Arch Pediatr 5 10 (1998) 1098-1102
56. Delaporte E., Janin A., Blondel V., et al. Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis versus incontinentia pigmenti: is pigmentary incontinence really a distinctive feature?. Dermatology 192 1 (1996) 70-72
57. Schepis C., Alberti A., Siragusa M., et al. Progressive cribriform and zosteriform hyperpigmentation: the late-onset feature of linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis associated with congenital neurological, skeletal and cutaneous anomalies. Dermatology 199 1 (1999) 72-73
58. Schepis C., Siragusa M., Alberti A., et al. Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis in a boy with mental retardation and congenital defects. Int J Dermatol 35 9 (1996) 654-655
59. Megarbane A., Vabres P., Slaba S., et al. Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis with bilateral giant cerebral aneurysms. Am J Med Genet 112 1 (2002) 95-98
60. Alvarez J., Peteiro C., and Toribio J. Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis. Pediatr Dermatol 10 2 (1993) 156-158
61. Torrelo A., Zambrano A., and Happle R. Large aberrant Mongolian spots coexisting with cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (phacomatosis pigmentovascularis type V or phacomatosis cesiomarmorata). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 20 3 (2006) 308-310
62. Torrelo A., Zambrano A., and Happle R. Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita and extensive mongolian spots: type 5 phacomatosis pigmentovascularis. Br J Dermatol 148 2 (2003) 342-345
63. Ruiz Villaverde R., Viera Ramirez A., Linares Solano J., et al. Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis and Lisch nodules: relationship between Von Recklinghausen and phakomatosis pigmentovascularis?. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 17 1 (2003) 53-55
64. Bielsa I., Paradelo C., Ribera M., et al. Generalized nevus spilus and nevus anemicus in a patient with a primary lymphedema: a new type of phakomatosis pigmentovascularis?. Pediatr Dermatol 15 4 (1998) 293-295
65. Di Landro A., Tadini G.L., Marchesi L., et al. Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis: a new case with renal angiomas and some considerations about the classification. Pediatr Dermatol 16 1 (1999) 25-30
66. Cincinnati P., Carucci T., and Rutiloni C. Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis. Minerva Pediatr 48 5 (1996) 225-228 [in Italian]
67. Saricaoglu M.S., Guven D., Karakurt A., et al. An unusual case of Sturge-Weber syndrome in association with phakomatosis pigmentovascularis and Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. Retina 22 3 (2002) 368-371
68. Uysal G., Guven A., Ozhan B., et al. Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis with Sturge-Weber syndrome: a case report. J Dermatol 27 7 (2000) 467-470
69. Di Lernia V. Segmental nevus depigmentosus: analysis of 20 patients. Pediatr Dermatol 16 5 (1999) 349-353
70. Moussaid L., Benchikhi H., Boukind E.H., et al. Cutaneous tumors during xeroderma pigmentosum in Morocco: study of 120 patients. Ann Dermatol Venereol 131 1 Pt 1 (2004) 29-33
71. Fazaa B., Zghal M., Bailly C., et al. Melanoma in xeroderma pigmentosum: 12 cases. Ann Dermatol Venereol 128 4 (2001) 503-506
72. Bouadjar B., Ait-Belkacem F., Daya-Grosjean L., et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum: a study in 40 Algerian patients. Ann Dermatol Venereol 123 5 (1996) 303-306
73. Khatri M.L., Shafi M., and Mashina A. Xeroderma pigmentosum: a clinical study of 24 Libyan cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 26 1 (1992) 75-78
74. German J., Hashem N., El-Hefnawi M., et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum in Egypt. III. ABO blood grouping in 22 affected families. Ann Hum Genet 48 1 (1984) 61-64
75. Cleaver J.E., Zelle B., Hashem N., et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum patients from Egypt: II. Preliminary correlations of epidemiology, clinical symptoms and molecular biology. J Invest Dermatol 77 1 (1981) 96-101
76. Mortada A. Incidence of lids, conjunctival and orbital malignant tumours in xeroderma pigmentosa in Egypt. Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt 61 65 (1968) 231-236
77. El Hefnawi H., and Rasheed A. Xeroderma pigmentosum: a report of further six cases. J Egypt Med Assoc 49 5 (1966) 419-434
78. Koren-Michowitz M., Friedman E., Gershoni-Baruch R., et al. Coinheritance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with Fanconi anemia and Bloom syndrome mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish population: possible role in risk modification for cancer development. Am J Hematol 78 3 (2005) 203-206
79. Peleg L., Pesso R., Goldman B., et al. Bloom syndrome and Fanconi's anemia: rate and ethnic origin of mutation carriers in Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 4 2 (2002) 95-97
80. Aslan D., Ozturk G., Kaya Z., et al. Early-onset drusen in a girl with Bloom syndrome: probable clinical importance of an ocular manifestation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 26 4 (2004) 256-257
81. Aktas D., Koc A., Boduroglu K., et al. Myelodysplastic syndrome associated with monosomy 7 in a child with Bloom syndrome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 116 1 (2000) 44-46
82. Boduroglu K., and Tuncbilek E. Two siblings with Bloom's syndrome exhibit different clinical features: possible effect of sex. Turk J Pediatr 41 1 (1999) 107-111
83. Balci S., and Aktas D. Mucinous carcinoma of the colon in a 16-year-old Turkish boy with Bloom syndrome: cytogenetic, histopathologic, TP53 gene and protein expression studies. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 111 1 (1999) 45-48
84. Yilmaz E., Alpsoy E., Luleci G., et al. Bloom's syndrome in a Turkish individual. Clin Genet 49 6 (1996) 314-315
85. Bielorai B., Hughes M.R., Auerbach A.D., et al. Successful umbilical cord blood transplantation for Fanconi anemia using preimplantation genetic diagnosis for HLA-matched donor. Am J Hematol 77 4 (2004) 397-399
86. Tamary H., Bar-Yam R., Zemach M., et al. The molecular biology of Fanconi anemia. Isr Med Assoc J 4 10 (2002) 819-823
87. Tamary H., Bar-Yam R., Shalmon L., et al. Fanconi anaemia group A (FANCA) mutations in Israeli non-Ashkenazi Jewish patients. Br J Haematol 111 1 (2000) 338-343 [Erratum in: Br J Haematol 2001 Mar; 112(3):829]
88. Lustig J.P., Lugassy G., Neder A., et al. Head and neck carcinoma in Fanconi's anaemia: report of a case and review of the literature. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 31B 1 (1995) 68-72
89. Tamary H., Dgany O., Toledano H., et al. Molecular characterization of three novel Fanconi anemia mutations in Israeli Arabs. Eur J Haematol 72 5 (2004) 330-335
90. Callen E., Casado J.A., Tischkowitz M.D., et al. A common founder mutation in FANCA underlies the world's highest prevalence of Fanconi anemia in Gypsy families from Spain. Blood 105 5 (2005) 1946-1949. [Erratum appeared in Blood 2005;105(9):3404]
91. Callen E., Tischkowitz M.D., Creus A., et al. Quantitative PCR analysis reveals a high incidence of large intragenic deletions in the FANCA gene in Spanish Fanconi anemia patients. Cytogenet Genome Res 104 1-4 (2004) 341-345
92. Casado A., De La Torre R., Cantalejo A., et al. Fanconi's anaemia: case history of six Spanish families. Bratisl Lek Listy 98 3 (1997) 135-136
93. Soulier J., Leblanc T., Larghero J., et al. Detection of somatic mosaicism and classification of Fanconi anemia patients by analysis of the FA/BRCA pathway. Blood 105 3 (2005) 1329-1336
94. Guardiola P., Socie G., Li X., et al. Acute graft-versus-host disease in patients with Fanconi anemia or acquired aplastic anemia undergoing bone marrow transplantation from HLA-identical sibling donors: risk factors and influence on outcome. Blood 103 1 (2004) 73-77
95. Guardiola P., Kurre P., Vlad A., et al. Effective graft-versus-leukaemia effect after allogeneic stem cell transplantation using reduced-intensity preparative regimens in Fanconi anaemia patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 122 5 (2003) 806-809
96. Li X., Leteurtre F., Rocha V., et al. Abnormal telomere metabolism in Fanconi's anaemia correlates with genomic instability and the probability of developing severe aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 120 5 (2003) 836-845
97. Cassinat B., Darsin D., Guardiola P., et al. Intermethod discordance for alpha-fetoprotein measurements in Fanconi anemia. Clin Chem 47 8 (2001) 1405-1409
98. Cassinat B., Guardiola P., Chevret S., et al. Constitutive elevation of serum alpha-fetoprotein in Fanconi anemia. Blood 96 3 (2000) 859-863
99. Guardiola P., Pasquini R., and Dokal I. Outcome of 69 allogeneic stem cell transplantations for Fanconi anemia using HLA-matched unrelated donors: a study on behalf of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Blood 95 2 (2000) 422-429
100. Leteurtre F., Li X., Guardiola P., et al. Accelerated telomere shortening and telomerase activation in Fanconi's anaemia. Br J Haematol 105 4 (1999) 883-893
101. Socie G., Devergie A., Girinski T., et al. Transplantation for Fanconi's anaemia: long-term follow-up of fifty patients transplanted from a sibling donor after low-dose cyclophosphamide and thoraco-abdominal irradiation for conditioning. Br J Haematol 103 1 (1998) 249-255
102. Gluckman E., Auerbach A., Ash R.C., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplants for Fanconi anemia: a preliminary report from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry. Bone Marrow Transplant 10 Suppl 1 (1992) 53-57
103. Aslan D., Gumruk F., Alikasifoglu M., et al. Serum alpha-fetoprotein level in Fanconi's anemia: evaluation of 33 Turkish patients. Am J Hematol 71 4 (2002) 275-278
104. Ertem M., Kurekci A.E., Aysev D., et al. Brucellosis transmitted by bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 26 2 (2000) 225-226
105. Dufour C., Rondelli R., Locatelli F., et al. Stem cell transplantation from HLA-matched related donor for Fanconi's anaemia: a retrospective review of the multicentric Italian experience on behalf of AIEOP-GITMO. Br J Haematol 112 3 (2001) 796-805
106. Pagano G., and Korkina L.G. Prospects for nutritional interventions in the clinical management of Fanconi anemia. Cancer Causes Control 11 10 (2000) 881-889
107. Zatterale A., Calzone R., Montone E., et al. The Italian Fanconi anemia registry. Ann Ist Super Sanita 35 2 (1999) 233-235
108. Savino M., Ianzano L., Strippoli P., et al. Mutations of the Fanconi anemia group A gene (FAA) in Italian patients. Am J Hum Genet 61 6 (1997) 1246-1253
109. Ianzano L., D'Apolito M., Centra M., et al. The genomic organization of the Fanconi anemia group A (FAA) gene. Genomics 41 3 (1997) 309-314
110. Savoia A., Piemontese M.R., Savino M., et al. Linkage analysis of Fanconi anaemia in Italy and mapping of the complementation group A gene. Hum Genet 99 1 (1997) 93-97
111. th edition (2006), Elsevier Inc., Canada 853-868
112. Aguilera-Maruri C., and Aguilera- Diaz L. Dark circles around the eyes. Cutis 5 (1969) 979-982
113. El-Darouti M.A., Marzouk S.A., Sharawi I., et al. Periorbital pigmentation. [thesis] (2000), Dermatology Department, Cairo University, Cairo (Egypt)
114. Khosrotehrani K., Bastuji-Garin S., Riccardi V.M., et al. Subcutaneous neurofibromas are associated with mortality in neurofibromatosis 1: a cohort study of 703 patients. Am J Med Genet A 132 1 (2005) 49-53
115. El-Zawahry M.D., Farid M., Abd El-Latif A., et al. Breast lesions in generalized neurofibromatosis: breast cancer and cystosarcoma phylloides. Neurofibromatosis 2 2 (1989) 121-124
116. Mortada A. Rare primary orbital sarcomas. Am J Ophthalmol 68 5 (1969) 919-925
117. Hadj-Rabia S., Froidevaux D., Bodak N., et al. Clinical study of 40 cases of incontinentia pigmenti. Arch Dermatol 139 9 (2003) 1163-1170
118. Narvaez J.A., Majos C., Narvaez J., et al. POEMS syndrome: unusual radiographic, scintigraphic and CT features. Eur Radiol 8 1 (1998) 134-136
119. Delalande S., Stojkovic T., Rose C., et al. Bilateral phrenic nerve paralysis, dysautonomia and restrictive cardiomyopathy in a case of POEMS syndrome. Rev Neurol (Paris) 158 6-7 (2002) 737-740
120. Soubrier M., Guillon R., Dubost J.J., et al. Arterial obliteration in POEMS syndrome: possible role of vascular endothelial growth factor. J Rheumatol 25 4 (1998) 813-815
121. Ribadeau-Dumas S., Tillie-Leblond I., Rose C., et al. Pulmonary hypertension associated with POEMS syndrome. Eur Respir J 9 8 (1996) 1760-1762
122. Michel J.L., Gaucher-Hugel A.S., Reynier C., et al. POEMS syndrome: imaging of skeletal manifestations. A study of 8 cases. J Radiol 84 4 Pt 1 (2003) 393-397
123. Ermertcan A.T., Ozturkcan S., Sahin M.T., et al. Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli associated with keratosis pilaris in two brothers. Pediatr Dermatol 23 1 (2006) 31-34
124. Ertam I., Unal I., and Alper S. Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli: report of involvement in two female patients. Dermatol Online J 11 2 (2005) 23
125. Tuzun Y., Wolf R., Tuzun B., et al. Familial erythromelanosis follicularis and chromosomal instability. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 15 2 (2001) 150-152
126. Stephan F., Ayoub N., Klein-Tomb L., et al. Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei and colli. Ann Dermatol Venereol 129 1 Pt 1 (2002) 63-65
127. Yanez S., Velasco J.A., and Gonzalez M.P. Familial erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli: an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Clin Exp Dermatol 18 3 (1993) 283-285
128. Triki C., Feki I., Meziou M., et al. Clinical, biological and genetic study of 24 patients with ataxia telangiectasia from southern Tunisia. Rev Neurol (Paris) 156 6-7 (2000) 634-637
129. Gomez-Lado C., Eiris-Punal J., Blanco-Barca O., et al. Hypomelanosis of Ito: a possibly under-diagnosed heterogeneous neurocutaneous syndrome. Rev Neurol 38 3 (2004) 223-228
130. Belmar P., Boixeda P., Baniandres O., et al. Long-term follow up of angiofibromas treated with CO2 laser in 23 patients with tuberous sclerosis. Actas Dermosifiliogr 96 8 (2005) 498-503
131. Mencia-Gutierrez E., Gutierrez-Diaz E., Ricoy J.R., et al. Eyelid and cutaneous lesions as the sole indicators of tuberous sclerosis. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 79 8 (2004) 401-404
132. Jimenez Casso S., Benito Bartolome F., and Sanchez Fernandez-Bernal C. Cardiac rhabdomyomas in tuberous sclerosis: clinical symptoms and course in 18 cases diagnosed in childhood. An Esp Pediatr 52 1 (2000) 36-40
133. Khairallah M., Ben Yahia S., Ladjimi A., et al. Etiology of posterior uveitis and panuveitis at the Central University Hospitalin Monastir. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 292 (2004) 37-41
134. Silan F., Demirci L., Egeli A., et al. Syndromic etiology in children at schools for the deaf in Turkey. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 68 11 (2004) 1399-1406
135. Zlotogora J., Lerer I., Bar-David S., et al. Homozygosity for Waardenburg syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 56 5 (1995) 1173-1178
136. Gershoni-Baruch R., Rosenmann A., Droetto S., et al. Mutations of the tyrosinase gene in patients with oculocutaneous albinism from various ethnic groups in Israel. Am J Hum Genet 54 4 (1994) 586-594
137. Harrison C., Khair K., Baxter B., et al. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: infrequent bleeding and first report of Turkish and Pakistani kindreds. Arch Dis Child 86 4 (2002) 297-301
138. Creel D., Boxer L.A., and Fauci A.S. Visual and auditory anomalies in Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 55 3 (1983) 252-257
139. Haddad E., Le Deist F., Blanche S., et al. Treatment of Chediak-Higashi syndrome by allogenic bone marrow transplantation: report of 10 cases. Blood 85 11 (1995) 3328-3333
140. Pardo A., Quintero E., Barrios Y., et al. Genotype and phenotypic expression of hereditary hemochromatosis in Spain. Gastroenterol Hepatol 27 8 (2004) 437-443
141. Remacha A.F., Barcelo M.J., Sarda M.P., et al. The S65C mutation in Spain: implications for iron overload screening. Haematologica 85 12 (2000) 1324-1325
142. Ropero-Gradilla P., Gonzalez-Fernandez F.A., Briceno-Polacre O., et al. Geographical distribution of HFE C282Y and H63D mutation in Spain. Med Clin (Barc) 125 20 (2005) 794-795
143. Medici V., Mirante V.G., Fassati L.R., et al. Liver transplantation for Wilson's disease: the burden of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Liver Transpl 11 9 (2005) 1056-1063
144. Dedoussis G.V., Genschel J., Sialvera T.E., et al. Wilson disease: high prevalence in a mountainous area of Crete. Ann Hum Genet 69 3 (2005) 268-274
145. Goldblatt J., and Beighton P. Cutaneous manifestations of Gaucher disease. Br J Dermatol 111 3 (1984) 331-334
146. Stirnemann J. Clinical study of the French cohort of Gaucher disease patients. Rev Med Interne 27 1 (2006) S18-S21 [in French]
147. th edition (1983), McGraw-Hill, New York 831
148. Ricci V., Stroppiano M., Corsolini F., et al. Screening of 25 Italian patients with Niemann-Pick A reveals fourteen new mutations, one common and thirteen private, in SMPD1. Hum Mutat 24 1 (2004) 105
149. Chemke J., Lieberman E., Carmi R., et al. Adrenoleukodystrophy in Israel: a genetic, clinical and biochemical study. Isr J Med Sci 20 12 (1984) 1123-1132
150. Neumann S., Topper A., Mandel H., et al. Identification of new mutations in Israeli patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Genet Test 5 1 (2001) 65-68
151. Sereni C., Paturneau-Jouas M., Aubourg P., et al. Adrenoleukodystrophy in France: an epidemiological study. Neuroepidemiology 12 4 (1993) 229-233
152. Turpin J.C., Paturneau-Jouas M., Sereni C., et al. Adult disclosure of a case of familial adrenoleukodystrophy. Rev Neurol (Paris) 141 4 (1985) 289-295
153. Giros M., Ruiz M., Ribes A., et al. The diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders in Spain during the period 1987-1997. Rev Neurol 28 Suppl 1 (1999) S40-S44
154. Ruiz M., Coll M.J., Pampols T., et al. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: phenotype distribution and expression of ALDP in Spanish kindreds. Am J Med Genet (1998) 76(5):424-427
155. Chiaverini C., Halimi G., Ouzan D., et al. Porphyria cutanea tarda, C282Y, H63D and S65C HFE gene mutations and hepatitis C infection: a study from southern France. Dermatology 206 3 (2003) 212-216
156. Uyguner O., Goicoechea de Jorge E., and Cefle A. Molecular analyses of the HGO gene mutations in Turkish alkaptonuria patients suggest that the R58fs mutation originated from central Asia and was spread throughout Europe and Anatolia by human migrations. J Inherit Metab Dis 26 1 (2003) 17-23
157. Perez-Duenas B., Pujol J., Soriano-Mas C., et al. Global and regional volume changes in the brains of patients with phenylketonuria. Neurology 66 7 (2006) 1074-1078
158. Feillet F. Phenylketonuria. Presse Med 35 3 Pt 2 (2006) 502-508
159. Blacher J., Montalescot G., Ankri A., et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia in coronary artery diseases: apropos of a study on 102 patients. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 89 10 (1996) 1241-1246
160. Bahi-Buisson N., Kaminska A., Nabbout R., et al. Epilepsy in Menkes disease: analysis of clinical stages. Epilepsia 47 2 (2006) 380-386
161. Balus L., Fazio M., Amantea A., et al. Dowling-Degos disease and Verneuil disease. Ann Dermatol Venereol 120 10 (1993) 705-708
162. Fernandez-Redondo V., Losada A., Zulaica A., et al. Dowling-Degos disease. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 18 2 (1990) 96-100
163. El Darouti M.A., Marzouk S.A., Fawzi M., et al. Reticulate acropigmentation of Dohi: a report of two new associations. Int J Dermatol 43 8 (2004) 595-596
164. Tzermias C., Zioga A., and Hatzis I. Reticular pigmented genodermatosis with milia: a special form of Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome or a new entity?. Clin Exp Dermatol 20 4 (1995) 331-335
165. Erkek E., Hizel S., Sanly C., et al. Clinical and histopathological findings in Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 153 4 (2005) 639-643
166. El Darouti M.A. Familial melanopathy with gigantic melanocytes. Am J Dermatopathol 6 Suppl 1 (1984) 31-34
167. El-Darouti M.A., Fawzi S.A., Marzook S.A., et al. Familial gigantic melanocytosis. Int J Dermatol 44 12 (2005) 1010-1015
168. Margolis E. A new hereditary syndrome-sex linked deaf mutism associated with total albinism. Acta Genet 12 (1962) 12-19
169. Ziprkowski L., Krakowski A., Adam A., et al. Partial albinism and deaf-mutism due to a recessive sex-linked gene. Arch Dermatol 86 (1962) 530-539
170. Grosshans E., Sengel D., and Heid E. White lentiginosis. Ann Dermatol Venereol 121 1 (1994) 7-10
171. Paradisi M., Pedicelli C., Ciasulli A., et al. PTPN11 gene mutation in LEOPARD syndrome. Minerva Pediatr 57 4 (2005) 189-193
172. El-Hefnawi H., and Rasheed A. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. J Egypt Med Assoc 49 7 (1966) 485-500
173. Capasso L., Lombari P., Scarano M.I., et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: case report and update on diagnosis and treatment. Minerva Chir 56 6 (2001) 643-647
174. Halioui-Louhaichi S., Azzabi O., Nefzi L., et al. Treatment with metyrapone of Cushing's syndrome revealing McCune-Albright syndrome. Arch Pediatr 12 7 (2005) 1120-1123
175. Betts C.M., Bardazzi F., Fanti P.A., et al. Progressive hyperpigmentation: case report with a clinical, histological, and ultrastructural investigation. Dermatology 189 4 (1994) 384-391
176. Erel A., Gurer M.A., and Edali N. Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura: two case reports. Int J Dermatol 32 10 (1993) 726-727
177. Lorette G., Guerois M., Arbeille-Brassart B., et al. Dyskeratosis congenita Zinsser-Cole-Engman form: report of two affected brothers. Ann Dermatol Venereol 107 8-9 (1980) 799-805
178. Patrizi A., Di Lernia V., and Varotti C. Reticulate hyperpigmentation distributed in a zosteriform fashion. Br J Dermatol 121 2 (1989) 280
179. Binet O., Audefray D., and Beltzer-Garelly E. Haber's syndrome: first French family (2 cases). Ann Dermatol Venereol 113 1 (1986) 43-50
180. Dhaoui M.A., and Doss N. Dyschromatosis universalis: two cases. Ann Dermatol Venereol 128 2 (2001) 136-138
181. Schoenlaub P., Leroy J.P., Dupre D., et al. Universal dyschromatosis: a familial case. Ann Dermatol Venereol 125 10 (1998) 700-704
182. Sopena Barona J., Gamo Villegas R., Guerra Tapia A., et al. Acromelanosis. An Pediatr (Barc) 58 3 (2003) 277-280
183. Harel A., Bergman R., Indelman M., et al. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mottled pigmentation resulting from a recurrent mutation in KRT14. J Invest Dermatol 126 7 (2006) 1654-1657
184. Rufa A., Dotti M.T., Orrico A., et al. Retinochoroidal atrophy in two adult patients with Angelman syndrome. Am J Med Genet 122 2 (2003) 155-158
185. Plantin P., Milochau P., Broussine L., et al. Self-induced cutaneous lesions in Prader-Willi syndrome. Ann Dermatol Venereol 24 5 (1997) 390-392
186. Aslan D., Sari S., Derinoz O., et al. Griscelli syndrome: description of a case with Rab27A mutation. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 23 3 (2006) 255-261
187. Amiel J., Watkin P.M., Tassabehji M., et al. Mutation of the MITF gene in albinism-deafness syndrome (Tietz syndrome). Clin Dysmorphol 7 1 (1998) 17-20
188. Lerone M., Pessagno A., Taccone A., et al. Oculocerebral syndrome with hypopigmentation (Cross syndrome): report of a new case. Clin Genet 41 2 (1992) 87-89
189. Ozkan H., Unsal E., and Kose G. Oculocerebral hypopigmentation syndrome (Cross syndrome). Turk J Pediatr 33 4 (1991) 247-252
190. Romeo M.G., Betta P., Rodono A., et al. A case of Hallermann-Streiff syndrome with rapidly fatal course. Pediatr Med Chir 17 4 (1995) 365-368
191. Ertekin V., Selimoglu M.A., and Selimoglu E. Non-lethal Hallermann-Streiff syndrome with bone fracture: report of a case. Ann Genet 47 4 (2004) 387-391
192. Rusciani A., Motta A., Rusciani L., et al. Q-switched alexandrite laser-assisted treatment of melasma: 2-year follow-up monitoring. J Drugs Dermatol 4 6 (2005) 770-774
193. Stratigos A.J., and Katsambas A.D. Optimal management of recalcitrant disorders of hyperpigmentation in dark-skinned patients. Am J Clin Dermatol 5 3 (2004) 161-168
194. Benchikhi H., Razoki H., and Lakhdar H. Sunscreens: use in pregnant women at Casablanca. Ann Dermatol Venereol 129 4 Pt 1 (2002) 387-390
195. Soliman M.M., Ramadan S.A., Bassiouny D.A., et al. Trichloroacetic acid peels alone versus combined trichloroacetic acid peel and topical ascorbic acid in the treatment of melasma: a comparative study. [thesis] (2006), Dermatology Department, Cairo University, Cairo (Egypt)
196. El-Ammawi T.S. Evaluation of glycolic acid peeling as a treatment modality for acne vulgaris, post acne hyperpigmentation and scarring and melasma. Journal of Pan Arab League of Dermatologists 15 2 (2004) 65-74
197. Tomb R.R., and Nassar J.S. Profile of skin diseases observed in a department of dermatology (1995-2000). J Med Liban 48 5 (2000) 302-309
198. Levine N., Hori Y., and Kubota Y. Acquired hypermelanotic disorders. In: Levine N. (Ed). Pigmentation and pigmentary disorders (1993), CRC Press, London 209-243
199. Taylor S.C. Epidemiology of skin diseases in ethnic populations. Dermatol Clin 21 (2003) 601-607
200. Pinkus H. Lichenoid tissue reactions. Arch Dermatol 107 (1973) 840-846
201. Serrano G., Pujol C., Cuadra J., et al. Riehl's melanosis: pigmented contact dermatitis caused by fragrances. J Am Acad Dermatol 21 5 Pt 2 (1989) 1057-1060
202. Katoulis A.C., Stavrianeas N.G., Georgala S., et al. Poikiloderma of civatte: a clinical and epidemiological study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 19 4 (2005) 444-448
203. Katoulis A.C., Georgala S., and Stavrianeas N.G. Poikiloderma of civatte and rosacea: variants in the same nosological spectrum?. Dermatology 211 4 (2005) 386-387
204. Katoulis A.C., Stavrianeas N.G., Katsarou A., et al. Evaluation of the role of contact sensitization and photosensitivity in the pathogenesis of poikiloderma of Civatte. Br J Dermatol 147 3 (2002) 493-497
205. Katoulis A.C., Stavrianeas N.G., Georgala S., et al. Familial cases of poikiloderma of civatte: genetic implications in its pathogenesis?. Clin Exp Dermatol 24 5 (1999) 385-387
206. Halder R.M., and Nootheti P.K. Ethnic skin disorders overview. J Am Acad Dermatol 48 Suppl 6 (2003) S143-S148
207. Ozcan A., Senol M., Aydin N.E., et al. Amyloidosis cutis dyschromica: a case treated with acitretin. J Dermatol 32 6 (2005) 474-477
208. Carli P., Naldi L., Lovati S., et al. The density of melanocytic nevi correlates with constitutional variables and history of sunburns: a prevalence study among Italian schoolchildren. Int J Cancer 101 4 (2002) 375-379
209. Carli P., Nardini P., Crocetti E., et al. Frequency and characteristics of melanomas missed at a pigmented lesion clinic: a registry-based study. Melanoma Res 14 5 (2004) 403-407
210. Hussein M.R., Elsers D.A., Fadel S.A., et al. Clinicopathological features of melanocytic skin lesions in Egypt. Eur J Cancer Prev 15 1 (2006) 64-68
211. Hussein M.R., Elsers D.A., Fadel S.A., et al. Immunohistological characterisation of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes in melanocytic skin lesions. J Clin Pathol 59 3 (2006) 316-324
212. Friedman T., Wohl Y., Levin A., et al. Multiple common naevi in Israeli adolescents. Melanoma Res 16 1 (2006) 89-92
213. Pavlotsky F., Azizi E., Gurvich R., et al. Prevalence of melanocytic nevi and freckles in young Israeli males: correlation with melanoma incidence in Jewish migrants. Demographic and host factors. Am J Epidemiol 146 1 (1997) 78-86
214. Cesinaro A.M., Foroni M., Sighinolfi P., et al. Spitz nevus is relatively frequent in adults: a clinico-pathologic study of 247 cases related to patient's age. Am J Dermatopathol 27 6 (2005) 469-475
215. Ferrara G., Argenziano G., Soyer H.P., et al. The spectrum of Spitz nevi: a clinicopathologic study of 83 cases. Arch Dermatol 141 11 (2005) 1381-1387
216. Aloi F., Pich A., and Pippione M. Malignant cellular blue nevus: a clinicopathological study of 6 cases. Dermatology 192 1 (1996) 36-40
217. Moulonguet-Michau I., and Abimelec P. Nail unit blue melanocyte nevi: 2 case reports. Ann Dermatol Venereol 131 11 (2004) 984-986
218. Bastiaens M.T., Westendorp R.G., Vermeer B.J., et al. Ephelides are more related to pigmentary constitutional host factors than solar lentigines. Pigment Cell Res 12 5 (1999) 316-322
219. Monestier S., Gaudy C., Gouvernet J., et al. Multiple senile lentigos of the face: a skin ageing pattern resulting from a life excess of intermittent sun exposure in dark-skinned Caucasians. A case-control study. Br J Dermatol 154 3 (2006) 438-444
220. Naldi L., Altieri A., Imberti G.L., et al. Sun exposure, phenotypic characteristics, and cutaneous malignant melanoma: an analysis according to different clinico-pathological variants and anatomic locations (Italy). Cancer Causes Control 16 8 (2005) 893-899
221. Fargnoli M.C., Piccolo D., Altobelli E., et al. Constitutional and environmental risk factors for cutaneous melanoma in an Italian population: a case-control study. Melanoma Res 14 2 (2004) 151-157
222. Lasithiotakis K., Kruger-Krasagakis S., Ioannidou D., et al. Epidemiological differences for cutaneous melanoma in a relatively dark-skinned Caucasian population with chronic sun exposure. Eur J Cancer 4 16 (2004) 2502-2507
223. Oumeish O.Y. Epidemiology of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in Jordan. Int J Dermatol 36 2 (1997) 113-115
224. Carli P., Biggeri A., and Giannotti B. Malignant melanoma in Italy: risks associated with common and clinically atypical melanocytic nevi. J Am Acad Dermatol 32 5 Pt 1 (1995) 734-739
225. Rodenas J.M., Delgado-Rodriguez M., Farinas-Alvarez C., et al. Melanocytic nevi and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in southern Spain. Am J Epidemiol 145 11 (1997) 1020-1029
226. Cress R.D., and Holly E.A. Incidence of cutaneous melanoma among non Hispanic whites, Hispanics, Asians, and blacks: an analysis of California cancer registry data, 1988-93. Cancer Causes Control 8 (1997) 246-252
227. Piras F., Colombari R., Minerba L., et al. The predictive value of CD8, CD4, CD68, and human leukocyte antigen-D-related cells in the prognosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma with vertical growth phase. Cancer 104 6 (2005) 1246-1254
228. Ferrari A., Bono A., Baldi M., et al. Does melanoma behave differently in younger children than in adults? A retrospective study of 33 cases of childhood melanoma from a single institution. Pediatrics 115 3 (2005) 649-654
229. Baccarelli A., and Landi M.T. Risk factors of malignant skin melanoma in Italian population: review of results of a case-control study. Epidemiol Prev 26 6 (2002) 293-299
230. Cascinelli N., Morabito A., Santinami M., et al. Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomized trial. WHO Melanoma Programme. Lancet 351 9105 (1998) 793-796
231. Bartoli C., Bono A., Clemente C., et al. Clinical diagnosis and therapy of cutaneous melanoma in situ. Cancer 77 5 (1996) 888-892
232. Veronesi U., and Cascinelli N. Narrow excision (1-cm margin): a safe procedure for thin cutaneous melanoma. Arch Surg 126 4 (1991) 438-441
233. Veronesi U., Cascinelli N., Adamus J., et al. Thin stage I primary cutaneous malignant melanoma: comparison of excision with margins of 1 or 3 cm. N Engl J Med 318 18 (1988) 1159-1162
234. Mortier L., Mirabel X., Modiano P., et al. Interstitial brachytherapy in management of primary cutaneous melanoma: 4 cases. Ann Dermatol Venereol 133 2 (2006) 153-156
235. Grob J.J., Dreno B., de la Salmoniere P., et al. Randomised trial of interferon alpha-2a as adjuvant therapy in resected primary melanoma thicker than 1.5 mm without clinically detectable node metastases. French Cooperative Group on melanoma. Lancet 351 9120 (1998) 1905-1910
236. Antoine E.C., Benhammouda A., Bernard A., et al. Salpetriere Hospital experience with biochemotherapy in metastatic melanoma. Cancer J Sci Am 3 Suppl 1 (1997) S16-S21
237. Aquilina S., Dalmas M., Calleja N., et al. A profile of invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma in Malta: 1993-2002. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 20 8 (2006) 958-963
238. Nagore E., Oliver V., Botella-Estrada R., et al. Clinicopathological analysis of 1571 cutaneous malignant melanomas in Valencia, Spain: factors related to tumour thickness. Acta Derm Venereol 86 1 (2006) 50-56
239. Ocana-Riola R., Sanchez-Cantalejo C., Rosell J., et al. Socio-economic level, farming activities and risk of cancer in small areas of Southern Spain. Eur J Epidemiol 19 7 (2004) 643-650
240. Castel T., Baradad M., Castro J., et al. Primary malignant melanoma of the skin: retrospective study of 375 cases. Clinical aspects and histology. Med Clin (Barc) 94 7 (1990) 246-249
241. Anaise D., Steinitz R., and Ben Hur N. Solar radiation: a possible etiological factor in malignant melaloma in Israel: a retrospective study (1960-1972). Cancer 42 1 (1978) 299-304
242. Carli P., Chiarugi A., and De Giorgi V. Examination of lesions (including dermoscopy) without contact with the patient is associated with improper management in about 30% of equivocal melanomas. Dermatol Surg 31 2 (2005) 169-172
243. de Antonio Garcia M.P., Borbujo Martinez J., Juez Juez A., et al. Pigmented basocellular epithelioma: presentation of 7 cases. Aten Primaria 9 8 (1992) 439-442
244. Bigler C., Feldman J., and Hall E. Pigmented basal cell carcinoma in Hispanics. J Am Acad Dermatol 34 (1996) 751-752
245. Naldi L., Chatenoud L., Piccitto R., et al. Prevalence of actinic keratoses and associated factors in a representative sample of the Italian adult population: results from the Prevalence of Actinic Keratoses Italian Study, 2003-2004. Arch Dermatol 142 6 (2006) 722-726
246. Hijazi S.S. Patterns of protein-energy malnutrition in early childhood in Jordan. Am J Clin Nutr 27 11 (1974) 1254-1258
247. Priolisi A. Treatment of kwashiorkor in Sicily. J Pediatr 75 6 (1969) 1080-1081
248. Hatem N.L., Hassab H.M., Abd Al-Rahman E.M., et al. Prevalence of aflatoxins in blood and urine of Egyptian infants with protein-energy malnutrition. Food Nutr Bull 26 1 (2005) 49-56
249. Shaaban S.Y., Nassar M.F., Ibrahim S.A., et al. Impact of nutritional rehabilitation on enzymatic antioxidant levels in protein energy malnutrition. East Mediterr Health J 8 2-3 (2002) 290-297
250. Noureldin M.S., Shaltout A.A., El Hamshary E.M., et al. Oportunistic intestinal protozoal infections in immunocompromised children. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 29 3 (1999) 951-961
251. Hassan E.M., El-Meneza S.A., El-Rashidy Z., et al. Detection of enteropathogens in diarrhoeal diseases among malnourished Egyptian infant and children. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 64 5-6 (1989) 461-474
252. Hamid G.A., El-Mougi M., El-Badrawy F., et al. An epidemiological study of energy protein malnutrition in a rural community in Egypt. J Egypt Med Assoc 61 9-10 (1978) 613-620
253. Gabr M., El-Beheiry F., Soliman A.A., et al. Lactose tolerance in normal Egyptian infants and children and in protein calorie malnutrition. Gaz Egypt Paediatr Assoc 26 1 (1977) 27-33
254. Sebrell Jr. W.H. History of pellagra. Fed Proc 40 5 (1981) 1520-1522
255. Labib M.A., Moussa A.H., Shalash B.A., et al. Assessment of the relation between soft cataract and deficiency of vitamins in U.A.R. Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt 63 67 (1970) 305-314
256. Halsted C.H., Sheir S., Sourial N., et al. Small intestinal structure and absorption in Egypt: influence of parasitism and pellagra. Am J Clin Nutr 22 6 (1969) 744-754
257. Hanafy M.M., Konbar A.A., and Zeitoun M.M. Gastric and pancreatic secretions in pellagra in Egyptian children. J Trop Med Hyg 71 5 (1968) 125-129
258. Khattab M., Abul-Fadl M.A., Khalafallah A.S., et al. Studies on the urinary excretion of certain tryptophan metabolites in Egyptian pellagrins. J Trop Med Hyg 70 4 (1967) 81-85
259. Ozturk F., Koca R., Aydin M., et al. Pellagra: a sporadic pediatric case with a full triad of symptoms. Cutis 68 1 (2001) 31-34
260. Wierzbicka E., Machet L., Karsenti D., et al. Pellagra and panniculitis induced by chronic bacterial colonisation of the small intestine. Ann Dermatol Venereol 132 2 (2005) 140-142
261. Buzina R., Greguric I., Brodarec A., et al. Pellagra in Istria, Yugoslavia. Am J Clin Nutr 20 8 (1967) 888-896
262. Somay G., Cevik D.M., Halac G.U., et al. Cobalamine deficiency associated with neuropathy and oral mucosal melanosis in untreated gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Indian J Gastroenterol 24 3 (2005) 120-122
263. Simsek O.P., Gonc N., Gumruk F., et al. A child with vitamin B12 deficiency presenting with pancytopenia and hyperpigmentation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 26 12 (2004) 834-836
264. Ben Kacem Ernez S., Ach K., Maaroufi A., et al. Hyperpigmentation in pernicious anaemia. Rev Med Interne 25 6 (2004) 475-476
265. rd edition (1987), McGraw-Hill, New York 1947-1948
266. Frank C., Mohamed M.K., Strickland G.T., et al. The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt. Lancet 355 9207 (2000) 887-891
267. El-Sayed H.F., Abaza S.M., Mehanna S., et al. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections among immigrants to a newly reclaimed area endemic for Schistosoma mansoni in Sinai, Egypt. Acta Trop 68 2 (1997) 229-237
268. El-Sayed N.M., Gomatos P.J., Rodier G.R., et al. Seroprevalence survey of Egyptian tourism workers for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and Treponema pallidum infections: association of hepatitis C virus infections with specific regions of Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 2 (1996) 179-184
269. Mansour E., Abdul-Rahim S., Batouty G., et al. Integration of hepatitis B immunization in the Expanded Program on Immunization of the Child Survival Project. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 68 5-6 (1993) 487-494
270. Djebbi A., Triki H., Bahri O., et al. Genotypes of hepatitis C virus circulating in Tunisia. Epidemiol Infect 130 3 (2003) 501-505
271. Coursaget P., El Goulli N., Kastally R., et al. Hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis centers in Tunisia. Presse Med 13 32 (1984) 1962
272. El Goulli N., Coursaget P., Chiron J.P., et al. Hepatitis B virus infection in Tunisia. IARC Sci Publ 63 (1984) 199-211
273. Goudeau A. Epidemiology and eradication strategy for hepatitis B in Europe: the European Regional Study Group. Vaccine Suppl 8 (1990) S113-S116
274. Sunbul M., and Leblebicioglu H. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Turkey. World J Gastroenterol 11 13 (2005) 1976-1980
275. Degertekin H., Tuzcu A., and Yalcin K. Horizontal transmission of HBV infection among students in Turkey. Public Health 114 5 (2000) 411-412
276. Bozdayi A.M., Bozkaya H., Turkyilmaz A., et al. Polymorphism of precore region of hepatitis B virus DNA among patients with chronic HBV infection in Turkey. Infection 27 6 (1999) 357-360
277. Montella M., Crispo A., Wynn-Bellezza J., et al. The rising health and economic burden of chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 41 2 (2004) 353-354
278. Villari P., Ribera G., Nobile C.G., et al. Antibodies to the E2 protein of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus: prevalence and risk factors in different populations in Italy. Infection 29 1 (2001) 17-23
279. Corrao G., Torchio P., De Carli A., et al. Effect of age, birth cohort and period of death on Italian liver cirrhosis mortality, 1972-1986. Int J Epidemiol 22 3 (1993) 475-482
280. Kondili L.A., Brunetto M.R., Maina A.M., et al. Clinical and molecular characterization of chronic hepatitis B in Albania: a country that is still highly endemic for HBV infection. J Med Virol 75 1 (2005) 20-26
281. Karakas M., Durdu M., and Memisoglu H.R. Oral fluconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor. J Dermatol 32 1 (2005) 19-21
282. Ingordo V., Naldi L., Colecchia B., et al. Prevalence of pityriasis versicolor in young Italian sailors. Br J Dermatol 149 6 (2003) 1270-1272
283. Di Silverio A., Mosca M., Brandozzi G., et al. Pityriasis versicolor in the aged: a clinical investigation and epidemiological survey in 190 elderly hospitalized patients. Mycopathologia 105 3 (1989) 187-190
284. Bouassida S., Boudaya S., Ghorbel R., et al. Pityriasis versicolor in children: a retrospective study of 164 cases. Ann Dermatol Venereol 125 9 (1998) 581-584
285. Khorchani H., Haouet H., Amri M., et al. Epidemiological and clinical profile of superficial mycoses in the Monastir region (Tunisia): retrospective study (1991-1994) of 3578 cases. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 73 3-4 (1996) 179-184 [in French]
286. Alomar A., Videla S., Delgadillo J., et al. Flutrimazole 1% dermal cream in the treatment of dermatomycoses: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized, comparative clinical trial with bifonazole 1% cream. Efficacy of flutrimazole 1% dermal cream in dermatomycoses. Catalan Flutrimazole Study Group. Dermatology 190 4 (1995) 295-300
287. Amer M.A. Fluconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor: Egyptian Fluconazole Study Group. Int J Dermatol 36 12 (1997) 940-942
288. El-Darouti M.A., Hussein S., Marzouk S.A., et al. Histopathological study of apparently normal skin of patients with leprosy. Int J Dermatol 45 3 (2006) 292-296
289. Badawy K.A., Bakr N.I., and Zallata K. Leprosy in Dakahlia: clinical and epidemiological trends between 1992 and 2005. Journal of the Pan-Arab League of Dermatologists 17 1 (2006) 89-99
290. Helmi M.I., Farouk S.M., and El-Dafrawi N.M. Prognosis of leprosy in Qaliobia governorate. Journal of Pan Arab League of Dermatologists 15 2 (2004) 55-64
291. Samsoen M., Basset A., and Grosshans E. Epidemiologic study of leprosy in metropolitan France. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 72 4 (1979) 295-307
292. Ekmekci T.R., Altunay I.K., and Koslu A. Prurigo pigmentosa treated with doxycycline. Dermatol Online J 12 1 (2006) 9
293. Erbagci Z. Prurigo pigmentosa in association with Helicobacter pylori infection in a Caucasian Turkish woman. Acta Derm Venereol 82 4 (2002) 302-303
294. De Francesco V., Quinkenstein E., Mariuzzi L., et al. Bullous prurigo pigmentosa. Eur J Dermatol 16 2 (2006) 184-186
295. Schepis C., Siragusa M., Palazzo R., et al. Prurigo pigmentosa: a misdiagnosed dermatitis in Sicily. Cutis 63 2 (1999) 99-102
296. Rodriguez-Diaz E., Blanco S., Alvarez-Cuesta C., et al. Prurigo pigmentosa. Actas Dermosifiliogr 96 7 (2005) 441-445 [in Spanish]
297. Requena Caballero C., Nagore E., Sanmartin O., et al. Vesiculous prurigo pigmentosa in a 13-year-old girl: good response to isotretinoin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 19 4 (2005) 474-476
298. Yanguas I., Goday J.J., Gonzalez-Guemes M., et al. Prurigo pigmentosa in a white woman. J Am Acad Dermatol 35 3 Pt 1 (1996) 473-475
299. Degavre B., Guilhou J.J., and Guillot B. Prurigo pigmentosa. Ann Dermatol Venereol 121 1 (1994) 46-49
300. Knox J.M., Dodge B.C., and Freeman R. Erythema dyschromicum perstans. Arch Dermatol 97 (1968) 262-272
301. Torrelo A., Zaballos P., Colmenero I., et al. Erythema dyschromicum perstans in children: a report of 14 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 19 4 (2005) 422-426
302. Wells B., White J.H., and Kierland R.R. Pityriasis alba: a ten year survey and review of literature. Arch Dermatol 82 (1960) 183-189
303. Bassaly M., Miale A.J., and Prasad A.S. Studies on pityriasis alba. Arch Dermatol 88 (1963) 272-275
304. Inanir I., Sahin M.T., Gunduz K., et al. Prevalence of skin conditions in primary school children in Turkey: differences based on socioeconomic factors. Pediatr Dermatol 19 4 (2002) 307-311
305. O'Farrell M.M. Pityriasis alba. Arch Dermatol 73 (1956) 376-377 [Cited from: Mosher et al. 1999]
306. El-Darouti M.A., Marzouk S.A., Azzam O., et al. Vitiligo vs. hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (histopathological and immunohistochemical study, univariate analysis). Eur J Dermatol 16 1 (2006) 17-22
307. Ben-Amitai D., Michael D., Feinmesser M., et al. Juvenile mycosis fungoides diagnosed before 18 years of age. Acta Derm Venereol 83 6 (2003) 451-456
308. Ardigo M., Borroni G., Muscardin L., et al. Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides in Caucasian patients: a clinicopathologic study of 7 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 49 2 (2003) 264-270
309. Di Landro A., Marchesi L., Naldi L., et al. A case of hypopigmented mycosis fungoides in a young Caucasian boy. Pediatr Dermatol 14 6 (1997) 449-452
310. Al-Aboosi M., Abalkhail A., Kasim O., et al. Friction melanosis: a clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study in Jordanian patients. Int J Dermatol 43 4 (2004) 261-264
311. Siragusa M., Ferri R., Cavallari V., et al. Friction melanosis, friction amyloidosis, macular amyloidosis, towel melanosis: many names for the same clinical entity. Eur J Dermatol 11 6 (2001) 545-548
312. Naimer S.A., Trattner A., Biton A., et al. Davener's dermatosis: a variant of friction hypermelanosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 42 3 (2000) 442-445
313. Sanz de Galdeano C., Leaute-Labreze C., Bioulac-Sage P., et al. Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation: report of five patients. Pediatr Dermatol 13 4 (1996) 274-277
314. Plantin P., Le Berre A., Le Roux P., et al. Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation. Arch Fr Pediatr 50 7 (1993) 607-608
315. Degos R., Civatte J., and Belaich S. Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation. Ann Dermatol Venereol 105 2 (1978) 177-182
316. Ortonne J.P., et al. Vitiligio and other disorders of hypopigmentation. In: Bolognia J.L., Jorizzo J.L., and Rapini R.P. (Eds). Dermatology (2003), Mosby, London 947-973
317. Roth B., Grezard P., Balme B., et al. Acquired dermal melanocytosis: clinical, pathological and ultrastructural study. Ann Dermatol Venereol 129 4 Pt 1 (2002) 409-412
318. Mannone F., De Giorgi V., Cattaneo A., et al. Dermoscopic features of mucosal melanosis. Dermatol Surg 30 8 (2004) 1118-1123
319. Ficarra G., Shillitoe E.J., Adler-Storthz K., et al. Oral melanotic macules in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 70 6 (1990) 748-755
320. Kaya T.I., Yazici A.C., Tursen U., et al. Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis: idiopathic or ultraviolet induced?. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 21 5 (2005) 270-271
321. Grosshans E. La leucomélanodermie des vagabonds: étude anatomopathologique et ultrastructurale. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) 99 (1972) 141-146
322. Fenollar F., and Raoult D. Whipple's disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 5 5 (2003) 379-385
323. Invernizzi P., Battezzati P.M., Crosignani A., et al. Peculiar HLA polymorphisms in Italian patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 38 4 (2003) 401-406
324. Biagi F., Campanella J., Soriani A., et al. Prevalence of coeliac disease in Italian patients affected by Addison's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 41 3 (2006) 302-305
325. Rodriguez Vaca M.D., Angel M., and Halperin I. Diagnosis of lung carcinoid with cutaneous hyperpigmentation eight years after bilateral adrenalectomy. J Endocrinol Invest 10 6 (1987) 537-540
326. El-Mofty M., Mostafa W., El-Darouti M., et al. Different low doses of broad-band UVA in the treatment of morphea and systemic sclerosis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 20 3 (2004) 148-156
327. Hela Z., Samy F., Rym B., et al. Genital lichen sclerosus. Tunis Med 38 3 (2005) 154-156
328. Barbagli G., Palminteri E., Balo S., et al. Lichen sclerosus of the male genitalia and urethral stricture diseases. Urol Int 73 1 (2004) 1-5
329. Renaud-Vilmer C., Cavelier-Balloy B., Porcher R., et al. Vulvar lichen sclerosus: effect of long-term topical application of a potent steroid on the course of the disease. Arch Dermatol 140 6 (2004) 709-712
330. Ben-Amitai D., Metzker A., and Cohen H.A. Pediatric cutaneous mastocytosis: a review of 180 patients. Isr Med Assoc J 7 5 (2005) 320-322
331. Diris N., Colomb M., Leymarie F., et al. Non infectious skin conditions associated with diabetes mellitus: a prospective study of 308 cases. Ann Dermatol Venereol 130 11 (2003) 1009-1014
332. Kerem N., Guttmann H., and Hochberg Z. The autosomal dominant trait of obesity, acanthosis nigricans, hypertension, ischemic heart disease and diabetes type 2. Horm Res 55 6 (2001) 298-304
333. Roberts W.E. Chemical peeling in ethnic/dark skin. Dermatol Ther 17 2 (2004) 196-205
334. Jackson B.A. Lasers in ethnic skin: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 48 Suppl 6 (2003) S134-S138
335. Battle Jr. E.F., and Hobbs L.M. Laser therapy on darker ethnic skin. Dermatol Clin 21 4 (2003) 713-723