Novel therapeutic targets in mantle cell lymphoma

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets

Volumn 11, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 929-940

  Martin, Peter ^a   Leonard, John P ^a  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Akt; Bevacizumab; Bortezomib; Cyclin D1; Cyclin dependent kinase; Flavopiridol; Haemangiogenesis; Lenalidomide; Mantle cell lymphoma; mTOR; Thalidomide

Indexed keywords

2 MORPHOLINO 8 PHENYLCHROMONE; 7 HYDROXYSTAUROSPORINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; BORTEZOMIB; CELECOXIB; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOXORUBICIN; EVEROLIMUS; FLAVOPIRIDOL; FLUDARABINE; IBRITUMOMAB TIUXETAN; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INSULIN; OSU 03012; OSU 03013; PD 0332991; PERIFOSINE; PREDNISONE; RAPAMYCIN; RITUXIMAB; ROSCOVITINE; TEMSIROLIMUS; THALIDOMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VATALANIB; VINCRISTINE; VORINOSTAT; WORTMANNIN;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ASTHENIA; B LYMPHOCYTE; BLEEDING; BLOOD TOXICITY; CANCER GROWTH; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL CYCLE REGULATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOPENIA; DNA DAMAGE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; IC 50; LOW DRUG DOSE; MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA; MICROENVIRONMENT; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NEUROPATHY; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN TARGETING; PROTEINURIA; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CELL CYCLE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; LYMPHOMA, MANTLE-CELL; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 34447336445     PISSN: 14728222     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.7.929     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. CARTRON G, WATIER H, GOLAY J, SOLAL-CELIGNY P: From the bench to the bedside: ways to improve rituximab efficacy. Blood (2004) 104(9):2635-2642.
2. FORAN JM, ROHATINER AZS, CUNNINGHAM D et al.: European Phase II study of rituximab (chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) for patients with newly diagnosed mantle-cell lymphoma and previously treated mantle-cell lymphoma, immunocytoma, and small B-cell lymphocytic lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 18(2):317.
3. GHIELMINI M, SCHMITZ S-FH, COGLIATTI S et al.: Effect of single-agent rituximab given at the standard schedule or as prolonged treatment in patients with mantle cell lymphoma: a study of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK). J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(4):705-711.
4. FORSTPOINTNER R, UNTERHALT M, DREYLING M et al.: Maintenance therapy with rituximab leads to a significant prolongation of response duration after salvage therapy with a combination of rituximab, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and mitoxantrone (R-FCM) in patients with relapsed and refractory follicular and mantle cell lymphomas - results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). Blood (2006) 108 (13):4003-4008.
5. LENZ G, DREYLING M, HOSTER E et al.: Immunochemotherapy with rituximab and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone significantly improves response and time to treatment failure, but not long-term outcome in patients with previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma: results of a prospective randomized trial of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(9):1984-1992.
6. BEUM PV, KENNEDY AD, WILLIAMS ME, LINDORFER MA, TAYLOR RP: The shaving reaction: rituximab/CD20 complexes are removed from mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by THP-1 monocytes. J. Immunol. (2006) 176(4):2600-2609.
7. GHIELMINI MM, RUFIBACH KK, SALLES GG et al.: Single agent rituximab in patients with follicular or mantle cell lymphoma: clinical and biological factors that are predictive of response and event-free survival as well as the effect of rituximab on the immune system: a study of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK). Ann. Oncol. (2005) 16(10):1675-1682.
8. YOUNES A, PRO B, RODRIGUEZ MA et al.: Activity of yttrium 90 (90Y) ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin(R)) in 22 patients with relapsed and refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2005) 106(11):2452-.
9. SMITH MR, CHEN H, GORDON L et al.: Phase II study of rituximab + CHOP followed by 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan in patients with previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma: an Eastern cooperative oncology group study (E1499). J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts) (2006) 24(Suppl. 18):7503-.
10. ZELENETZ AD, NOY A, PANDIT-TASKAR N et al.: Sequential radioimmunotherapy with tositumomab/Iodine I131 tositumomab followed by CHOP for mantle cell lymphoma demonstrates RIT can induce molecular remissions. J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts) (2006) 24(Suppl. 18):7560-.
11. FORERO-TORRES A, FURMAN RR, ROSENBLATT JD et al.: A humanized antibody against CD40 (SGN-40) is well tolerated and active in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL): results of a Phase I study. J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts) (2006) 24(Suppl. 18):7534-.
12. MORSCHHAUSER F, LEONARD JP, COIFFIER B et al.: Initial safety and efficacy results of a second-generation humanized anti-CD20 antibody, IMMU-106 (hA20), in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2005) 106(11):2428-.
13. SERRANO M, HANNON GJ, BEACH D: A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/CDK4. Nature (1993) 366:704-707.
14. KATO J, MATSUSHIME H, HIEBERT SW, EWEN ME, SHERR CJ: Direct binding of cyclin D to the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) and pRb phosphorylation by the cyclin D-dependent kinase CDK4. Genes Dev. (1993) 7(3):331-342.
15. WEINTRAUB SJ, CHOW KNB: Mechanism of active transcriptional repression by the retinoblastoma protein. Nature (1995) 375(6534):812.
16. WEINBERG RA: The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell (1995) 81:323-330.
17. QUINTANILLA-MARTINEZ LL, DAVIES-HILL TT, FEND FF et al.: Sequestration of p27Kip1 protein by cyclin D1 in typical and blastic variants of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL): implications for pathogenesis. Blood (2003) 101(8):3181-3187.
18. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW (Eds), IARC Press, Lyon (2001):352
19. HERNANDEZ L, BEA S, PINYOL M et al.: CDK4 and MDM2 gene alterations mainly occur in highly proliferative and aggressive mantle cell lymphomas with wild-type INK4a/ARF locus. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(6):2199-2206.
20. GRONBAEK K, NEDERGAARD T, ANDERSEN MK et al.: Concurrent disruption of cell cycle associated genes in mantle cell lymphoma: a genotypic and phenotypic study of cyclin D1, p16, p15, p53 and pRb. Leukemia (1998) 12:1266-1271.
21. BEA S, TORT F, PINYOL M et al.:BMI-1 Gene amplification and overexpression in hematological malignancies occur mainly in mantle cell lymphomas. Cancer Res. (2001) 61 (6):2409-2412.
22. POMERANTZ J, SCHREIBER-AGUS N, LIEGEOIS NJ: The Ink4a tumor suppressor gene product, p19Arf, interacts with MDM2 and neutralizes MDM2's inhibition of p53. Cell (1998) 92:713-723.
23. DULIC V, KAUFMANN WK, WILSON SJ et al.: p53-Dependent inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activities in human fibroblasts during radiation-induced G1 arrest. Cell (1994) 76:1013-1023.
24. MEDEMA RH, HERRERA RE, LAM F, WEINBERG RA: Growth suppression by P16ink4 requires functional retinoblastoma protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92(14):6289-6293.
25. LAM L, PICKERAL O, PENG A et al.: Genomic-scale measurement of mRNA turnover and the mechanisms of action of the anti-cancer drug flavopiridol Genome Biol. (2001) 2(10):1-11.
26. CARLSON B, LAHUSEN T, SINGH S et al.: Down-regulation of cyclin D 1 by transcriptional repression in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells induced by flavopiridol Cancer Res. (1999) 59(18):4634-4641
27. KOUROUKIS CT, BELCH A, CRUMP M et al.: Flavopiridol in untreated or relapsed mantle-cell lymphoma: results of a Phase II study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21(9):1740-1745.
28. LIN TS, HOWARD OM, NEUBERG DS, KIM HH, SHIPP MA: Seventy-two hour continuous infusion flavopiridol in relapsed and refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Leukemia & Lymphoma (2002) 43(4):793.
29. LIN TS, FISCHER B, MORAN ME et al.: Flavopiridol, fludarabine and rituximab (FFR) is an active regimen in indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts) (2006) 24(Suppl. 18):7599-.
30. LACRIMA K, VALENTINI A, LAMBERTINI C et al.: In vitro activity of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CYC202 (Seliciclib, R-roscovitine) in mantle cell lymphomas. Ann. Oncol. (2005) 16(7):1169-1176.
31. MARZEC M, KASPRZYCKA M, LAI R et al.: mantle cell lymphoma cells express predominantly cyclin D1a isoform and are highly sensitive to selective inhibition of CDK4 kinase activity Blood (2006) 108(5):1744-1750.
32. MALUMBRES M, SOTILLO R, SANTAMARÍA D et al.: Mammalian cells cycle without the D-type cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk4 and Cdk6. Cell (2004) 118:493-504.
33. CHIARLE R, BUDEL LM, SKOLNIK J et al.: Increased proteasome degradation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 is associated with a decreased overall survival in mantle cell lymphoma. Blood (2000) 95(2):619-626
34. RODRIGUEZ MS, DESTERRO JMP, LAIN S, LANE DP, HAY RT: Multiple C-terminal lysine residues target p53 for ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation. Mol. Cell. Biol. (2000) 20(22):8458-8467.
35. PÉREZ-GALÁN PP, ROUÉ GG, VILLAMOR NN et al.: The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib induces apoptosis in mantle-cell lymphoma through generation of ROS and Noxa activation independent of p53 status. Blood (2006) 107(1):257-264.
36. HUTTER G, ZIMMERMANN Y, RIEKEN M et al.: Cell cycle dysregulation represents an early effect of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in mantle cell lymphoma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2004) 104(11):2287-.
37. O'CONNOR OA, WRIGHT JJ, MOSKOWITZ CC et al.: Phase II clinical experience with the novel proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma. J. Clin Oncol. (2005) 23(4):676-684.
38. GOY A, YOUNES A, MCLAUGHLIN P et al.: Phase II study of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(4):667-675.
39. FISHER RI, BERNSTEIN SH, KAHL BS et al.: Multicenter Phase II study of bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. (2006) 24(30):4867-4874.
40. WADEHRA N, LIN T, RYAN T et al.: Combination bortezomib (PS341, Velcade) and rituximab treatment affects multiple survival and death pathways to promote apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2005) 106(11):2407-.
41. DRACH J, SEIDL S, PICHELMAYER O et al.: Promising activity of bortezomib, rituximab, and dexamethason (BORID) in patients with relapsed mantle cell lymphoma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2005) 106(11):4799.
42. LEONARD JP, FURMAN RR, CHEUNG Y-KK et al.: Phase I/II trial of bortezomib + CHOP-rituximab in diffuse large B cell (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL): Phase I results. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2005) 106(11):491.
43. KAPANEN A, TUCKER C, CHIKH G, BALLY M, KLASA R: Cell based assays completed with the mantle cell lymphoma cell lines Z138 and NCEB-1 indicate that combinations of bortezomid and flavopiridol interact to achieve synergistic activity. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2005) 106(l 1):2410-.
44. GHOBRIAL IM, MCCORMICK DJ, KAUFMANN SH et al.: Proteomic analysis of mantle-cell lymphoma by protein microarray. Blood (2005) 105(9):3722-3730.
45. RIZZATTI EG, FALCAO RP, PANEPUCCI RA et al.: Gene expression profiling of mantle cell lymphoma cells reveals aberrant expression of genes from the PI3K-AKT, WNT and TGF; signalling pathways. Br. J. Haematol. (2005) 130(4):516-526.
46. RUDELIUS M, PITTALUGA S, NISHIZUKA S et al.: Constitutive activation of Akt contributes to the pathogenesis and survival of mantle cell lymphoma. Blood (2006) 108(5):1668-1676.
47. CHANG F, LEE JT, NAVOLANIC PM et al.: Involvement of PI3K/Akt pathway in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and neoplastic transformation: a target for cancer chemotherapy. Leukemia (2003) 17:590-603.
48. SCHMELZLE T, HALL MN: TOR, a central controller of cell growth. Cell (2000) 103:253-262.
49. HASHEMOLHOSSEINI S, NAGAMINE Y, MORLEY SJ et al.: Rapamycin inhibition of the G1 to S transition is mediated by effects on cyclin D1 mRNA and protein stability. J. Biol. Chem. (1998) 273(23):14424-14429.
50. HIPP S, RINGSHAUSEN I, OELSNER M et al.: Inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin and the induction of cell cycle arrest in mantle cell lymphoma cells. Haematologica (2005) 90:1433-1434.
51. MADRID LV, WANG C-Y, GUTTRIDGE DC et al.: Akt suppresses apoptosis by stimulating the transactivation potential of the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-κB. Mol. Cell. Biol. (2000) 20(5): 1626-1638.
52. DATTA SR, DUDEK H, TAO X et al.: Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell intrinsic death machinery. Cell (1997) 91:231-241.
53. DAVIES SP, REDDY H, CAIVANO M, COHEN P: Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors. Biochem. J. (2000) 351:95-105.
54. POWIS G, BONJOUKLIAN R, BERGGREN M et al.: Wortmannin, a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. Cancer Res. (1994) 54:2419-2423.
55. GRAVES PR, YU L, SCHWARZ JK et al.: The Chk1 protein kinase and the Cdc25C regulatory pathways are targets of the anticancer agent UCN-01. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275(8):5600-5605.
56. SAUSVILLE EA, ARBUCK SG, MESSMANN R et al.: Phase I trial of 72-hour continuous infusion UCN-01 in patients with refractory neoplasms. J. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 19(8):2319-2333.
57. ZHU J, HUANG J-W, TSENG P-H et al.: From the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib to a novel class of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 inhibitors. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(12):4309-4318.
58. DING H, HAN C, ZHU J, CHEN C-S, D'AMBROSIO SM: Celecoxib derivatives induce apoptosis via the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase 9. Int. J. Cancer. (2005) 113(5):803-810.
59. VAN UMMERSEN L, BINGER K, VOLKMAN J et al.: A Phase I trial of perifosine (NSC 639966) on a loading dose/maintenance dose schedule in patients with advanced cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2004) 10(22):7450-7456.
60. BAILEY HH, MAHONEY MR, ETINGER DS et al.: Phase II study of daily oral perifosine in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer (2006) 107(10):2462-2467.
61. LELEU X, O'SULLIVAN G, JIA X et al.: Novel agent perifosine enhances antitumor activity of bortezomib, rituximab and other conventional therapies in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2006) 108(11):2517-.
62. BOFFA DJ, LUAN F, THOMAS D et al.: Rapamycin inhibits the growth and metastatic progression of non-small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2004) 10(1):293-300.
63. DECKER T, HIPP S, RINGSHAUSEN I et al.: Rapamycin-induced G1 arrest in cycling B-CLL cells is associated with reduced expression of cyclin D3, cyclin E, cyclin A, and surviving. Blood (2003) 101(1):278-285.
64. O'REILLY KE, ROJO F, SHE Q-B et al.: mTOR inhibition induces upstream receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and activates Akt. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(3):1500-1508.
65. YAZBECK VY, GEORGAKIS GV, LI Y, YOUNES A: The mTOR inhibitor CCI-779 (temsirolimus) downregulates p21 and induces cell cycle arrest and autophagy in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts) (2006) 24(Suppl. 18):7573-.
66. ANSELL SM, GEYER SM, KURTIN PJ et al.: Anti-tumor activity of mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus for relapsed mantle cell lymphoma: a Phase II trial in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group. J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts) (2006) 24(Suppl. 18):7532.
67. WITZIG TE, GEYER SM, GHOBRIAL I et al.: Phase II trial of single-agent temsirolimus (CCI-779) for relapsed mantle cell lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(23):5347-5356.
68. YEE KWL, ZENG Z, KONOPLEVA M et al.: Phase I/II study of the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus (RAD001) in patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res. (2006) 12(17):5165-5173.
69. SOWA Y, ORITA T, MINAMIKAWA-HIRANABE S et al.: Sp3, but not Sp1, mediates the transcriptional activation of the p21/WAF1/Cip1 gene promoter by histone deacetylase inhibitor. Cancer Res. (1999) 59(17):4266-4270.
70. RICHON VM, SANDHOFF TW, RIFKIND RA, MARKS PA: Histone deacetylase inhibitor selectively induces p21WAF1 expression and gene-associated histone acetylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97(18):10014-10019.
71. SANDOR V, SENDEROWICZ A, MERTINS S et al.: P21-dependent G1 arrest with downregulation of cyclin D1 and upregulation of cyclin E by the histone deacetylase inhibitor FR901228. Br. J. Cancer (2000) 83(6):817-825.
72. PIEKARZ RL, ROBEY RW, ZHAN Z et al.: T-cell lymphoma as a model for the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors in cancer therapy: impact of depsipeptide on molecular markers, therapeutic targets, and mechanisms of resistance. Blood (2004) 103(12):4636-4643.
73. ZHANG C, RICHON V, NI X, TALPUR R, DUVIC M: Selective induction of apoptosis by histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells: relevance to mechanism of therapeutic action. J. Investig. Dermatol. (2005) 125(5):1045-1052.
74. SALVEN P, TEERENHOVI L, JOENSUU H: A high pretreatment serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration is associated with poor outcome in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood (1997) 90(8):3167-3172.
75. BERTOLINI F, PAOLUCCI M, PECCATORI F et al.: Angiogenic growth factors and endostatin in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br. J. Haematol. (1999) 106(2):504-509.
76. SHIPP MA, ROSS KN, TAMAYO P et al.: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma outcome prediction by gene-expression profiling and supervised machine learning. Nat. Med. (2002) 8(1):68-74.
77. RUAN J, HYJEK E, KERMANI P et al: Magnitude of stromal hemangiogenesis correlates with histologic subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Clin. Cancer Res. (2006) 12(19):5622-5631.
78. BRUNS I, FOX F, REINECKE P et al.: Complete remission in a patient with relapsed angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma following treatment with bevacizumab. Leukemia (2005) 19(11):1993-1995.
79. STOPECK AT, BELLAMY W, UNGER J et al.: Phase II trial of single agent bevacizumab in patients with relapsed, aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL): Southwest Oncology Group Study S0108. J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts) (2005) 23(Suppl. 16):6592-.
80. WOOD JM, BOLD G, BUCHDUNGER E et al.: PTK787/ZK 222584, a novel and potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, impairs vascular endothelial growth factor-induced responses and tumor growth after oral administration. Cancer Res. (2000) 60(8):2178-2189.
81. WILHELM SM, CARTER C, TANG L et al.: BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(19):7099-7109.
82. YU C, FRIDAY BB, LAI J-P et al.: Cytotoxic synergy between the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in vitro: induction of apoptosis through Akt and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2006) 5(9):2378-2387.
83. ZHANG L-H, LU L, WU L et al.: Comparison of anti-angiogenic activities of thalidomide and lenalidomide in vitro. AACR Meeting Abstracts (2006) 2006(1):415-a-.
84. DREDGE K, MARRIOTT JB, MACDONALD CD et al.: Novel thalidomide analogues display anti-angiogenic activity independently of immunomodulatory effects. Br. J. Cancer (2002) 87:1166-1172.
85. VACCA A, RIA R, SEMERARO F et al.: Endothelial cells in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. Blood (2003) 102(9):3340-3348.
86. LEBLANC R, HIDESHIMA T, CATLEY LP et al.: Immunomodulatory drug costimulates T cells via the B7-CD28 pathway. Blood (2004) 103(5):1787-1790.
87. HAYASHI T, HIDESHIMA T, AKIYAMA M et al.: Molecular mechanisms whereby immunomodulatory drugs activate natural killer cells: clinical application. Br. J. Haematol. (2005) 128(2):192-203.
88. CORRAL LG, HASLETT PAJ, MULLER GW et al.: Differential cytokine modulation and T cell activation by two distinct classes of thalidomide analogues that are potent inhibitors of TNF-α. J. Immunol. (1999) 163(1):380-386.
89. WILSON EA, JOBANPUTRA S, JACKSON R, PARKER AN, MCQUAKER IG: Response to thalidomide in chemotherapy-resistant mantle cell lymphoma: a case report. Br. J. Haematol. (2002) 119(1):128-130.
90. DAMAJ G, LEFRERE F, DELARUE R et al.: Thalidomide therapy induces response in relapsed mantle cell lymphoma. Leukemia (08876924) (2003) 17(9):1914.
91. KAUFMANN H, RADERER M, WOHRER S et al.: Antitumor activity of rituximab plus thalidomide in patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Blood (2004) 104(8):2269-2271.
92. RUAN J, COLEMAN M, FURMAN RR et al.: Targeting angiogenesis in mantle cell lymphoma: clinical efficacy and correlative studies of a Phase II trial of RT-PEPC (rituximab, thalidomide and metronomic oral chemotherapy with prednisone, etoposide, procarbazine and cyclophosphamide) in relapsed/refractory disease. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2006) 108(11):2751-.
93. CORRAL LG, ZHU D, WANG Y, STEIN B: The IMiDs(R) Immunomodulatory drugs Revlimid(R) (lenalidomide) and CC-4047 induce growth arrest and apoptosis in NHL tumor cells in vitro. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2006) 108(11):2388-.
94. WIERNIK PH, LOSSOS I, TUSCANO J et al.: Preliminary results from a Phase II study of lenalidomide monotherapy in relapsed/refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2006) 108(11):531-.
95. WITZIG TE, VOSE JM, KAPLAN HP et al.: Early results from a Phase II study of lenalidomide monotherapy in relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2006) 108(11):2482-.
96. REDDY N, CRUZ R, HERNANDEZ-ILIZALITURRI F, KNIGHT J, CZUCZMAN MS: Lenalidomide (Revlimid(R)) enhances monoclonal antibody-associated anti-tumor activity against rituximab-sensitive and rituximab-resistant B-cell lymphoma cell lines. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2006) 108(11):2522-.
97. WU L, SCHAFER P, MULLER G, STIRLING D, BARTLETT JB: Lenalidomide strongly enhances natural killer (NK) cell mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of rituximab treated non-Hodkin's lymphoma cell lines in vitro. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts (2006) 108(11):3714-.