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34347375770
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note
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100 for mice was 57 μg/kg of 2 administered iv; iv doses of 0.5-5.7 μg/kg produced progressively more pronounced piloerection; 0.05 μg/kg was a no effect dose. This dose dependent response suggested that piloerection following iv administration of 10 mg/kg of 1 during the murine safety screen was indicative of 0.01-0.1% of the dose being converted to 2. A few compounds, such as 1f, were lethal at 10 mg/kg but not at 1 mg/kg implying that metabolic conversion to 2 was ∼0.1-1%.
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10
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34347405118
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note
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Typically, a 100 μM solution of compounds of structure 1 was incubated for 3 h in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer (0.1 M) containing African green monkey hepatic microsomes (3 mg/mL protein) and 3 mM NADPH whereupon the protein was precipitated by addition of 2 volumes MeCN prior to determination of the conversion to 2 by LC/MS. Since control studies entailing incubation of compounds of structure 1 as described above in the absence of NADPH generated minuscule amounts of 2, solvolytic release of 2 due to chemical instability of 1 after protonation was of minimal importance.
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11
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34347406337
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note
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Subsequently during clinical studies with BMS-196085 (1c), BMS-194449 (1b), and BMS-201620 (1j) dose dependent incidences of sweaty palms, flushing, and piloerection, all classic manifestations of an α adrenergic agonist, as well as detection of trace levels of 2 validated these concerns regarding metabolic liberation of 2.
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15
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34347385660
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note
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15 IA is given as a percentage of the maximal stimulation with isoproterenol.
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16
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0024470363
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3 adrenergic receptor reported by
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3 adrenergic receptor reported by. Emorine L.T., Marullo S., Briend-Sutren M.M., Patey G., Tate K., Delavier-Klutchko C., and Strosberg A.D. Science 245 (1989) 1118
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Patey, G.4
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Delavier-Klutchko, C.6
Strosberg, A.D.7
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17
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0001423561
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Sher P.M., Fisher L.G., Skwish S., Michel I.M., Seiler S.M., Washburn W.N., and Dickinson K.E. J. Med. Chem. Res. 7 (1997) 109
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Washburn, W.N.6
Dickinson, K.E.7
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18
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34347375116
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note
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Spectral data were fully consistent with structures.
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19
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0031024462
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Beeley L.J., Berge J.M., Chapman H., Dean D.K., Kelly J., Lowden K., Kotecha N.R., Morgan H.K.A., Rami H.K., Thompson M., Vong A.K.K., and Ward R.W. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 7 (1997) 219
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Vong, A.K.K.11
Ward, R.W.12
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34347407388
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note
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1/2 was ∼40 min to presumably generate quinones.
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34347392117
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Larson, A. A.; Gould, W. A. US Patent 1,171,477.
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Sher, P.M.8
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23
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34347401029
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note
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22.
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24
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0021259911
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Fuhrer W., Ostermayer F., Zimmermann M., Meier M., and Müller H. J. Med. Chem. 27 (1984) 831
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27
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34347391913
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WO 2000/012462.
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28
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34347401655
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WO 1999/051564.
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34347395583
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note
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Absolute stereochemistry of 15f assigned by X-ray crystallography.
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30
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34347402049
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note
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2 IA was determined by measuring relaxation of guinea pig trachea rings submaximally contracted with carbacol relative to that induced by isoproterenol.
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