The metabolic syndrome and vascular disease in Asia

Cardiovascular and Hematological Disorders - Drug Targets

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 79-85

  Cheung, Bernard M Y ^a   Thomas, G Neil ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; GLUCOSE; RIMONABANT; SIBUTRAMINE; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN;

AGING; ANTHROPOMETRY; ASIA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; CALORIC INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIETARY INTAKE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; KINESIOTHERAPY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIPID STORAGE; METABOLIC BALANCE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VASCULAR DISEASE;

EID: 34347391938     PISSN: 1871529X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152907780830914     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. World Health Organisation Burden of Disease Project. http://www.who.int/ healthinfo/bodproject/en/index.html. Last accessed 8 August 2006
2. Yusuf, S.; Hawken, S.; Ounpuu, S.; Dans, T.; Avezum, A.; Lanas, F.; McQueen, M.; Budaj, A.; Pais, P.; Varigos, J.; Lisheng, L.; INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet, 2004, 364, 937-952.
3. Tai, E.S.; Tan, C.E. Genes, diet and serum lipid concentrations: lessons from ethnically diverse populations and their relevance to coronary heart disease in Asia. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2004, 15, 5-12.
4. Yusuf, S.; Reddy, S.; Ounpuu, S.; Anand, S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Part II: variations in cardiovascular disease by specific ethnic groups and geographic regions and prevention strategies. Circulation, 2001, 104, 2855-2864.
5. Lee, J.; Heng, D.; Chia, K.S.; Chew, S.K.; Tan, B.Y.; Hughes, K. Risk factors and incident coronary heart disease in Chinese, Malay and Asian Indian males: the Singapore Cardiovascular Cohort Study. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2001, 30, 983-988.
6. Meigs, J.B. Invited commentary: insulin resistance syndrome? Syndrome X? Multiple metabolic syndrome? A syndrome at all? Factor analysis reveals patterns in the fabric of correlated metabolic risk factors (Review). Am. J. Epidemiol., 2000, 152, 908-911.
7. Wilson, P.W.; Kannel, W.B.; Silbershatz, H.; D'Agostino, R.B. Clustering of metabolic factors and coronary heart disease. Arch. Intern. Med., 1999, 159, 1104-1109.
8. Isomaa, B.; Almgren, P.; Tuomi, T.; Forsen, B.; Lahti, K.; Nissen, M.; Taskinen, M.R.; Groop, L. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diab. Care, 2001, 24, 683-689.
9. Trevisan, M.; Liu, J.; Bahsas, F.B.; Menotti, A. Syndrome X and mortality: a population-based study: Risk Factor and Life Expectancy Research Group. Am. J. Epidemiol., 1998, 148, 958-966.
10. Haffner, S.M.; Valdez, R.A.; Hazuda, H.P.; Mitchell, B.D.; Morales, P.A.; Stern, M.P. Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes, 1992, 41, 715-722.
11. Alberti, K.G.; Zimmet, P.Z. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus, provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diab. Med., 1998, 15, 539-553.
12. National Cholesterol Education Program. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA, 2001, 285, 2486-2497.
13. Grundy, S.M.; Brewer, H.B Jr.; Cleeman, J.I.; Smith, S.C. Jr.; Lenfant, C. American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation, 2004, 109, 433-438.
14. Grundy, S.M.; Cleeman, J.I.; Daniels, S.R.; Donato, KA.; Eckel, R.H.; Franklin, B.A.; Gordon, D.J.; Krauss, R.M.; Savage, P.J.; Smith, S.C. Jr.; Spertus, J.A.; Costa, F. American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation, 2005, 112, 2735-2752.
15. Alberti, K.G.; Zimmet, P.; Shaw, J. IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome - a new worldwide definition. Lancet, 2005, 366, 1059-1062.
16. Ford, E.S. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the US. Diab. Care, 2005, 28, 2745-2749.
17. Ko, G.T.; Cockram, C.S.; Chow, C.C.; Yeung, V.T.; Chan, W.B.; So, W.Y.; Chan, N.N.; Chan, J.C. Metabolic syndrome by the international diabetes federation definition in Hong Kong Chinese. Diab. Res. Clin Pract., 2006, 73(1), 58-64.
18. Cheung, B.M.Y. The metabolic syndrome in China. Brit. J. Clin Pharmacol., 2006, 62(3), 260-263.
19. Yusuf, S.; Hawken, S.; Ounpuu, S.; Bautista, L.; Franzosi, M.G.; Commerford, P.; Lang, C.C,. Rumboldt, Z.; Onen, C.L.; Lisheng, L.; Tanomsup, S.; Wangai, P. Jr.; Razak, F.; Sharma, A.M.; Anand, S.S. INTERHEART Study Investigators. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27, 000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet, 2005, 366(9497), 1640-1649.
20. Thomas, G.N.; Ho, S.Y.; Lam, K.S.; Janus, E.D.; Hedley, A.J.; Lam, T.H. Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence Study Steering Committee. Impact of obesity and body fat distribution on cardiovascular risk factors in Hong Kong Chinese. Obes. Res., 2004, 12(11), 1805-1813.
21. Fujioka, S.; Matzuzawa, Y.; Tokunaga, K.; Tarui, S. Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism, 1987, 36, 54-59.
22. Banerji, M.A.; Chaiken, R.L.; Gordon, D.; Kral, J.G.; Lebovitz, H.E. Does intra-abdominal adipose tissue in black men determine whether NIDDM is insulin-resistant or insulin-sensitive. Diabetes, 1995, 44, 141-146.
23. McKeigue, P.M.; Shah, B.; Marmot, M.G. Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in South Asians. Lancet, 1991, 337, 382-386.
24. Matsuzawa, Y. Pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms of visceral fat syndrome: the Japanese experience. Diabet. Metab. Rev., 1997, 13, 3-13.
25. Despres, J.P.; Lemieux, S.; Lamarche, B.; Prud'homme, D.; Moorjani, S.; Brun, L.D.; Gagne, C.; Lupien, P.J. The insulin resistance-dyslipidemic syndrome: contribution of visceral obesity and therapeutic implications. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 1995, 19 (Suppl. 1), S76-S86.
26. Bonadonna, R.C.; Bonora, E. Glucose and free fatty acid metabolism in human obesity. Diab. Rev., 1997, 5, 21-51.
27. Ferrannini, E.; Barrett, E.J.; Bevilacqua, S.; DeFronzo, R. Effects of fatty acids on glucose production and utilisation in man. J. Clin Inv., 1983, 72, 1737-1747.
28. Montague, C.T.; O'Rahilly, S. The perils of portliness: causes and consequences of visceral adiposity. Diabetes, 2000, 49(6), 883-888.
29. El-Atat, F.A.; Stas, S.N.; McFarlane, S.I.; Sowers, J.R. The relationship between hyperinsulinemia, hypertension and progressive renal disease. J. Am.Soc. Nephrol., 2004, 15, 2816-2827.
30. Rajala, M.W.; Scherer, P.E. The adipocyte - at the crossroads of energy homeostasis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Endocrinol., 2003, 114(9), 3765-3773.
31. Guerre-Millo, M. Adipose tissue and adipokines: for better or worse. Diabe. Metab., 2004, 30, 13-9.
32. Wellen, K.E.; Hotamisligil, G.S. Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. J. Clin Inv., 2003, 112(12), 1785-1788.
33. Visser, M.; Bouter, L.M.; McQuillan, G.M.; Wener, M.H.; Harris, T.B. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA, 1999, 282, 2131-2135.
34. Bastard, J.P.; Jardel, C.; Bruckert, E.; Blondy, P.; Capeau, J.; Laville, M.; Vidal, H.; Hainque, B. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2000, 85(9), 3338-3342.
35. Yudkin, J.S.; Stehouwer, C.D.; Emeis, J.J.; Coppack, S.W. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1999, 19(4), 972-978.
36. Ebbeling, C.B.; Pawlak, D.B.; Ludwig, D.S. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet, 2002, 360(9331), 473-482.
37. Ford, E.S.; Galuska, D.A.; Gillespie, C.; Will, J.C.; Giles, W.H.; Dietz, W.H. C-reactive protein and body mass index in children: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J. Pediatr., 2001, 138(4), 486-492.
38. Cook, D.G.; Mendall, M.A.; Whincup, P.H.; Carey, I.M.; Ballam, L.; Morris, J.E.; Miller, G.J.; Strachan, D.P. C-reactive protein concentration in children: relationship to adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis, 2000, 149(1), 139-150.
39. Thomas, G.N.; Critchley, J.A.; Tomlinson, B.; Anderson, P.J.; Lee, Z.S.; Chan, J.C. Obesity, independent of insulin resistance, is a major determinant of blood pressure in normoglycemic Hong Kong Chinese. Metabolism, 2000, 49, 1523-1528.
40. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet, 2004, 363(9403), 157-163.
41. Moon, O.R.; Kim, N.S.; Jang, S.M.; Yoon, T.H.; Kim, S.O. The relationship between body mass index and the prevalence of obesity-related diseases based on the 1995 National Health Interview Survey in Korea. Obes. Res., 2002, 3, 191-196.
42. Kim, Y.; Suh, Y.K.; Choi, H. BMI and metabolic disorders in South Korean adults: 1998 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey. Obes. Res., 2004, 12, 445-453.
43. He, M.; Tan, K.C.; Li, E.T.; Kung, A.W. Body fat determination by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and its relation to body mass index and waist circumference in Hong Kong Chinese. Int. J. Obes., 2001, 25, 748-752.
44. World Health Organization. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment: Health Communications, Australia, 2000, 1-56.
45. Lin, W.Y.; Lee, L.T.; Chen, C.Y.; Lo, H.; Hsia, H.H.; Liu, I.L.; Lin, R.S.; Shau, W.Y.; Huang, K.C. Optimal cut-off values for obesity: using simple anthropometric indices to predict cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 2002, 26, 1232-1238.
46. Tan, C.E.; Ma sm, Wai D.; Chew, S.K.; Tai, E.S. Can we apply the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel definition of the metabolic syndrome to Asians? Diab. Care, 2004, 27, 1182-1186.
47. Ko, G.T.; Chan, J.C.; Cockram, C.S.; Woo, J. Prediction of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia or albuminuria using simple anthropometric indexes in Hong Kong Chinese. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 1999, 23(11), 1136-1142.
48. Chan, J.C.; Cheung, J.C.; Stehouwer, C.D.; Emeis, J.J.; Tong, P.C.; Ko, G.T.; Yudkin, J.S. The central roles of obesity-associated dyslipidaemia, endothelial activation and cytokines in the Metabolic Syndrome-an analysis by structural equation modelling. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 2002, 26(7), 994-1008.
49. Ho, S.Y.; Lam, T.H.; Janus, E.D. Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence Study Steering Committee. Waist to stature ratio is more strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors than other simple anthropometric indices. Ann. Epidemiol., 2003, 13, 683-691.
50. Wildman, R.P.; Gu, D.; Reynolds, K.; Duan, X.; Wu, X.; He, J. Are waist circumference and body mass index independently associated with cardiovascular disease risk in Chinese adults? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2005, 82(6), 1195-1202.
51. Mather, H.M.; Keen, H. The Southall Diabetes Survey: prevalence of known diabetes in Asians and Europeans. Br. Med. J., 1985, 291, 1081-1084.
52. McKneely, M.J.; Boyko, E. Type 2 diabetes prevalence in Asian Americans: results of a national health survey. Diabe. Care, 2004, 27, 66-69.
53. Abate, N.; Carulli, L.; Cabo-Chan, A. Jr.; Chandalia, M.; Snell, G.P.; Grundy, S.M. Genetic polymorphism PC-1 K121Q and ethnic susceptibility to insulin resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2003, 88, 5927-5934.
54. Neel, J. Diabetes mellitus: a thrifty genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"? Am. J. Hum. Genet., 1962, 14, 353-362.
55. Dowse, G.; Zimmet, P. The thrifty genotype in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The hypothesis survives. Br. Med. J., 1993, 306, 532-533.
56. Hales, C.N.; Barker, D.J.P. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia, 1992, 35, 595-601.
57. Harding, J. The nutritional basis of the fetal origins of adult disease. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2001, 30, 15-23.
58. Joseph, K.; Kramer, M. Review of the evidence on fetal and early childhood antecedents of adult chronic disease. Epidemiol. Rev., 1996, 18, 158-174.
59. Li, Z.Y.; Xu, G.B.; Xia, T.A. Prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in a large professional population in Beijing. Atherosclerosis, 2006, 184(1), 188-192.
60. Gu, D.; Reynolds, K.; Wu, X.; Chen, J.; Duan, X.; Reynolds, R.F.; Whelton, P.K.; He, J. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and overweight among adults in China. Lancet, 2005, 365, 1398-1405.
61. Gu, D.; Reynolds, K.; Duan, X.; Xin, X.; Chen, J.; Wu, X.; Mo, J.; Whelton, P.K.; He, J. InterASIA Collaborative Group. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in the Chinese adult population: International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia (InterASIA). Diabetologia, 2003, 46, 1190-1198.
62. Lao, X.Q.; Thomas, G.N.; Jiang, C.Q.; Zhang, W.S.; Yin, P.; Adab, P.; Lam, T.H.; Cheng, K.K. Association of the metabolic syndrome with vascular disease in an older Chinese population: Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2006, 29(11), 989-996.
63. Thomas, G.N.; Ho, S.Y.; Janus, E.D.; Lam, K.S.; Hedley, A.J.; Lam, T.H. for the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence Study Steering Committee. The US National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population. Diabe. Res. Clin. Pract., 2005, 67(3), 251-257.
64. Zimmet, P.; Alberti, K.G.M.M.; Shaw, J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature, 2001, 414, 782-787.
65. Lee, W.Y.; Park, J.S.; Noh, S.Y.; Rhee, E.J.; Kim, S.W.; Zimmet, P.Z. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among 40, 698 Korean metropolitan subjects. Diabe. Res. Clin. Pract., 2004, 65, 143-149.
66. Patel, A.; Huang, K.C.; Janus, E.D.; Gill, T.; Neal, B.; Suriyawongpaisal, P.; Wong, E.; Woodward, M.; Stolk, R.P. Is a single definition of the metabolic syndrome appropriate?-A comparative study of the USA and Asia. Atherosclerosis, 2006, 184(1), 225-232.
67. Ford, E.S.; Giles, W.H.; Dietz, W.H. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults. Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA, 2002, 287, 356-359.
68. Cheung, B.M.Y.; Ong, K.L.; Man, Y.B.; Wong, L.Y.F.; Lau, C.P.; Lam, K.S.L. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United State National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 according to different defining criteria. J. Clin. Hypertens., 2006, 8(8), 562-570.
69. Woo, K.S.; Chook, P.; Yu, C.W.; Sung, R.Y.; Qiao, M.; Leung, S.S.; Lam, C.W.; Metreweli, C.; Celermajer, D.S. Effects of diet and exercise on obesity-related vascular dysfunction in children. Circulation, 2004, 109(16), 1981-1986.
70. WHO resolution WHA51.17. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. 57th World Health Assembly, 22 May 2004.
71. Cheung, B.M. The cardiovascular continuum in Asia - a new paradigm for the metabolic syndrome. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 2005, 46(2), 125-129.
72. Tong, P.C.; Lee, Z.S.; Sea, M.M.; Chow, C.C.; Ko, G.T.; Chan, W.B.; So, W.Y.; Ma, R.C.; Ozaki, R.; Woo, J.; Cockram, C.S.; Chan, J.C. The effect of orlistat-induced weight loss, without concomitant hypocaloric diet, on cardiovascular risk factors and insulin sensitivity in young obese Chinese subjects with or without type 2 diabetes. Arch. Intern. Med., 2002, 162(21), 2428-2435.
73. Tuomilehto, J.; Lindstrom, J.; Eriksson, J.G.; Valle, T.T.; Hamalainen, H.; Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S.; Laakso, M.; Louheranta, A.; Rastas, M.; Salminen, V.; Uusitupa, M. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 344(18), 1343-1350.
74. Leung, W.Y.S.; Thomas, G.N.; Chan, J.C.N.; Tomlinson, B. Weight management and current options in pharmacotherapy: Orlistat and Sibutramine. Clin. Thera., 2003, 25, 58-80.
75. Despres, J.P.; Golay, A.; Sjostrom, L. Rimonabant in Obesity-Lipids Study Group. Effects of rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 353(20), 2121-2134.
76. Brand-Miller, J.C.; Holt, S.H.; Pawlak, D.B.; McMillan, J. Glycemic index and obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2002, 76(1), 281S-285S.
77. Yang, Y.X.; Wang, H.W.; Cui, H.M.; Wang, Y.; Yu, L.D.; Xiang, S.X.; Zhou, S.Y. Glycemic index of cereals and tubers produced in China. World J. Gastroent., 2006, 12(21), 3430-3433.
78. Foster-Powell, K.; Miller, J.B. International tables of glycemic index. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1995, 62, 871S-893S.
79. Cameron, A.J.; Shaw, J.E.; Zimmet, P.Z. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North. Am., 2004, 33, 351-375.