Apoptosis and endometriosis

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 12, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 3140-3151

  Harada, Tasuku ^a   Taniguchi, Fuminori ^a   Izawa, Masao ^a   Ohama, Yoko ^a   Takenaka, Yasuko ^a   Tagashira, Yukiko ^a   Ikeda, Ayako ^a   Watanabe, Ayako ^a   Iwabe, Tomio ^a   Terakawa, Naoki ^a  

^a TOTTORI UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; BCL 2; Endometriosis; Fas; FasL system; Review

Indexed keywords

APOPTOSIS; CYTOLOGY; ENDOMETRIOSIS; ENDOMETRIUM; FEMALE; GENETICS; HUMAN; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

APOPTOSIS; ENDOMETRIOSIS; ENDOMETRIUM; FEMALE; HUMANS;

EID: 34347207937     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/2302     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. B. Eskenazi and M. L. Warner: Epidemiology of endometriosis. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North. Am. 24, 235-238 (1997)
2. J. A. Sampson: Peritoneal endometriosis due to menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 14, 422-469 (1927)
3. J. Halme, M. G. Hammond, J. F. Hulka, S. Raj and L. M. Talbert: Retrograde menstruation in healthy women and in patients with endometriosis. Obstet. Gynecol. 64, 151-154 (1984) (Pubitemid 14096684)
4. W. C. Keettel and R. J. Stein: The viability of the cast-off menstrual endometrium. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 61, 440 (1951)
5. P. Vercellini, O. De Giorgo, G. Aimi, S. Panazza, A. Uglietti and P. G. Crosignani: Menstrual characteristics in women with and without endometriosis. Obstet. Gynecol. 90, 264-268 (1997) (Pubitemid 27318845)
6. M. Nisolle, M. Berliere, B. Paindaveine, F. Casanas-Roux, A. Bourdon and J. Donnez: Histologic study of peritoneal endometriosis in infertile women. Fertil. Steril. 53, 984-988 (1990) (Pubitemid 20208959)
7. K. Arumugam and J. M. Lim: Menstrual characteristics associated with endometriosis. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 104, 948-950 (1997) (Pubitemid 27309928)
8. R. F. P. M. Kruitwagen, L. G. Poels, W. N. P. Willemsen, I. J. de Ronde, P. H. Jap and R. Rolland: Endometrial epithelial cells in peritoneal fluid during the early follicular phase. Fertil. Steril. 55, 297-303 (1991)
9. D. Vinatier, G. Orazi, M. Cosson and P. Dufour: Theories of endometriosis. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 96, 21-34 (2001) (Pubitemid 32331846)
10. K. L. Sharpe-Timms: Endometrial anomalies in women with endometriosis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 943, 131-147 (2001) (Pubitemid 32928309)
11. C. Jolicoeur, M. Boutouil, R. Druin, I. Paradis, A. Lemay and A. Akoum: Increased expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the endometrium of women with endometriosis. Am. J. Pathol. 152, 125-133 (1998) (Pubitemid 28028053)
12. L. S. Noble, K. Takayama, K. M. Zeitun, J. M. Putman, D. A. Johns, M. M. Hinsshelwood, V. R. Agarwal, Y. Zhao, B. R. Carr and S. E. Bulun: Prostaglandins E2 stimulates aromatase expression in endometriosis-derived stromal cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 82, 600-606 (1997) (Pubitemid 27068636)
13. G. Leyendecker, G. Kunz, M. Noe, M. Herbertz and G. Mall: Endometriosis: a dysfunction and disease of the archimetra. Hum. Reprod. Update. 4, 752-762 (1998) (Pubitemid 29041490)
14. P. R. Koninckx, S. H. Kennedy and D. H. Barlow: Endometriotic disease: the role of peritoneal fluid. Hum. Reprod. Update. 4, 741-751 (1998) (Pubitemid 29041489)
15. W. Kupker, A. Schulze-Mosgau and K. Dietrich: Paracrine changes in the peritoneal environment of women with endometriosis. Hum. Reprod. Update. 4, 719-723 (1998) (Pubitemid 29041485)
16. T. Harada, A. Enatsu, M. Mitsunari, Y. Nagano, M. Ito, T. Tsudo, F. Taniguchi, T. Iwabe, M. Tanikawa and N. Terakawa: Role of cytokines in progression of endometoriosis. Obstet. Gynecol. Invest. 47(suppl 1), 34-40 (1999)
17. T. Harada, T. Iwabe and N. Terakawa: Role of cytokines in endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 76, 1-10 (2001) (Pubitemid 32600952)
18. J. F. R. Kerr, A. H. Wyllie and A. R. Currie: Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer. 26, 239-257 (1972)
19. M. Izawa and J. Yeh: Apoptosis in human reproductive tissues: emerging concepts. Reprod. Med. Rev. 6, 23-36 (1997) (Pubitemid 28055738)
20. T. Harada, A. Kaponis, T. Iwabe, F. Taniguchi, G. Makrydimas, N. Sofikitis, M. Paschopoulos, E. Paraskevaidis and N. Terakawa: Apoptosis in endometrial and endometrotic tissues. Hum. Reprod. Update. 10:29-38 (2004)
21. J. F. R. Kerr, C. M. Winterford and B. V. Harmon: Apoptosis: its significance in cancer and cancer therapy. Cancer 73, 2013-2026, (1994) (Pubitemid 24107952)
22. L. A. Tartaglia, T. M. Ayres, G. H. W. Wong and D. V. Goeddel: A novel domain within the 55 kd TNF receptor signals cell death. Cell 74, 845-853 (1993) (Pubitemid 23270604)
23. L. A. O'Reilly and A. Strasser: Apoptosis and autoimmune disease. Inflamm. Res. 48, 5-21 (1999) (Pubitemid 29050271)
24. K. Cain, D. G. Brown, C. Langlais and G. M. Cohen: Caspase activation involves the formation of the apoptosome, a large caspase-activating complex. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 22686-22692, (1999)
25. K. Cain, S. B. Bratton, C. Langlais, G. Walker, D. G. Brown, X. M. Sun and G. M. Cohen: Apaf-1 oligomerizes into biological active approximately 700-Kda and inactive approximately 1.4-Mda apoptospme complex. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 6067-6070, (2000)
26. N. Roy, M. S. Mahadevan, M. McLean, G. Shutler, Z. Yaraghi, R. Farahani, S. Baird, A. Besner-Johnston, C. Lefebvre, X. Kang, et al. Thhe gene for neuronal apoptosisinhibitory protein is partially deleted in individuals with spinal muscularatrophy. Cell 80, 167-178, (1995)
27. P. Liston, N. Roy, K. Tamai, C. Lefebvre, S. Baird, G. Cherton-Horvat, R. Farahani, M. McLean, J. E. Ikeda, A. MacKenzie and R. G. Korneluk: Suppression of apoptosis in mammalian cells by NAIP and a related family of IAP genes. Nature 379, 349-353, (1996) (Pubitemid 26033078)
28. N. Roy, Q. L. Deveraux, R. Takahashi, G. S. Salvesen and J. C. Reed: The c-IAP-1 and c-IAP-2 proteins are direct inhibitors of specific caspases. EMBO J. 16, 6914-6925, (1997) (Pubitemid 27520792)
29. Q. L. Deveraux and J. C. Reed: IAP family proteinssuppressor of apoptosis. Gene Dev. 13, 239-252, (1999)
30. J. A. Garcia-Velasco and A. Arici: Apoptosis and the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Sem. Reprod. Med., 21, 165-172 (2003) (Pubitemid 36875692)
31. J. Savill: Phagocytic docking without shocking. Nature, 392, 442-443 (1998) (Pubitemid 28168963)
32. I. Budihardjo, H. Oliver, M. Lutter, X. Luo and X. Wang: Biochemical pathways of caspase activation during apoptosis. Ann. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15, 269-290, (1999) (Pubitemid 32250377)
33. M. O. Hengartner: The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 407, 770-776, (2000)
34. M. Karbowski, K. Norris, M. M. Cleland, S-Y. Jeong and R. J. Youle: Role of Bax and Bak in mitochondrial morphogenesis. Nature 443, 658662, (2006)
35. J. E. Markee: Menstruation in intraocular endometrial transplants in the rhesus monkey. Contrib. Embryol. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 28, 219-308, (1940)
36. G. W. Bartelmez: The form and functions of the uterine blood vessels in the rhesus monkey. Contrib. Embryol. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 36, 153-182 (1957)
37. D. Hopwood and D. A. Levison: Atrophy and apoptosis in the cyclical human endometrium. J. Pathol. 119, 159-166 (1976)
38. K. Kokawa, T. Shikone and R. Nakano: Apoptosis in the human uterine endometrium during the menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 81, 4144-4147 (1996) (Pubitemid 26380430)
39. T. Shikone, M. Yamoto, K. Kokawa, K. Yamashita, K. Nishimori and R. Nakano: Apoptosis of human corpora lutea during cyclic luteal regression and early pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 81, 2376-2380 (1996) (Pubitemid 26175971)
40. X-J. Tao, K. I. Tilly, D. V. Maravei, J. L. Shifren, S. Krajewski, J. C. Reed, J. T. Tilly and K. B. Isaacson: Differential expression of members of the bcl-2 gene family in proliferative and secretory human endometrium: Glandular epithelial cell apoptosis is associated with increased expression of bax. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 82, 2738-2746 (1997) (Pubitemid 27337903)
41. T. E. Vaskivuo, F. Stenback, P. Karhumaa, J. Risteli, L. Dunkel and J. S. Tapanainen: Apoptosis and apoptosisrelated proteins in human endometrium. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 165, 75-83 (2000) (Pubitemid 30625186)
42. J. Diebold, G. Barretton, M. Felchner, W. Meier, K. Dopfer, M. Schmidt and U. Lohrs: Bcl-2 expression, p53 accumulation and apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 105, 341-349 (1996) (Pubitemid 26077376)
43. J. C. Reed: Double identity for proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Nature, 382, 773-776 (1997) (Pubitemid 27270895)
44. Y. Otsuki, O. Misaki, O. Sugimoto, Y. Ito, Y. Tsujimoto and Y. Akao: Cyclic bcl-2 expression in human uterine endometrium during menstrual cycle. Lancet, 344, 28-29 (1994) (Pubitemid 24199422)
45. H. Watanabe, H. Kanzaki, S. Narukawa, T. Inoue, H. Katsuragawa, Y. Kaneko and T. Mori: Bcl-2 and Fas expression in eutopic and ectopic human endometrium during the menstrual cycle in relation to endometrial cell apoptosis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 176, 360-368 (1997) (Pubitemid 27107923)
46. R. Konno, H. Yamakawa, H. Utsunomiya, K. Ito, S. Sato and A. Yajima: Expression of survivin and Bcl-2 in the normal human endometrium. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 6, 529-534 (2000) (Pubitemid 30365798)
47. Y. Otsuki: Apoptosis in human endometrium: apoptotic detection methods and signaling. Med. Electron. Microsc. 34, 166-173 (2001)
48. M. Ulukus, H. Cakmak and A. Arici: The role of endomtrium in endometriosis. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig. 13, 467-76, (2006)
49. E. Daikoku, Y. Ito and Y. Otsuki: The induction of apoptosis in ovaries and uteri of bcl-2 deficient mice. Med. Electron. Microsc. 31, 68-76 (1998) (Pubitemid 28376887)
50. P. A. Rogers, F. Lederman, D. Plunkett and B. Affandi: Bcl-2, Fas, and caspase-3 expression in endometrium from levonorgestrel implant users with and without breakthrough bleeding. Hum. Reprod. 15(Suppl. 3), 152-161 (2000)
51. A. Gompel, J. C. Sabourin, A. Martin, H. Yaneva, J. Audouin, Y. Decroix and P. Poitout: bcl-2 expression in normal endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Am. J. Pathol. 144, 1195-1202 (1994) (Pubitemid 24172082)
52. E. T. A. Koh, P. J. Illingworth, W. C. Duncan and H. O. Critchley: Immunolocalization of Bcl-2 protein in human endometrium in the menstrual cycle and simulated early pregnancy. Hum. Reprod. 10, 1557-1562 (1995)
53. Z. N. Oltvai, C. L. Milliman and S. J. Korsmeyer: Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vitro with a conserved homolog, Bax, the accerelated programmed cell death. Cell, 74, 609-619 (1993) (Pubitemid 23259742)
54. L. H. Boise, M. Gonzalez-Garcia, C. E. Postema, L. Ding, T. Lindsten, L. A. Turka, X. Mao, G. Nunez and G. B. Tompson: Bcl-x, a bcl-2 related gene that functions as dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell 74, 597-608 (1993) (Pubitemid 23259741)
55. M. Hanada, C. Aime-Sempe, T. Sato and J. C. Reed: Structure-function analysis of Bcl-2 protein. Identification of conserved domains important for homodimerization with Bcl-2 and heterodimerization with Bax. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 11962-11969 (1995).
56. T. Chittenden, E. A. Harrington, R. O'Connor, C. Flemington, R. J. Lutz, G. I. Evan and B. C. Guild: Induction of apoptosis by the Bcl-2 homologue Bak. Nature 374, 731-733 (1995)
57. X-J. Tao, R. A. Sayegh, J. T. Tilly and K. B. Isaacson: Elevated expression of the proapoptotic BCL-2 family member, BAK, in the human endometrium coincident with apoptosis during the secretory phase of the cycle. Fertil. Steril. 70, 338-343 (1998) (Pubitemid 28361491)
58. R. Rotello, R. C. Lieberman, R. B. Lepoff and L. E. Gerschenson: Characterization of uterine epithelium apoptotic cell death kinetics and regulation by progesterone and RU 486. Am. J. Pathol. 140, 449-456 (1992)
59. S. Tabibzadeh: Signals and molecular pathways involved in apoptosis with special emphasis on human endometrium. Hum. Reprod. 1, 303-323 (1995)
60. H. O. D. Critchely, S. Tong, S. T. Cameron, T. A. Drudy, R. W. Kelly and D. T. Baird: Regulation of bcl-2 gene family members in human endometrium by antiprogestin administration in vivo. J. Reprod. Fert. 115, 389-395 (1999)
61. S. Nagata and P. Golstei: The Fas death factor. Science 267, 1449-1456, (1995)
62. T. Suda, T. Okazaki, Y. Naito, T. Yokota, N. Arai, S. Ozaki, K. Nakao and S. Nagata: Expression of the Fas ligand in T cell lineage. J. Immunol. 154, 3806-3813, (1995)
63. L. Lincz: Deciphering the apoptotic pathway: all roads lead to death. Immunol. Cell Biol. 76, 1-19, (1998) (Pubitemid 28194692)
64. T. Griffith, T. Brunner, S. Fletcher, D. Gree and T. Ferguson: Fas ligand induces apoptosis as a mechanism of immune privilege. Science 270, 1187-92, (1995)
65. D. Bellgrau, D. Gold, H. Selawry, J. Moore, A. Franzusoff and R. Duke: A role for CD95 ligand in preventing graft gejection. Science 377, 630-2, (1995)
66. G. Mor, L. Gutierrez, M. Eliza, F. Kahayaoglu and A. Arici: Fas-Fas ligand system-induced apoptosis in human palcenta and gestational trophoblastic disease. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 39, 89-94, (1998) (Pubitemid 28380063)
67. J. Garcia-Velasco, A. Arici, T. Zreick, F. Naftolin and G. Mor: Macrophage-derived growth factors regulate FasL expression in endometrial stromal cells: a role in endometriosis. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 5, 642-650, (1999) (Pubitemid 29317754)
68. H. Yamashita, Y. Otsuki, K. Matsumoto, K. Ueki and M. Ueki. Fas ligand, Fas antigen and Bcl-2 expression in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 5, 358-364, (1999) (Pubitemid 29155509)
69. J. Song, T. Rutherford, F. Naftolin, S. Brown and G. Mor: Hormonal regulation of apoptosis and the Fas and Fas ligand system in human endometrial cells. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 8, 447-455, (2002) (Pubitemid 34567923)
70. X. Peng, T. Maruo, H. Matsuo, S. Takekida and J. Deguchi: Serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in cultures porcine granulosa cells is characterized by increased expression of p53 protein, Fas antigen and Fas ligand and by decreased expression of PCNA. Endocr. J. 45, 247-253, (1998) (Pubitemid 28259405)
71. H. M. Gebel, D. P. Braun, A. Tambur, D. Frame, N. Rana and D. P. Dmowski: Spontaneous apoptosis of endometrial tissue is impaired in women with endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 69, 1042-1047, (1998) (Pubitemid 28274891)
72. K. Szymanowski: Apoptosis pattern in human endometrium in women with pelvic endometriosis. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 12, (2006) in press.
73. W. P. Dmowski, J. Ding, J. Shen, N. Rana, B. B. Fernandez and D. P. Braun: Apoptosis in endometrial glandular and stromal cells in women with and without endometriosis. Hum. Reprod. 16, 1802-1808, (2001) (Pubitemid 32916203)
74. A. G. Goumenou, I. M. Matalliotakis, M. Tzardi, Y. G. Fragouli, N. G. Mahutte and A. Arici: Apoptosis and differential expression of apoptosis-related proteins in endometriotic glandular and stromal cells. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig. 11, 318-22, (2004) (Pubitemid 38833613)
75. R. K. Jones, R. F. Searle and J. N. Bulmer: Apoptosis and bcl-2 expression in normal human endometrium, endometriosis and adenomyosis. Hum. Reprod. 13, 3496-3502, (1998) (Pubitemid 29002647)
76. A. Fujishita, R. O. Chavez, P. K. Nakane, T. Yamabe, T. Koji, T. Ishimau and H. Masuzaki: Expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in endometrium and peritoneal endometriosis: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. Fertil. Steril. 67, 856-864, (1997) (Pubitemid 27183914)
77. G. F. Meresman, S. Vighi, R. A. Buquet, O. Contreras-Ortiz, M. Tesone and L. S. Rumi: Apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2, Bax in eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 74, 760-766, (2000)
78. J. McLaren, A. Prentice, D. S. Charnock-Jones, A. M. Sharkey and S. A. Smith: Immunocolonization of the apoptosis regulating proteins Bcl-2 and Bax in human endometrium and isolated peritoneal fluid macrophages in endometriosis. Hum. Reprod. 12, 146-152, (1997) (Pubitemid 27077616)
79. C. Dufournet, C. Uzan, R. Fauvet, A. Cortez, J. P. Siffroi and E. Darai: Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in peritoneal, ovarian and colorectal endometriosis. J. Reprod. Immunol. 70, 151-62, (2006) (Pubitemid 43669096)
80. F. R. Nezhat and T. Kalir: Comparative immunohistochemical studies of endometriosis lesions and endometriotic cysts. Fertil. Steril. 78, 820-824, (2002)
81. A. Beliard, A. Noel and J. M. Foidart: Reduction of apoptosis and proliferation in endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 82, 80-85, (2004) (Pubitemid 38968781)
82. D. P. Braun, J. Ding, F. Shaheen, J. C. Willey, N. Rana and W. P. Dmowski: Quantitative expression of apoptosisregulating genes in endometrium from women with and without endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. (2007) in press
83. M. Harada, N. Suganuma, M. Furuchashi, T. Nagasaka, N. Nakashima, F. Kikkawa, Y. Tomoda and K. Furui: Detection of apoptosis in human endometriotic tissues. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2, 307-315, (1996) (Pubitemid 126717444)
84. H. Das, T. Koizumi, T. Sugimoto, S. Chakraborty, T. Ichimura, K. Hasegawa and R. Nishimura: Quantitation of Fas and Fas ligand gene expression in human ovarian, cervical and endometrial carcinomas using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Br. J. Cancer 82, 1682-1688, (2000) (Pubitemid 30229579)
85. R. Fauvet, C. Poncelet, D. Hugol, A. Lavaur, G. Feldmann and E. Darai: Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in endometriomas and benign and malignant ovarian tumours. Virchows Arch. 443, 38-43, (2003) (Pubitemid 36920949)
86. J. A. Garcia-Velasco, N. Mulayim, U. A. Kayisli and A. Arici: Elevated soluble Fas ligand levels may suggest a role for apoptosis in women with endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 78, 855-859, (2002)
87. W. C. Powell, B. Fingleton, C. L. Wilson, M. Boothby and L. Matrisian: The metalloproteinase matrilysin proteolytically generates active soluble Fas ligand and potentiates epithelial cell apoptosis. Curr. Biol. 9, 1441-1447, (1999) (Pubitemid 30023478)
88. D. J. Oosterlynck, C. Meuleman, M. Waer and P. R. Koninckx: Transforming growth factor beta activity is increased in peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis. Obstet. Gynecol. 84, 287-292, (1994)
89. B. Selam, U. A. Kayisli, J. A. Garcia-Velasco and A. Arici: Extracellular matrix-dependent regulation of Fas ligand expression in human endometrial stromal cells. Biol. Reprod. 66, 1-5, (2002) (Pubitemid 34020579)
90. M. D. Spuijbroek, G. A. Dunselman, P. P. Menheere and J. L. Evers: Early endometriosis invades the extracellular matrix. Fertil. Steril. 58, 929-933, (1992)
91. T. Iwabe, T. Harada, T. Tsudo, M. Tanikawa, Y. Onohara and N. Terakawa. Pathogenetic significance of increased levels of interleukin-8 in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 69, 924-930, (1998) (Pubitemid 28193931)
92. T. Iwabe, T. Harada, T. Tsudo, Y. Nagano, S. Yoshida, M. Tanikawa and N. Terakawa: Tumor necrosis factoralpha promotes proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells by inducing interleukin-8 gene and protein expression. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 824-829, (2000) (Pubitemid 32273674)
93. B. Selam, U. A. Kayisli, J. A. Garcia-Velasco, G. E. Akbas and A. Arici: Regulation of Fas Ligand expression by IL-8 in human endometrium. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 8, 3921-3927, (2002) (Pubitemid 34879549)
94. S. Leuenroth, C. Lee, P. Grutkoski, H. Keeping and H. H. Simms: Interleukine-8-induced suppression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte apoptosis is mediated by suppressing CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) Fas-l interactions. Surgery 124, 409-417, (1998) (Pubitemid 28372944)
95. J. Y. Kwak, S. W. Park, K. H. Kim, Y. J. Na and K. S. Lee: Modulation of neutrophil apoptosis by plasma and peritoneal fluid from patients with advanced endometriosis. Hum. Reprod. 17, 595-600, (2002)
96. S. Jenkins, D. L. Olive and A. F. Haney: Endometriosis: pathogenetic implications to of the anatomic distribution. Obstet. Gynecol. 67, 335-338, (1986) (Pubitemid 16129971)
97. A. Eischen, B. Duclos, M. Schmit-Goguel, N. Rouyer, J. P. Bergerat, M. Hummel, R. Oskam and F. Oberling: Human resident peritoneal macrophages: phenotype and histology. Br. J. Haematol. 88, 712-722, (1994) (Pubitemid 24375785)
98. J. Halme, S. Becker, M. G. Hammond, M. H. Raj and S. Raj: Increased activation of pelvic macrophages in infertile women with endometriosis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 145, 333-337, (1983) (Pubitemid 13188309)
99. J. W. Ramsey: Peritoneal fluid: its relevance to the development of endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 60, 1-14, (1993)
100. J. Halme, S. Becker and R. Wing: Accentuated cyclic activation of peritoneal macrophages in patients with endometriosis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 148, 85-90, (1984) (Pubitemid 14218551)
101. D. P. Braun, H. Gebel, C. Rotman, N. Rana and D. P. Dmowski: The development of cytotoxicity in peritoneal macrophages from women with endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 57, 1203-1210, (1992)
102. D. P. Braun, H. Gebel, N. Rana and W. P. Dmowski: Cytolysis of eutopic and ectopic endometrial cells by peritoneal blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages in women with endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 69, 1103-1108, (1998) (Pubitemid 28274901)
103. A. E. Aplin, A. Howe, S. K. Alahari and R. L. Juliano: Signal transduction and signal modulation by cell adhesion receptors: the role of integrins, cadherins, immunoglobin-cell adhesion molecules, and selectins. Pharmacol. Rev. 50, 197-263, (1998) (Pubitemid 28304026)
104. T. Arimoto, T. Katagiri, K. Oda, T. Tsunoda, T. Yasugi, Y. Osuga, H. Yoshikawa, O. Nishii, T. Yano, Y. Taketani and Y. Nakamura: Genome-wide cDNA microarray analysis of gene-expression profiles involved in ovarian endometriosis. Int. J. Oncol. 22, 551-560, (2003)
105. M. Nishida, K. Nasu, T. Ueda, J. Fukuda, N. Takai and I. Miyakawa: Endometriotic cells are resistant to interferongammainduced cell growth inhibition and apoptois: a possible mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 11, 29-34, (2005) (Pubitemid 40331000)
106. M. Izawa, T. Harada, I. Deura, F. Taniguchi, T. Iwabe and N. Tearakawa: Drug-induced apoptosis was markedly attenuated in endometriotic stromal cells. Hum. Reprod. 21, 600-4, (2006) (Pubitemid 43372961)
107. A. Imai, A. Takagi and T. Tamaya: Gonadotropinreleasing hormone analog repairs reduced endometrial cell apoptosis in endometriosis in vitro. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 182, 1142-1146, (2000) (Pubitemid 30353302)
108. G. F. Meresman, M. A. Bilotas, E. Lombardi, M. Tesone, C. Sueldo and R. Baranao: Effect of GnRH analogues on apoptosis and release of interleukin-1β and vascular endothelial growth factor in endometrial cell cultures from patients with endometriosis. Hum. Reprod.
109. G. F. Meresman, M. A. Bilotas, R. A. Buquet, R. Baranao, C. Sueldo and M. Tesone: Gonadotoropinreleasing hormone agonist induces apoptosis and reduces cell proliferation in eutopic endometrial cultures from women with endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 80, 702-707, (2003) (Pubitemid 37152383)
110. S. S. Kakar, S. J. Winters, W. Zacharias, D. M. Miller and S. Flynn: Identification of distinct gene expression profiles associated with treatment of LβT2 cells with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist using microarray analysis. Gene 308, 67-77, (2003) (Pubitemid 36597824)
111. Y. Sakamoto, T. Harada, S. Horie, Y. Iba, F. Taniguchi, S. Yoshida, T. Iwabe and N. Terakawa: Tumor necrosis factor-á-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression in endometriotic stromal cells, probably through nuclear factor-κB activation: gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment reduced IL-8 expression. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 88, 730-735, (2003) (Pubitemid 36207815)
112. K. Nasu, M. Nishida, T. Ueda, A. Yuge, N. Takai and H. Narahara: Application of the nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, BAY 11-7085, for the treatment of endometriosis: an in vitro study. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. in press (2006)
113. L. S. Noble, E. R. Simpson, A. Johns and S. E. Bulun: Aromatase expression in endometriosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81:174-9, (1996) (Pubitemid 26035021)
114. J. Kitawaki, T. Noguchi, T. Amatsu, K. Maeda, K. Tsukamoto, T. Yamamoto, S. Fushiki, Y. Osawa and H. Honjo: Expression of aromatase cytochrome P450 protein and messenger ribonucleic acid in human endometriotic and adenomyotic tissues but not in normal endometrium. Biol. Reprod. 57:514-9, (1997) (Pubitemid 27349909)
115. K. Takayama, K. Zeitoun, R. T. Gunpy, H. Sasano, B. R. Carr and S. E. Bulun: Treatment of severe postmenopausal endometriosis with aromatase inhibitor. Fertil. Steril. 69, 709-13, (1998) (Pubitemid 28188468)
116. S. Soysal, M. E. Soysal, S. Ozer, N. Gul and T. Gezgin: The effects of post-surgical administration of goserelin plus anastrozole compared to goserelin alone in patients with severe endometriosis: prospective randomized trial. Hum. Reprod. 19, 160-7, (2004) (Pubitemid 38072026)
117. G. F. Meresman, M. Bliotas, V. Abello, R. Buquet, M. Tesone and C. Sueldo: Effects of aromatase inhibitors on proliferation and apoptosis in eutopic endometrial cell cultures from patients with endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 84, 459-63, (2005) (Pubitemid 41125270)
118. M. A. Bilotas, R. Baranao, R. Buquet, C. Sueldo, M. Tesone and G. F. Meresman: Effect of GnRH analogues on apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and FasL proteins in endometrial epithelial cell cultures from patients with endometriosis and controls. Hum. Reprod. in press (2006)
119. B. A. Lessey: Medical management of endometriosis and infertility. Fertil. Steril. 73, 1089-1096, (2000) (Pubitemid 30336748)
120. G. F. Meresman, L. Auge, R. I. Baranao, E. Lombardi, M. Tesone and C. Sueldo: Oral contraceptives suppress cell proliferation and enhance apoptosis of eutopic endometrial tissue from patients with endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 77, 1141-1147, (2002) (Pubitemid 34626320)
121. L. Fedele, S. Bianch, G. Zanconato, A. Portuese and R. Raffaelli: Use of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in the treatment of rectovaginal endometriosis. Fertil. Steril. 75, 485-488, (2001) (Pubitemid 32175660)
122. K. S. Moghissi: Treatment of endometriosis with estrogen-progestogen combination and progestogen alone. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 31, 823-828, (1988) (Pubitemid 19024445)
123. L. M. Kettel, A. A. Murphy, A. J. Morales and S. S. C. Yen: Preliminary report on the treatment of endometriosis with low-dose mifepristone (RU486). Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 178, 1151-1154, (1998)
124. K. Nasu, M. Nishida, T. Ueda, N. Takai, S. Bing, H. Narahara and I. Miyakawa: Bufalin induces apoptosis and the G0/G1 cell cycle arrest of endometriotic stromal cells: a promising agent for the treatment of endometriosis. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 11, 817-23, (2005) (Pubitemid 43205490)
125. M. Nishida, K. Nasu, T. Ueda, A. Yuge, N. Takai and H. Narahara: Beta-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin induces apoptosis and the G0/G1 cell cycle arrest of endometriotic stromal cells: a preliminary in vitro study. Hum. Reprod. 21, 2850-6, (2006) (Pubitemid 44566997)
126. E. Chatzaki, A. Makrigiannakis, A. N. Margioris, E. Kouimtzoglou and A. Gravanis: The Fas/FasL apoptotic pathway is involved in κ-opioid induced apoptosis of human endometrial stromal cells. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 7, 867-874, (2001) (Pubitemid 32842755)