Do adverse effects of dental materials exist? What are the consequences, and how can they be diagnosed and treated?

Clinical Oral Implants Research

Volumn 18, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2007, Pages 232-256

  Schedle, Andreas ^a   Örtengren, Ulf ^b,c   Eidler, Nicole ^a   Gabauer, Michael ^a   Hensten, Arne ^c  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

Author keywords

Adverse effects; Dental materials; Hypersensitivity; Mouth diseases etiology; Occupational diseases epidemiology

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIAL; BIOMEDICAL AND DENTAL MATERIALS;

ARTICLE; DENTISTRY; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; MANPOWER; MOUTH DISEASE; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE;

BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; DENTAL MATERIALS; DENTISTRY; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; MOUTH DISEASES; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES;

EID: 34250669564     PISSN: 09057161     EISSN: 16000501     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01481.x     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. About, I., Murray, P.E., Franquin, J.C., Remusat, M. Smith, A.J. (2001) Pulpal inflammatory responses following non-carious class V restorations. Operative Dentistry 26 : 336 342.
2. Ahlgren, C., Ahnlide, I., Bjorkner, B., Bruze, M., Liedholm, R., Moller, H. Nilner, K. (2002) Contact Allergy to gold is correlated to dental gold. Acta Dermatologica Venereologica 82 : 41 44.
3. Ahlqwist, M., Bengtsson, C., Lapidus, L., Gergdahl, I.A. Schutz, A. (1999) Serum mercury concentration in relation to survival, symptoms, and diseases: results from the prospective population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 57 : 168 174.
4. Ahnlide, I., Ahlgren, C., Bjorkner, B., Bruze, M., Lundh, T., Moller, H., Nilner, K. Schutz, A. (2002) Gold concentration in blood in relation to the number of gold restorations and contact allergy to gold. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 60 : 301 305.
5. Alanko, K., Kanerva, L., Jolanki, R., Kannas, L. Estlander, T. (1996) Oral mucosal diseases investigated by patch testing with a dental screening series. Contact Dermatitis 34 : 263 267.
6. Alanko, K., Susitaival, P., Jolanki, R. Kanerva, L. (2004) Occupational skin diseases among dental nurses. Contact Dermatitis 50 : 77 82.
7. Al-Omari, W.M., Al-Omari, Q.D. Omar, R. (2006) Effect of cavity disinfection on postoperative sensitivity associated with amalgam restorations. Operative Dentistry 31-2 : 165 170.
8. Andreasson, H., Örtengren, U., Barregard, L. Karlsson, S. (2001) Work-related skin and airway symptoms among Swedish dentists rarely cause sick leave or change of professional career. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 59 : 267 272.
9. Anveden, I., Wrangsjo, K., Jarvholm, B. Meding, B. (2006) Self-reported skin exposure - a population based study. Contact Dermatitis 54 : 272 277.
10. Apostoli, P., Cortesi, I., Mangili, A., Elia, G., Drago, I., Gagliardi, T., Soleo, L., Valente, T., Sciarra, G.F., Aprea, C., Ronchi, A. Minoia, C. (2002) Assessment of reference values for mercury in urine: the results of an Italian polycentric study. The Science of the Total Environment 289 : 13 24.
11. Archbold, G.P., McGuckin, R.M. Campbell, N.A. (2004) Dimercaptosuccinic acid loading test for assessing mercury burden in healthy individuals. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 41 : 233 236.
12. Athavale, P.N., Shum, K.W., Yeoman, C.M. Gawkrodger, D.J. (2003) Oral lichenoid lesions and contact allergy to dental mercury and gold. Contact Dermatitis 49 : 264 265.
13. Attin, T., Opatowski, A., Meyer, C., Zingg-Meyer, B. Hellwig, E. (1998) Clinical evaluation of a hybrid composite and a polyacid/modified composite resin in class -II restorations in deciduous molars. Clinical Oral Investigations 2 : 115 119.
14. Aw, T.C., Lepe, X., Johnson, G.H. Mancl, L.A. (2005) A three-year clinical evaluation of two-bottle versus one-bottle dentin adhesives. The Journal of the American Dental Association 136 : 311 322.
15. Bagedahl-Strindlund, M., Ilie, M., Furhoff, A.K., Tomson, Y., Larsson, K.S., Sandborgh-Englund, G., Torstenson, B. Wretlind, K. (1997) A multidisciplinary clinical study of patients suffering from illness associated with mercury release from dental restorations: psychiatric aspects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 96 : 475 482.
16. Bailer, J., Rist, F., Rudolf, A., Staehle, H.J., Eickholz, P., Triebig, G., Bader, M. Pfeifer, U. (2001) Adverse health effects related to mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings: toxicological or psychological causes? Psychological Medicine 31 : 255 263.
17. Baker, P.S., Plummer, K.D., Parr, G.R. Parker, M.H. (2006) Dermal and mucosal reactions to an antimicrobial irreversible hydrocolloid impression material: a clinical report. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 95 : 190 193.
18. Bangsi, D., Ghadirian, P., Ducic, S., Morisset, R., Ciccocioppo, S., McMullen, E. Krewski, D. (1998) Dental amalgam and multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in Montreal, Canada. International Journal of Epidemiology 27 : 667 671.
19. Barregard, L., Ellingsen, D., Alexander, J., Thomassen, Y. Aaseth, J. (1998) Mercury exposure from dental amalgam. Risk assessment and clinical evaluation. Tidsskrift for Norsk Laegeforening 10;118 : 58 62.
20. Bellinger, D.C., Trachtenberg, F., Barregard, L., Tavares, M., Cernichiari, E., Daniel, D. McKinlay, S. (2006) Neuropsychological and renal effects of dental amalgam in children. The Journal of the American Medical Association 295 : 1775 1783.
21. Bergdahl, I.A., Schutz, A., Ahlqwist, M., Bengtsson, C., Lapidus, L., Lissner, L. Hulten, B. (1998) Methylmercury and inorganic mercury in serum-correlation to fish consumption and dental amalgam in a cohort of women born in 1922. Environmental Research 7 : 20 24.
22. Berglund, A. Molin, M. (1996) Mercury vapor release from dental amalgam in patients with symptoms allegedly caused by amalgam fillings. European Journal of Oral Sciences 104 : 56 63.
23. Biocina-Lukenda, D., Gregurek-Novak, T. Cekic-Arambasin, A. (2004) Denture stomatitis associated with allergic reaction to teeth prostheses. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 18 : 227 228.
24. Bleiker, T.O. English, S.J. (1998) Acute contact allergy to dental amalgam. Contact Dermatitis 38 : 112.
25. Blomgren, J., Axell, T., Sandahl, O. Jontell, M. (1996) Adverse reactions in the oral mucosa associated with anterior composite restorations. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 25 : 311 313.
26. Bratel, J., Hakeberg, M. Jontell, M. (1996) Effect of replacement of dental amalgam on oral lichenoid reactions. Journal of Dentistry 24 : 41 45.
27. Bratel, J., Haraldson, T., Meding, B., Yontchev, E., Ohman, S.C. Ottosson, J.O. (1997) Potential side effects of dental amalgam restorations. An oral and medical investigation. European Journal of Oral Sciences 105 : 234 243.
28. Braun, A.R., Frankenberger, R. Krämer, N. (2001) Clinical performance and margin analysis of ariston pHc versus solitaire I as posterior restorations after 1 year. Clinical Oral Investigations 5 : 139 147.
29. Browning, W.D., Johnson, W.W. Gregory, P.N. (1997) Postoperative pain following bonded amalgam restorations. Operative Dentistry 22 : 66 71.
30. Casetta, I., Invernizzi, M. Granieri, E. (2001) Multiple sclerosis and dental amalgam: case-control study in Ferrara, Italy. Neuroepidemiology 20 : 134 137.
31. Chong, B.S. Pitt, F.T.R. (2005) Postoperative pain after root-end resection and filling. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology 100 : 762 766.
32. Collins, C.J., Bryant, R.W. Hodge, K.L. (1998) A clinical evaluation of posterior composite resin restorations: 8-year findings. Journal of Dentistry 4 : 311 317.
33. Dalen, K., Lygre, G.B., Klove, H. Gjerdet, N.R. (2003b) Personality variables in patients with self-reported reactions to dental amalgam. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 61 : 310 314.
34. Dalen, K., Lygre, G.B., Klove, H., Gjerdet, N.R. Askevold, E. (2003a) Memory functions in persons with dental amalgam. Journal of Dentistry 31 : 487 492.
35. De Lourdes, R.A.M., Reis, A., Dourado, L.A., De Cavalcanti, A.V. Muench, A. (2006) Influence of rubber dam isolation on human pulp responses after capping with calcium hydroxide and an adhesive system. Quintessence International 37 : 205 212.
36. DeRouen, T.A., Martin, M.D., Leroux, B.G., Townes, B.D., Woods, J.S., Leitao, J., Castro-Caldas, A., Luis, H., Bernardo, M., Rosenbaum, G. Martins, I.P. (2006) Neurobehavioral effects of dental amalgam in children. The Journal of the American Medical Association 295 : 1784 1792.
37. De Souza, C.C.A., do Nascimento, A.B. Teixeira, H.M. (2002) Response of human pulps following acid conditioning and application of a bonding agent in deep cavities. Dental Materials 18 : 543 551.
38. Dohrn, N. Neuser, J. (2001) Wahrgenommene Bedrohung durch Amalgamfüllungen der Zähne. Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie 51 : 153 159.
39. Dunne, S.M. Abraham, R. (2000) Dental post-operative sensitivity associated with a gallium-based restorative material. British Dental Journal 188 : 310 313.
40. Dunne, S.M., Abraham, R. Pankhurst, C.L. (2005) A 3-year longitudinal, controlled clinical study of a gallium-based restorative material. British Dental Journal 198 : 355 359.
41. Dunsche, A., Kastel, I., Terheyden, H., Springer, I.N., Christophers, E. Brasch, J. (2003) Oral lichenoid reactions associated with amalgam: improvement after amalgam removal. British Journal of Dermatology 148 : 70 76.
42. Eden, S.E., Kerr, W.J. Brown, J. (2002) A clinical trial of light cure acrylic resin for orthodontic use. Journal of Orthodontics 29 : 51 55.
43. Estlander, T., Kanerva, L., Kari, O., Jolanki, R. Mölsä, K. (1996) Occupational conjunctivitis associated with type IV allergy to methacrylates. Allergy 51 : 56 59.
44. Faccioni, F., Franceschetti, P., Cerpelloni, M. Fracasso, M.E. (2003) In vivo study on metal release from fixed orthodontic appliances and DNA damage in oral mucosa cells. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 124 : 687 694.
45. Factor-Litvak, P., Hasselgren, G., Jacobs, D., Begg, M., Kline, J., Geier, J., Mervish, N., Schoenholtz, S. Graziano, J. (2003) Mercury derived from dental amalgams and neuropsychologic function. Environmental Health Perspectives 111 : 719 723.
46. Fernandes, L.M., Ogaard, B. Skoglund, L. (1998) Pain and Discomfort experienced after placement of a conventional or a superelastic NiTi aligning archwire. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics 59 : 331 339.
47. Ferracane, J.L. (1994) Elution of leachable components from composites. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 21 : 441 452.
48. Fletcher, R.H., Fletcher, S.W. Wagner, E.H. (1996) Clinical Epidemiology, The Essentials. 3rd edition. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins.
49. Franz, A., König, F., Anglmayer, M., Rausch-Fan, X.H., Gille, G., Rausch, W.D., Lucas, T., Sperr, W. Schedle, A. (2003) Cytotoxic effects of packable and nonpackable dental composites. Dental Materials 19 : 382 392.
50. Ganss, C., Gottwald, B., Traenckner, I., Kupfer, J., Eis, D., Monch, J., Gieler, U. Klimek, J. (2000) Relation between mercury concentrations in saliva, blood and urine in subjects with amalgam restorations. Clinical Oral Investigations 4 : 206 211.
51. Garhammer, P., Schmalz, G., Hiller, K.A., Reitinger, T. Stolz, W. (2001) Patients with local adverse effects from dental alloys: frequency, complaints, symptoms, allergy. Clinical Oral Investigations 5 : 240 249.
52. Gaworski, M., Weinstein, M., Borislow, A.J. Braitman, L.E. (1999) Decalcification and bond failure: a comparison of a glass ionomer and a composite resin bonding system in vivo. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 116 : 518 521.
53. Gebhart, M. Geier, J. (1996) Evaluation of patch test results with denture material series. Contact Dermatitis 34 : 191 195.
54. Geukens, S. Goossens, A. (2001) Occupational contact allergy to (meth)acrylates. Contact Dermatitis 44 : 153 159.
55. Geurtsen, W. (1998) Substances released from dental resin composites and glass-ionomer cements. European Journal of Oral Sciences 106 : 687 695.
56. Gordan, V.V. Mjör, I.A. (2002) Short- and long-term clinical evaluation of post-operative sensitivity of a new resin-based restorative material and self-etching primer. Operative Dentistry 27 : 543 548.
57. Gottwald, B., Traenckner, I., Kupfer, J., Ganss, C., Eis, D., Schill, W.B. Gieler, U. (2001) Amalgam disease"- poisoning, allergy, or psychic disorder? International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 204 : 223 229.
58. Grandjean, P., Guldager, B., Larsen, I.B., Jörgensen, P.J. Holmstrup, P. (1997) Placebo response in environmental disease. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 39 : 707 714.
59. Hagberg, S., Ljungkvist, G., Andreasson, H., Karlsson, S. Barregard, L. (2005) Exposure to volatile methacrylates in dental personnel. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2 : 302 306.
60. Hamann, C.P., DePaola, L.G. Rodgers, P.A. (2005) Occupation-related allergies in dentistry. Journal of the American Dental Association 136 : 500 510.
61. Hamann, C.P., Turjanmaa, K., Rietschel, R., Siew, C., Owensby, D., Gruninger, S.E. Sullivan, K.M. (1998) Natural rubber latex hypersensitivity: incidence and prevalence of type I allergy in the dental professional. Journal of the American Dental Association 129 : 43 54.
62. Hamid, A. Hume, W.R. (1997) A study of component release from resin pit and fissure sealants in vitro. Dental Materials 13 : 98 102.
63. Hayashi, M. Wilson, N.H. (2003) Failure risk of posterior composites with post-operative sensitivity. Operative Dentistry 28-6 : 681 688.
64. Henningsson, M. Sundbom, E. (1996) Defensive characteristics in individuals with amalgam illness as measured by the percept-genetic method defense mechanism test. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 54 : 176 181.
65. Hensten-Pettersen, A. (1998) Skin and mucosal reactions associated with dental materials. European Journal of Oral Sciences 106 : 707 712.
66. Hensten-Pettersen, A. Jacobsen, N. (1991) Toxic effects of dental materials. International Dental Journal 41 : 265 273.
67. Hensten-Pettersen, A. Jacobsen, N. (2001) Biocompatibility of restorative materials. Operative Dentistry 6 (Suppl.) : 229 235.
68. Herrstrom, P., Hogstedt, B., Aronson, S., Holmen, A. Rastam, L. (1996) Acute glomerulonephritis, Henoch-Schönlein purpura and dental amalgam in Swedish children: a case-control study. The Science of the Total Environment 191 : 277 282.
69. Herrstrom, P., Hogstedt, B., Holthuis, N., Schutz, A. Rastam, L. (1997) Allergic disease, immunoglobulins, exposure to mercury and dental amalgam in Swedish adolescents. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 69 : 339 342.
70. Hill, J.G., Grimwood, R.E., Hermesch, C.B. Marks, J.G. Jr. (1998) Prevalence of occupationally related hand dermatitis in dental workers. Journal of the American Dental Association 129 : 212 217.
71. Hol, P.J., Vamnes, J.S., Gjerdet, N.R., Eide, R. Isrenn, R. (2001) Dental amalgam and selenium in blood. Environmental Research Section A 87 : 141 146.
72. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: other relevant data. 1999, Vol. 74, pp. 253-255.
73. Ibbotson, S.H., Speight, E.L., Macleod, R.I., Smart, E.R. Lawrence, C.M. (1996) The relevance and effect of amalgam replacement in subjects with oral lichenoid reactions. British Journal of Dermatology 134 : 420 423.
74. ISO 10993-5:1999 (1999) Biological evaluation of medical devices - part 5: tests for in vitro cytotoxicity. International Organisation for Standardization.
75. ISO 7405:1997 (1999) Dentistry - preclinical evaluation of biocompatibility of medical devices used in dentistry - test methods for dental materials. International Organisation for Standardization.
76. Issa, Y., Duxbury, A.J., Macfarlane, T.V. Brunton, P.A. (2005) Oral lichenoid lesions related to dental restorative materials. British Dental Journal 198 : 361 366.
77. Jacobsen, N., Aasenden, R. Hensten-Pettersen, A. (1990) Occupational health complaints and adverse reactions as perceived by personnel in public dentistry. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 19 : 155 159.
78. Jacobsen, N. Hensten-Pettersen, A. (1989a) Occupational health problems and adverse patient reactions in orthodontics. European Journal of Orthodontics 11 : 254 264.
79. Jacobsen, N. Hensten-Pettersen, A. (1989b) Occupational health problems and adverse reactions in periodontics. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 16 : 428 433.
80. Jacobsen, N. Hensten-Pettersen, A. (2003) Changes in occupational health problems and adverse patient reactions in orthodontics from 1987 to 2000. European Journal of Orthodontics 25 : 591 598.
81. Janson, G.R., Dainesi, E.A., Consolaro, A., Woodside, D.G. de Freitas, M.R. (1998) Nickel hypersensitivity reaction before, during and after orthodontic therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 113 : 655 660.
82. Jokstad, A. Mjör, I.A. (1996) Ten year's clinical evaluation of three luting cements. Journal of Dentistry 24 : 309 315.
83. Jones, K.P., Rolf, S., Stingl, C., Edmunds, D. Davies, B.H. (2004) Longitudinal study of sensitization to natural latex among dental school students using powder-free gloves. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 48 : 455 457.
84. Kallus, T. Mjör, I.A. (1991) Incidence of adverse effects of dental materials. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 99 : 236 240.
85. Kanerva, L., Henriks-Eckerman, M.-L., Jolanki, R. Estlander, T. (1997) Plastcs/acrylics: material safety data sheets need to be improved. Clinics in Dermatology 15 : 533 546.
86. Kanerva, L., Lahtinen, A., Toikkanen, J., Forss, H., Estlander, T., Susitaival, P. Jolanki, R. (1999) Increase in occupational skin diseases of dental personnel. Contact Dermatitis 40 : 104 108.
87. Kern, M., Kleimeier, B., Schaller, H.G. Strub, J.R. (1996) Clinical comparison of postoperative sensitivity for a glass ionomer and a zinc phosphate luting cement. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 75 : 159 162.
88. Khamaysi, Z., Bergman, R. Weltfriend, S. (2006) Positive patch test reactions to allergens of the dental series and the relation to the clinical presentations. Contact Dermatitis 55 : 216 218.
89. Kim, T.S., Kim, H.A., Heo, Y., Park, Y., Park, C.Y. Roh, Y.M. (2002) Level of silica in the respirable dust inhaled by dental technicians with demonstration of respirable symptoms. Industrial Health 40 : 260 265.
90. Koch, P. (1999) Oral lesions and symptoms related to metals used in dental restorations: a clinical allergological and histological study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 42 : 422 430.
91. Kosugi, M., Ishihara, K. Okuda, K. (2003) Implication of responses to bacterial heat shock proteins, chronic microbial infections, and dental metal allergy in patients with pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College 44 : 149 158.
92. Kuijs, R.H., Fennis, W.M., Kreulen, C.M., Roeters, F.J., Creugers, N.H. Burgerdijk, R.C. (2006) A randomized clinical trial of cusp-replacing resin composite restorations: efficiency and short-term effectiveness. International Journal of Prosthodontics 19 : 349 354.
93. Laeijendecker, R., Dekker, S.K., Burger, P.M., Mulder, P.G., Van Joost, T. Neumann, M.H. (2004) Oral lichen planus and allergy to dental amalgam restorations. Archives of Dermatology 140 : 1434 1438.
94. Laine, J., Happonen, R.P., Vainio, O. Kalimo, K. (1997a) In vitro lymphocyte proliferation test in the diagnosis of oral mucosal hypersensitivity reactions to dental amalgam. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 26 : 362 366.
95. Laine, J., Kalimo, K. Happonen, R.P. (1997b) Contact allergy to dental restorative materials in patients with oral lichenoid lesions. Contact Dermatitis 36 : 141 146.
96. Laine, J., Konttinen, Y.T., Beliaev, N. Happonen, R.P. (1999) Immunocompetent cells in amalgam-associated oral lichenoid contact lesions. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 28 : 117 121.
97. Langworth, S., Bjorkman, L., Elinder, C.G., Jarup, L. Savlin, P. (2002) Multidisciplinary examination of patients with illness attributed to dental fillings. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 29 : 705 713.
98. Lee, J.Y., Yoo, J.M., Cho, B.K. Kim, H.O. (2001) Contact dermatitis in Korean dental technicians. Contact Dermatitis 45 : 13 16.
99. Leggat, P.A. Smith, D.R. (2006) Prevalence of hand dermatoses related to latex exposure amongst dentists in Queensland, Australia. International Dental Journal 56 : 154 158.
100. Lindberg, M. Silverdahl, M. (2000) The use of protective gloves and the prevalence of hand eczema, skin complaints and allergy to natural rubber latex among dental personnel in the county of Uppsala, Sweden. Contact Dermatitis 43 : 4 8.
101. Lindh, U., Carlmark, B., Gronquist, S.O. Lindvall, A. (2001) Metal exposure from amalgam alters the distribution of trace elements in blood cells and plasma. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 39 : 134 142.
102. Lindh, U., Danersund, A., Eriksson, S. Lindvall, A. (2002) Removal of dental amalgam and other metal alloys supported by antioxidant therapy alleviates symptoms and improves quality of life in patients with amalgam-associated ill-health. Neuroendocrinology Letters 23 : 459 482.
103. Lindow, S.W., Knight, R., Batty, J. Haswell, S.J. (2003) Maternal and neonatal hair mercury concentrations: the effect of dental amalgam. International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 110 : 287 291.
104. Lönnroth, E.C. Shahnavaz, H. (1998a) Hand dermatitis and symptoms from the fingers among Swedish dental personnel. Swedish Dental Journal 22 : 23 32.
105. Lönnroth, E.C. Shahnavaz, H. (1998b) Adverse health reactions in skin, eyes, and respiratory tract among dental personnel in Sweden. Swedish Dental Journal 22 : 33 45.
106. Lopez-Jornet, P., Camacho-Alonso, F. Bermejo Fenoll, A. (2004) The clinicopathological characteristics of oral lichen planus and its relationship with dental materials. Contact Dermatitis 51 : 210 218.
107. Luglie, P.F., Campus, G., Spano, G., Capobianco, G., Fadda, G.M. Dessole, S. (2005) Effect of amalgam fillings on the mercury concentration in human amniotic fluid. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 271 : 138 142.
108. Lundin, S.A. Rasmusson, C.G. (2004) Clinical evaluation of a resin composite and bonding agent in class I and II restorations: 2-year results. Quintessence International 35 : 758 762.
109. Lygre, G.B., Gjerdet, N.R. Bjorkman, L. (2005) A follow-up study of patients with subjective symptoms related to dental materials. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 33 : 227 234.
110. Lygre, G.B., Gjerdet, N.R., Grönningsaeter, A.G. Björkman, L. (2003) Reporting on adverse reactions to dental materials: intraoral observations at a clinical follow-up. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 31 : 200 206.
111. Mach, Z., Regent, J., Staninec, M., Mrklas, L. Setcos, J.C. (2002) The integrity of bonded amalgam restorations. A clinical evaluation after five years. The Journal of the American Dental Association 133 : 460 467.
112. Magnin, P., Stuck, M., Meier, E., Kägi, M., Lussi, A., Braathen, L. Buser, D. (2003) Amalgamassoziierte lichenoide Mundschleimhautläsionen: Füllungsersatztherapie. Schweizer Monatsschrift Zahnmedizin 113 : 143 150.
113. Malt, U.F., Nerdrum, P., Oppedal, B., Gundersen, R., Holte, M. Lone, J. (1997) Physical and mental problems attributed to dental amalgam fillings: a descriptive study of 99 self-referred patients compared with 272 controls. Psychosomatic Medicine 59 : 32 41.
114. Marcusson, J.A. (1996) Contact allergies to nickel sulfate, gold sodium thiosulfate and palladium chloride in patients claiming side-effects from dental alloy components. Contact Dermatitis 34 : 320 323.
115. Marcusson, J.A. (1998) Indium and iridium allergy in patients exposed to dental alloys. Contact Dermatitis 38 : 297 298.
116. Marcusson, J.A. (1999) The frequency of mercury intolerance in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy controls. Contact Dermatitis 41 : 60 61.
117. Meding, B. (2000) Differences between the sexes with regard to work-related skin disease. Contact Dermatitis 43 : 65 71.
118. Meding, B., Liden, C. Gerglind, N. (2001) Self-diagnosed dermatitis I adults. Results from a population survey in Stockholm. Contact Dermatitis 45 : 341 345.
119. Meding, B. Svanbeck, G. (1990) Predictive factors for hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis 23 : 154 161.
120. Mehulic, M., Mehulic, K., Kos, P., Komar, D. Katunaric, M. (2005) Expressions of contact allergy in undergoing prosthodontic therapy patients with oral diseases. Minerva Stomatologica 54 : 303 309.
121. Melchart, D., Wuhr, E., Weidenhammer, W. Kremers, L. (1998) A multicenter survey of amalgam fillings and subjective complaints in non-selected patients in the dental practice. European Journal of Oral Sciences 106 : 770 777.
122. Merte, I., Schneider, H. Merte, K. (2004) Ist es notwendig, eingeführte Füllungsmaterialien klinisch-experimentell zu bewerten? Schweizer Monatsschrift Zahnmedizin 114 : 1124 1131.
123. Michelsen, V.B., Lygre, H., Skålevik, R. Tveit, A.B. (2003) Identification of organic eluates from four polymer-based dental filling materials. European Journal of Oral Sciences 111 : 263 271.
124. Monaco, C., Baldissara, P., Dall'Orologio, G.D. Scotti, R. (2001) Short-term clinical evaluation of inlay and onlay restorations made with a ceromer. International Journal of Prosthodontics 14 : 81 86.
125. Munksgaard, E.C. Freund, M. (1990) Enzymatic hydrolysis of (di) methacrylates and their polymers. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 98 : 261 267.
126. Munksgaard, E.C., Hansen, E.K., Engen, T. Holm, U. (1996) Self-reported occupational dermatological reactions among Danish dentists. European Journal of Oral Sciences 104 : 396 402.
127. Nerdrum, P., Malt, U.F., Hoglend, P., Oppedal, B., Gundersen, R., Holte, M. Lone, J. (2004) A 7-year prospective quasi-experimental study of the effects of removing dental amalgam in 76 self-referred patients compared with 146 controls. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 57 : 103 111.
128. Ohlson, C.G. Svensson, L. (2002) Prevention of allergy to acrylates and latex in dental personnel. Swedish Dental Journal 26 : 141 147.
129. Ohlson, C.G., Svensson, L., Mossberg, B. Hok, M. (2001) Prevalence of contact dermatitis among dental personnel in a Swedish rural county. Swedish Dental Journal 25 : 13 20.
130. Olsson, H., Davies, J.R., Holst, K.E., Schröder, U. Petersson, K. (2005) Dental pulp capping: effect of Emdogain gel on experimentally exposed human pulps. International Endodontic Journal 38 : 186 194.
131. Opdam, N.J., Feilzer, A.J., Roeters, J.J. Smale, I. (1998a) Class I occlusal composite resin restorations: in vivo post-operative sensitivity, wall adaption, and microleakage. American Journal of Dentistry 11 : 229 234.
132. Opdam, N.J., Roeters, F.J., Feilzer, A.J. Verdonschot, E.H. (1998b) Marginal integrity and postoperative sensitivity in class II resin composite restorations in vivo. Journal of Dentistry 26 : 555 562.
133. Örtengren, U. (2000) On composite resin materials. Degradation, ersosion and possible adverse effects in dentists. Swedish Dental Journal 141 : 1 61.
134. Örtengren, U., Andersson, F., Elgh, U., Terselius, B. Karlsson, S. (2001a) Influence of pH and storage time on the sorption and solubility behaviour of three composite resin materials. Journal of Dentistry 29 : 35 41.
135. Örtengren, U., Andreasson, H., Karlsson, S., Meding, B. Barregard, L. (1999) Prevalence of self-reported hand eczema and skin symptoms associated with dental materials among Swedish dentists. European Journal of Oral Sciences 107 : 496 505.
136. Örtengren, U., Wellendorf, H., Karlsson, S. Ruyter, I.E. (2001b) Water sorption and solubility of dental composites and identification of monomers released in an aqueous environment. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 28 : 1106 1115.
137. Osborne, J.W. Summitt, J.B. (1996) 2-year: clinical evaluation of a gallium restorative alloy. American Journal of Dentistry 9 : 191 194.
138. Östman, P.O., Anneroth, G. Skoglund, A. (1996) Amalgam associated oral lichenoid reactions. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology 81 : 459 465.
139. Pecegueiro, M., Sachse, M.F., Amaro, J., Farinha, P. Fonseca, I. (1999) Oral lichen planus versus oral lichenoid eruption as a manifestation of contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 40 : 333 334.
140. Perdigao, J., Geraldeli, S. Hodges, J.S. (2003) Total-etch versus self-etch adhesive. Effect on postoperative sensitivity. The Journal of the American Dental Association 134 : 1621 1629.
141. Peumans, M., Van Meerbeek, B., Vuylsteke-Wauters, M. Vanherle, G. (1998) Five-year clinical performance of porcelain veneers. Quintessence International 29 : 211 221.
142. Phillips, R.W. (1991) Science of Dental Materials. Biological Considerations in Use of Dental Materials. 8th edition, 65. Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders Co.
143. Piirilä, P., Hodgson, U., Estlander, T., Keskinen, H., Saalo, A., Voutilainen, R. Kanerva, L. (2002) Occupational respiratory hypersensitivity in dental personnel. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 75 : 209 216.
144. Prochazkova, J., Sterzl, I., Kucerova, H., Bartova, J. Stejskal, V.D. (2004) The beneficial effect of amalgam replacement on health in patients with autoimmunity. Neuroendocrinology Letters 25 : 211 218.
145. Rao, R. Shenoi, S.D. (2004) Dermatological problems in dental health personnel. Contact Dermatitis 50 : 252 263.
146. Räsänen, L., Kalimo, K., Laine, J., Vainio, O., Kotiranta, J. Pesola, I. (1996) Contact allergy to gold in dental patients. British Journal of Dermatology 134 : 673 677.
147. Reitemeier, B., Hansel, K., Walter, M.H., Kastner, C. Toutenburg, H. (2002) Effect of posterior crown margin placement on gingival health. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 87 : 167 172.
148. Report from the National Board of Health and Welfare 2002) The Swedish register for adverse reactions annual report for 2001, pp. 125-126. Umeå : The National Board of Health and Welfare.
149. Ritchie, K.A., Gilmour, W.H., Macdonald, E.B., Burke, F.J., McGowan, D.A., Dale, I.M., Hammersley, R., Hamilton, R.M., Binnie, V. Collington, D. (2002) Health and neuropsychological functioning of dentists exposed to mercury. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 59 : 287 293.
150. Rodvall, Y., Ahlbom, A., Pershagen, G., Nylander, M. Spannare, B. (1998) Dental radiography after age 25 years, amalgam fillings and tumours of the central nervous system. Oral Oncology 34 : 265 269.
151. Rosin, M., Steffen, H., Konschake, C., Greese, U., Teichmann, D., Hartmann, A. Meyer, G. (2003) One-year evaluation of an Ormocer restorative-a multipractice clinical trial. Clinical Oral Investigations 7 : 20 26.
152. Rustemeyer, T. Frosch, P.J. (1996) Occupational skin diseases in dental laboratory technicians. Contact Dermatitis 34 : 125 133.
153. Sallsten, G., Thorén, J., Barregard, L., Schutz, A. Skraping, G. (1996) Long term use of nicotine chewing gum and mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. Journal of Dental Research 68 : 345 348.
154. Santosh, V., Ranjith, K., Shenoi, S.D., Sachin, V. Balachandran, C. (1999) Results of patch testing with dental materials. Contact Dermatitis 40 : 50 51.
155. Schedle, A., Franz, A., Rausch-Fan, X.H., Spittler, A., Lucas, T., Samorapoompichit, P., Sperr, W. Boltz-Nitulescu, G. (1998) Cytotoxic effects of dental composites, adhesive substances, compomers and cements. Dental Materials 14 : 429 440.
156. Schedle, A., Ivanova, M. Kenndler, E. (2003) Determination of ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate monomers in dental composites by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Journal of Chromatography. A 990 : 231 237.
157. Schmalz, G., Schweikl, H. Hiller, K.A. (2000) Release of prostaglandin E2, IL-6 and IL-8 from human oral epithelial culture models after exposure to compounds of dental materials. European Journal of Oral Sciences 108 : 442 448.
158. Schmid, K., Christop, B.H., Niklas, D. Drexler, H. (2002) Latex sensitization in dental students using powder-free gloves low in latex protein: a cross-sectional study. Contact Dermatitis 47 : 103 108.
159. Schnuch, A., Uter, W., Geier, J., Frosch, P.J. Restemeyer, T. (1998) Contact allergies in healthcare workers. Results from the IVDK. Acta Dermatologica-Venereologica 78 : 358 363.
160. Schuster, G., Reichle, R., Bauer, R.R. Schopf, P.M. (2004) Allergies induced by orthodontic alloys: incidence and impact on treatment. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics 65 : 48 59.
161. Schuurs, A., Exterkate, R. Ten Cate, J.M. (2000) Biological mercury measurements before and after administration of a chelator (DMPS) and subjective symptoms allegedly due to amalgam. European Journal of Oral Sciences 108 : 511 522.
162. Schwartz, R.S., Conn, L.J. Jr. Haveman, C.W. (1998) Clinical evaluation of two desinsitizing agents for use under class V silver amalgam restorations. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 80 : 269 273.
163. Scott, A., Egner, W., Gawkrodger, D.J., Hatton, P.V., Sheriff, M., van Noort, R., Yeoman, C. Grummitt, J. (2004) The national survey of adverse reactions to dental materials n the UK: a preliminary study by the UK adverse reaction reporting project. British Dental Journal 196 : 471 477.
164. Scott, A., Gawkrodger, D.J., Yeoman, C., Egner, W., Van Noort, R., Hatton, P.V. Grummitt, J. (2003) Adverse reactions to protective gloves used in the dental profession: experience of the UK adverse reaction. British Dental Journal 195 : 686 690.
165. Setcos, J.C., Staninec, M. Wilson, N.H. (1999) A 2-year randomized, controlled clinical evaluation of bonded amalgam restorations. The Journal of Adhesive Dentistry 1 : 323 331.
166. Sinclair, N.A. Thomson, W.M. (2004) Prevalence of self-reported hand dermatoses in New Zealand dentists. The New Zealand Dental Journal 100 : 38 41.
167. Stejskal, V.D., Forsbeck, M., Cederbrant, K.E. Asteman, O. (1996) Mercury-specific lymphocytes: an indication of mercury allergy in man. Journal of Clinical Immunology 16 : 31 40.
168. Stenman, S. Grans, L. (1997) Symptoms and differential diagnosis of patients fearing mercury toxicity from amalgam fillings. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 23 : 59 63.
169. Strömberg, R., Langworth, S. Soderman, E. (1999) Mercury inductions in persons with subjective symptoms alleged to dental amalgam fillings. European Journal of Oral Sciences 107 : 208 214.
170. Sübay, R.K., Cox, C.F., Kaya, H., Tarim, B., Subay, A.A. Nayir, M. (2005) Pulp tissue reactions to a dentin bonding agent as a direct capping agent. JOE 31 : 201 204.
171. Swift, E.J. Jr., Perdigao, J., Heymann, H.O., Wilder, A.D. Jr., Bayne, S.C., May, K.N. Jr., Sturdevant, J.R. Roberson, T.M. (2001) Eighteen-month clinical evaluation of a filled and unfilled dentin adhesive. Journal of Dentistry 29 : 1 6.
172. The European Commission. Guidelines on a medical devices vigilance system: The European Commission; Report No.: MEDDEV 2.12-1; April 2001. Revision 4.
173. Thornhill, M.H., Pemberton, M.N., Simmons, R.K. Theaker, E.D. (2003) Amalgam-contact hypersensitivity lesions and oral lichen planus. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology 95 : 291 299.
174. Tillberg, A., Berglund, A., Mårell, L., Bergdahl, J., Eriksson, N., Lindén, G., Stenberg, B. Widman, L. (2005) Changes in health over time in patients with symptoms allegedle caused by their dental restorative materials. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 33 : 327 337.
175. Tsuruta, K., Matsunaga, K., Suzuki, K., Suzuki, R., Akita, H., Washimi, Y., Tomitaka, A. Ueda, H. (2001) Female predominance of gold allergy. Contact Dermatitis 44 : 55 56.
176. Türkün, L.S. Aktener, B.O. (2001) Twenty-four- month clinical evaluation of different posterior composite resin materials. The Journal of the American Dental Association 132 : 196 203.
177. Unemori, M., Matsuya, Y., Akashi, A., Goto, Y. Akamine, A. (2001) Composite resin restoration and postoperative sensitivity: clinical follow-up in an undergraduate program. Journal of Dentistry 29 : 7 13.
178. Vamnes, J.S., Eide, R., Isrenn, R., Hol, P.J. Gjerdet, N.R. (2000) Diagnostic value of a chelating agent in patients with symptoms allegedly caused by amalgam fillings. Journal of Dental Research 79 : 868 874.
179. Vamnes, J.S., Lygre, G.B., Gronningsaeter, A.G. Gjerdet, N.R. (2004) Four years of clinical experience with an adverse reaction unit for dental biomaterials. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 32 : 150 157.
180. Van Dijken, J.W., Kieri, C. Carlen, M. (1999) Longevity of extensive class II open-sandwich restorations with a resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Journal of Dental Research 78 : 1319 1325.
181. Van Dijken, J.W. Sunnegardh-Gronberg, K. (2003) A two-year clinical evaluation of a new calcium aluminate cement in class II cavities. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 61 : 235 240.
182. Van Noort, R., Gjerdet, N.R., Schedle, A., Björkman, L. Berglund, A. (2004) An overview of the current status of national reporting systems for adverse reactions to dental materials. Journal of Dentistry 32 : 351 358.
183. Vilaplana, J. Romaguera, C. (2000) Contact dermatitis and adverse oral mucous membrane reactions related to the use of dental prostheses. Contact Dermatitis 43 : 183 185.
184. Vilkinis, V., Horsted-Bindeslev, P. Baelum, V. (2000) Two-year evaluation of class II resin-modified glass ionomer cement/composite open sandwich and composite restorations. Clinical Oral Investigations 4 : 133 139.
185. Wallenhammar, L.-M., Örtengren, U., Andreasson, H., Barregard, L., Bjorkner, B., Karlsson, S., Wrangsjo, K. Meding, B. (2000) Contact allergy and hand eczema in Swedish dentists. Contact Dermatitis 43 : 192 199.
186. Wataha, J.C., Lewis, J.B., Volkmann, K.R., Lockwood, P.E., Messer, R.L. Bouillaguet, S. (2004) Sublethal concentrations of Au (III), Pd (II), and Ni (II) differentially alter inflammatory cytokine secretion from activated monocytes. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials 15;69 : 11 17.
187. Whitworth, J.M., Myers, P.M., Smith, J., Walls, A.W. McCabe, J.F. (2005) Endodontic complications after plastic restorations in general practice. International Endodontic Journal 38 : 409 416.
188. Williams, D.F. (ed.) (1987) Definitions in Biomaterials: Proceedings of a Consensus Conference of the European Society for Biomaterials, Chester, England, March 3-5, 1986. Amsterdam : Elsevier, ISO 10993-1.
189. Wirz, J., Schmidli, F. Petrini, M.G. (2003) Metal intolerance. A frequent condition, but difficult to diagnose. Schweizer Monatsschrift für Zahnmedizin 113 : 284 295.
190. Wong, L. Freeman, S. (2003) Oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) and mercury in amalgam fillings. Contact Dermatitis 48 : 74 79.
191. Wrangsjö, K., Örtengren, U., Wallenhammar, L.-M., Barregård, L., Andreasson, H., Björkner, B., Karlsson, S. Meding, B. (2001) Protective gloves in Swedish dentistry - use and side effect. British Journal of Dermatology 145 : 32 37.
192. Yiannias, J.A., El-Azhary, R.H., Hand, J.H., Pakzad, S.Y. Rogers, R.S. III. (2000) Relevant contact sensitivities in patients with the diagnosis of oral lichen planus. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 42 : 177 182.