MicroRNAs and haematology: Small molecules, big function

British Journal of Haematology

Volumn 137, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 503-512

  Lawrie, Charles H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Haematological malignancies; Haematopoiesis; Leukaemia; Lymphoma; microRNA

Indexed keywords

MICRORNA; ONCOPROTEIN; PROTEIN MIRN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CANCER; CARCINOGENESIS; GENE CLUSTER; GENE FUNCTION; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HEMATOPOIESIS; HUMAN; LEUKEMIA; LEUKEMOGENESIS; LYMPHOMA; MOLECULAR SIZE; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RNA SYNTHESIS;

CELL DIFFERENTIATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENES, NEOPLASM; GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; HEMATOPOIESIS; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA; MICRORNAS;

EID: 34249285883     PISSN: 00071048     EISSN: 13652141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06611.x     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Altuvia, Y., Landgraf, P., Lithwick, G., Elefant, N., Pfeffer, S., Aravin, A., Brownstein, M.J., Tuschl, T. Margalit, H. (2005) Clustering and conservation patterns of human microRNAs. Nucleic Acids Research, 33, 2697 2706.
2. Bentwich, I., Avniel, A., Karov, Y., Aharonov, R., Gilad, S., Barad, O., Barzilai, A., Einat, P., Einav, U., Meiri, E., Sharon, E., Spector, Y. Bentwich, Z. (2005) Identification of hundreds of conserved and nonconserved human microRNAs. Nature Genetics, 37, 766 770.
3. Berezikov, E., Guryev, V., van de Belt, J., Wienholds, E., Plasterk, R.H. Cuppen, E. (2005) Phylogenetic shadowing and computational identification of human microRNA genes. Cell, 120, 21 24.
4. van den Berg, A., Kroesen, B.J., Kooistra, K., de Jong, D., Briggs, J., Blokzijl, T., Jacobs, S., Kluiver, J., Diepstra, A., Maggio, E. Poppema, S. (2003) High expression of B-cell receptor inducible gene BIC in all subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma. Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer, 37, 20 28.
5. Bernstein, E., Kim, S.Y., Carmell, M.A., Murchison, E.P., Alcorn, H., Li, M.Z., Mills, A.A., Elledge, S.J., Anderson, K.V. Hannon, G.J. (2003) Dicer is essential for mouse development. Nature Genetics, 35, 215 217.
6. Bottoni, A., Piccin, D., Tagliati, F., Luchin, A., Zatelli, M.C. degli Uberti, E.C. (2005) miR-15a and miR-16-1 down-regulation in pituitary adenomas. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 204, 280 285.
7. Calin, G.A. Croce, C.M. (2006) MicroRNA-cancer connection: the beginning of a new tale. Cancer Research, 66, 7390 7394.
8. Calin, G.A., Dumitru, C.D., Shimizu, M., Bichi, R., Zupo, S., Noch, E., Aldler, H., Rattan, S., Keating, M., Rai, K., Rassenti, L., Kipps, T., Negrini, M., Bullrich, F. Croce, C.M. (2002) Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 15524 15529.
9. Calin, G.A., Sevignani, C., Dumitru, C.D., Hyslop, T., Noch, E., Yendamuri, S., Shimizu, M., Rattan, S., Bullrich, F., Negrini, M. Croce, C.M. (2004a) Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 2999 3004.
10. Calin, G.A., Liu, C.G., Sevignani, C., Ferracin, M., Felli, N., Dumitru, C.D., Shimizu, M., Cimmino, A., Zupo, S., Dono, M., Dell'Aquila, M.L., Alder, H., Rassenti, L., Kipps, T.J., Bullrich, F., Negrini, M. Croce, C.M. (2004b) MicroRNA profiling reveals distinct signatures in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 11755 11760.
11. Calin, G.A., Ferracin, M., Cimmino, A., Di Leva, G., Shimizu, M., Wojcik, S.E., Iorio, M.V., Visone, R., Sever, N.I., Fabbri, M., Iuliano, R., Palumbo, T., Pichiorri, F., Roldo, C., Garzon, R., Sevignani, C., Rassenti, L., Alder, H., Volinia, S., Liu, C.G., Kipps, T.J., Negrini, M. Croce, C.M. (2005) A microRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 1793 1801.
12. Chan, J.A., Krichevsky, A.M. Kosik, K.S. (2005) MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Research, 65, 6029 6033.
13. Chen, C.Z., Li, L., Lodish, H.F. Bartel, D.P. (2004) MicroRNAs modulate hematopoietic lineage differentiation. Science, 303, 83 86.
14. Ciafre, S.A., Galardi, S., Mangiola, A., Ferracin, M., Liu, C.G., Sabatino, G., Negrini, M., Maira, G., Croce, C.M. Farace, M.G. (2005) Extensive modulation of a set of microRNAs in primary glioblastoma. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 334, 1351 1358.
15. Cimmino, A., Calin, G.A., Fabbri, M., Iorio, M.V., Ferracin, M., Shimizu, M., Wojcik, S.E., Aqeilan, R.I., Zupo, S., Dono, M., Rassenti, L., Alder, H., Volinia, S., Liu, C.G., Kipps, T.J., Negrini, M. Croce, C.M. (2005) miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 13944 13949.
16. Clurman, B.E. Hayward, W.S. (1989) Multiple proto-oncogene activations in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas: evidence for stage-specific events. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 9, 2657 2664.
17. Cobb, B.S., Nesterova, T.B., Thompson, E., Hertweck, A., O'Connor, E., Godwin, J., Wilson, C.B., Brockdorff, N., Fisher, A.G., Smale, S.T. Merkenschlager, M. (2005) T cell lineage choice and differentiation in the absence of the RNase III enzyme Dicer. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 201, 1367 1373.
18. Costinean, S., Zanesi, N., Pekarsky, Y., Tili, E., Volinia, S., Heerema, N. Croce, C.M. (2006) Pre-B cell proliferation and lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma in E(mu)-miR155 transgenic mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 7024 7029.
19. Eis, P.S., Tam, W., Sun, L., Chadburn, A., Li, Z., Gomez, M.F., Lund, E. Dahlberg, J.E. (2005) Accumulation of miR-155 and BIC RNA in human B cell lymphomas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 3627 3632.
20. Fazi, F., Rosa, A., Fatica, A., Gelmetti, V., De Marchis, M.L., Nervi, C. Bozzoni, I. (2005) A minicircuitry comprised of microRNA-223 and transcription factors NFI-A and C/EBPalpha regulates human granulopoiesis. Cell, 123, 819 831.
21. Felli, N., Fontana, L., Pelosi, E., Botta, R., Bonci, D., Facchiano, F., Liuzzi, F., Lulli, V., Morsilli, O., Santoro, S., Valtieri, M., Calin, G.A., Liu, C.G., Sorrentino, A., Croce, C.M. Peschle, C. (2005) MicroRNAs 221 and 222 inhibit normal erythropoiesis and erythroleukemic cell growth via kit receptor down-modulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 18081 18086.
22. Garzon, R., Pichiorri, F., Palumbo, T., Iuliano, R., Cimmino, A., Aqeilan, R., Volinia, S., Bhatt, D., Alder, H., Marcucci, G., Calin, G.A., Liu, C.G., Bloomfield, C.D., Andreeff, M. Croce, C.M. (2006) MicroRNA fingerprints during human megakaryocytopoiesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 5078 5083.
23. Garzon, R., Pichiorri, F., Palumbo, T., Visentini, M., Aqeilan, R., Cimmino, A., Wang, H., Sun, H., Volinia, S., Alder, H., Calin, G.A., Liu, C.G., Andreeff, M. Croce, C.M. (2007) MicroRNA gene expression during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of human acute promyelocytic leukemia. Oncogene, doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210186.
24. Gauwerky, C.E., Huebner, K., Isobe, M., Nowell, P.C. Croce, C.M. (1989) Activation of MYC in a masked t(8;17) translocation results in an aggressive B-cell leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 86, 8867 8871.
25. Georgantas, III., R.W., Hildreth, R., Morisot, S., Alder, J., Liu, C.G., Heimfeld, S., Calin, G.A., Croce, C.M. Civin, C.I. (2007) CD34+ hematopoietic stem-progenitor cell microRNA expression and function: a circuit diagram of differentiation control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 2750 2755.
26. Griffiths-Jones, S., Grocock, R.J., van Dongen, S., Bateman, A. Enright, A.J. (2006) miRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature. Nucleic Acids Research, 34, D140 D144.
27. Hayashita, Y., Osada, H., Tatematsu, Y., Yamada, H., Yanagisawa, K., Tomida, S., Yatabe, Y., Kawahara, K., Sekido, Y. Takahashi, T. (2005) A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR-17-92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation. Cancer Research, 65, 9628 9632.
28. He, L., Thomson, J.M., Hemann, M.T., Hernando-Monge, E., Mu, D., Goodson, S., Powers, S., Cordon-Cardo, C., Lowe, S.W., Hannon, G.J. Hammond, S.M. (2005) A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene. Nature, 435, 828 833.
29. Hertel, J., Lindemeyer, M., Missal, K., Fried, C., Tanzer, A., Flamm, C., Hofacker, I.L. Stadler, P.F. (2006) The expansion of the metazoan microRNA repertoire. BMC Genomics, 7, 25.
30. Iorio, M.V., Ferracin, M., Liu, C.G., Veronese, A., Spizzo, R., Sabbioni, S., Magri, E., Pedriali, M., Fabbri, M., Campiglio, M., Menard, S., Palazzo, J.P., Rosenberg, A., Musiani, P., Volinia, S., Nenci, I., Calin, G.A., Querzoli, P., Negrini, M. Croce, C.M. (2005) MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer. Cancer Research, 65, 7065 7070.
31. Jiang, J., Lee, E.J. Schmittgen, T.D. (2006) Increased expression of microRNA-155 in Epstein-Barr virus transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer, 45, 103 106.
32. John, B., Enright, A.J., Aravin, A., Tuschl, T., Sander, C. Marks, D.S. (2004) Human MicroRNA targets. PLoS Biology, 2, e363.
33. Kanellopoulou, C., Muljo, S.A., Kung, A.L., Ganesan, S., Drapkin, R., Jenuwein, T., Livingston, D.M. Rajewsky, K. (2005) Dicer-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells are defective in differentiation and centromeric silencing. Genes & Development, 19, 489 501.
34. Karnan, S., Tagawa, H., Suzuki, R., Suguro, M., Yamaguchi, M., Okamoto, M., Morishima, Y., Nakamura, S. Seto, M. (2004) Analysis of chromosomal imbalances in de novo CD5-positive diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer, 39, 77 81.
35. Khvorova, A., Reynolds, A. Jayasena, S.D. (2003) Functional siRNAs and miRNAs exhibit strand bias. Cell, 115, 209 216.
36. Kim, V.N. (2005) MicroRNA biogenesis: coordinated cropping and dicing. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, 6, 376 385.
37. Kluiver, J., Poppema, S., de Jong, D., Blokzijl, T., Harms, G., Jacobs, S., Kroesen, B.J. van den Berg, A. (2005) BIC and miR-155 are highly expressed in Hodgkin, primary mediastinal and diffuse large B cell lymphomas. Journal of Pathology, 207, 243 249.
38. Kluiver, J., Haralambieva, E., de Jong, D., Blokzijl, T., Jacobs, S., Kroesen, B.J., Poppema, S. van den Berg, A. (2006a) Lack of BIC and microRNA miR-155 expression in primary cases of Burkitt lymphoma. Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer, 45, 147 153.
39. Kluiver, J., van den Berg, A., de Jong, D., Blokzijl, T., Harms, G., Bouwman, E., Jacobs, S., Poppema, S. Kroesen, B.J. (2006b) Regulation of pri-microRNA BIC transcription and processing in Burkitt lymphoma. Oncogene, doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210147.
40. Krek, A., Grun, D., Poy, M.N., Wolf, R., Rosenberg, L., Epstein, E.J., MacMenamin, P., da Piedade, I., Gunsalus, K.C., Stoffel, M. Rajewsky, N. (2005) Combinatorial microRNA target predictions. Nature Genetics, 37, 495 500.
41. Lee, R.C. Ambros, V. (2001) An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 294, 862 864.
42. Lee, R.C., Feinbaum, R.L. Ambros, V. (1993) The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell, 75, 843 854.
43. Lee, Y., Hur, I., Park, S.Y., Kim, Y.K., Suh, M.R. Kim, V.N. (2006) The role of PACT in the RNA silencing pathway. EMBO Journal, 25, 522 532.
44. Lewis, B.P., Shih, I.H., Jones-Rhoades, M.W., Bartel, D.P. Burge, C.B. (2003) Prediction of mammalian microRNA targets. Cell, 115, 787 798.
45. Lewis, B.P., Burge, C.B. Bartel, D.P. (2005) Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets. Cell, 120, 15 20.
46. Lim, L.P., Lau, N.C., Garrett-Engele, P., Grimson, A., Schelter, J.M., Castle, J., Bartel, D.P., Linsley, P.S. Johnson, J.M. (2005) Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs. Nature, 433, 769 773.
47. Lin, S.L., Chang, S.J. Ying, S.Y. (2006) First in vivo evidence of microRNA-induced fragile X mental retardation syndrome. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 616 617.
48. Linsley, P.S., Schelter, J., Burchard, J., Kibukawa, M., Martin, M.M., Bartz, S.R., Johnson, J.M., Cummins, J.M., Raymond, C.K., Dai, H., Chau, N., Cleary, M., Jackson, A.L., Carleton, M. Lim, L. (2007) Transcripts targeted by the microRNA-16 family cooperatively regulate cell cycle progression. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 27, 2240 2252.
49. Liu, J., Valencia-Sanchez, M.A., Hannon, G.J. Parker, R. (2005) MicroRNA-dependent localization of targeted mRNAs to mammalian P-bodies. Nature Cell Biology, 7, 719 723.
50. Lu, J., Getz, G., Miska, E.A., Alvarez-Saavedra, E., Lamb, J., Peck, D., Sweet-Cordero, A., Ebert, B.L., Mak, R.H., Ferrando, A.A., Downing, J.R., Jacks, T., Horvitz, H.R. Golub, T.R. (2005) MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature, 435, 834 838.
51. Martin, M.M., Lee, E.J., Buckenberger, J.A., Schmittgen, T.D. Elton, T.S. (2006) MicroRNA-155 regulates human angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in fibroblasts. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 18277 18284.
52. Mathas, S., Hinz, M., Anagnostopoulos, I., Krappmann, D., Lietz, A., Jundt, F., Bommert, K., Mechta-Grigoriou, F., Stein, H., Dorken, B. Scheidereit, C. (2002) Aberrantly expressed c-Jun and JunB are a hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma cells, stimulate proliferation and synergize with NF-kappa B. EMBO Journal, 21, 4104 4113.
53. Metzler, M., Wilda, M., Busch, K., Viehmann, S. Borkhardt, A. (2004) High expression of precursor microRNA-155/BIC RNA in children with Burkitt lymphoma. Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer, 39, 167 169.
54. Monticelli, S., Ansel, K.M., Xiao, C., Socci, N.D., Krichevsky, A.M., Thai, T.H., Rajewsky, N., Marks, D.S., Sander, C., Rajewsky, K., Rao, A. Kosik, K.S. (2005) MicroRNA profiling of the murine hematopoietic system. Genome Biology, 6, R71.
55. Muljo, S.A., Ansel, K.M., Kanellopoulou, C., Livingston, D.M., Rao, A. Rajewsky, K. (2005) Aberrant T cell differentiation in the absence of Dicer. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 202, 261 269.
56. Naguibneva, I., Ameyar-Zazoua, M., Polesskaya, A., Ait-Si-Ali, S., Groisman, R., Souidi, M., Cuvellier, S. Harel-Bellan, A. (2006) The microRNA miR-181 targets the homeobox protein Hox-A11 during mammalian myoblast differentiation. Nature Cell Biology, 8, 278 284.
57. O'Connell, R.M., Taganov, K.D., Boldin, M.P., Cheng, G. Baltimore, D. (2007) MicroRNA-155 is induced during the macrophage inflammatory response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 1604 1609.
58. O'Donnell, K.A., Wentzel, E.A., Zeller, K.I., Dang, C.V. Mendell, J.T. (2005) c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature, 435, 839 843.
59. Olsen, P.H. Ambros, V. (1999) The lin-4 regulatory RNA controls developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans by blocking LIN-14 protein synthesis after the initiation of translation. Developmental Biology, 216, 671 680.
60. Ota, A., Tagawa, H., Karnan, S., Tsuzuki, S., Karpas, A., Kira, S., Yoshida, Y. Seto, M. (2004) Identification and characterization of a novel gene, C13orf25, as a target for 13q31-q32 amplification in malignant lymphoma. Cancer Research, 64, 3087 3095.
61. Pasquinelli, A.E., Reinhart, B.J., Slack, F., Martindale, M.Q., Kuroda, M.I., Maller, B., Hayward, D.C., Ball, E.E., Degnan, B., Muller, P., Spring, J., Srinivasan, A., Fishman, M., Finnerty, J., Corbo, J., Levine, M., Leahy, P., Davidson, E. Ruvkun, G. (2000) Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA. Nature, 408, 86 89.
62. Pekarsky, Y., Santanam, U., Cimmino, A., Palamarchuk, A., Efanov, A., Maximov, V., Volinia, S., Alder, H., Liu, C.G., Rassenti, L., Calin, G.A., Hagan, J.P., Kipps, T. Croce, C.M. (2006) Tcl1 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is regulated by miR-29 and miR-181. Cancer Research, 66, 11590 11593.
63. Pfeifer, D., Pantic, M., Skatulla, I., Rawluk, J., Kreutz, C., Martens, U.M., Fisch, P., Timmer, J. Veelken, H. (2007) Genome-wide analysis of DNA copy number changes and LOH in CLL using high-density SNP arrays. Blood, 109, 1202 1210.
64. Pillai, R.S., Bhattacharyya, S.N., Artus, C.G., Zoller, T., Cougot, N., Basyuk, E., Bertrand, E. Filipowicz, W. (2005) Inhibition of translational initiation by Let-7 MicroRNA in human cells. Science, 309, 1573 1576.
65. Ramkissoon, S.H., Mainwaring, L.A., Ogasawara, Y., Keyvanfar, K., Philip McCoy, Jr., J., Sloand, E.M., Kajigaya, S. Young, N.S. (2005) Hematopoietic-specific microRNA expression in human cells. Leukemia Research, 30, 643 647.
66. Reinhart, B.J., Slack, F.J., Basson, M., Pasquinelli, A.E., Bettinger, J.C., Rougvie, A.E., Horvitz, H.R. Ruvkun, G. (2000) The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 403, 901 906.
67. Rodriguez, A., Griffiths-Jones, S., Ashurst, J.L. Bradley, A. (2004) Identification of mammalian microRNA host genes and transcription units. Genome Research, 14, 1902 1910.
68. Roldo, C., Missiaglia, E., Hagan, J.P., Falconi, M., Capelli, P., Bersani, S., Calin, G.A., Volinia, S., Liu, C.G., Scarpa, A. Croce, C.M. (2006) MicroRNA expression abnormalities in pancreatic endocrine and acinar tumors are associated with distinctive pathologic features and clinical behavior. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 4677 4684.
69. van Rooij, E., Sutherland, L.B., Liu, N., Williams, A.H., McAnally, J., Gerard, R.D., Richardson, J.A. Olson, E.N. (2006) A signature pattern of stress-responsive microRNAs that can evoke cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 18255 18260.
70. Schwarz, D.S., Hutvagner, G., Du, T., Xu, Z., Aronin, N. Zamore, P.D. (2003) Asymmetry in the assembly of the RNAi enzyme complex. Cell, 115, 199 208.
71. Sen, G.L. Blau, H.M. (2005) Argonaute 2/RISC resides in sites of mammalian mRNA decay known as cytoplasmic bodies. Nature Cell Biology, 7, 633 636.
72. Si, M.L., Zhu, S., Wu, H., Lu, Z., Wu, F. Mo, Y.Y. (2006) miR-21-mediated tumor growth. Oncogene, doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210083.
73. Sonoki, T., Iwanaga, E., Mitsuya, H. Asou, N. (2005) Insertion of microRNA-125b-1, a human homologue of lin-4, into a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus in a patient with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia, 19, 2009 2010.
74. Tam, W., Ben-Yehuda, D. Hayward, W.S. (1997) Bic, a novel gene activated by proviral insertions in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas, is likely to function through its noncoding RNA. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 17, 1490 1502.
75. Volinia, S., Calin, G.A., Liu, C.G., Ambs, S., Cimmino, A., Petrocca, F., Visone, R., Iorio, M., Roldo, C., Ferracin, M., Prueitt, R.L., Yanaihara, N., Lanza, G., Scarpa, A., Vecchione, A., Negrini, M., Harris, C.C. Croce, C.M. (2006) A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 2257 2261.
76. Wightman, B., Ha, I. Ruvkun, G. (1993) Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans. Cell, 75, 855 862.
77. Woods, K., Thomson, J.M. Hammond, S.M. (2007) Direct regulation of an oncogenic micro-RNA cluster by E2F transcription factors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 2130 2134.
78. Yekta, S., Shih, I.H. Bartel, D.P. (2004) MicroRNA-directed cleavage of HOXB8 mRNA. Science, 304, 594 596.
79. Yeom, K.H., Lee, Y., Han, J., Suh, M.R. Kim, V.N. (2006) Characterization of DGCR8/Pasha, the essential cofactor for Drosha in primary miRNA processing. Nucleic Acids Research, 34, 4622 4629.
80. Zeng, Y. (2006) Principles of micro-RNA production and maturation. Oncogene, 25, 6156 6162.
81. Zhang, L., Huang, J., Yang, N., Greshock, J., Megraw, M.S., Giannakakis, A., Liang, S., Naylor, T.L., Barchetti, A., Ward, M.R., Yao, G., Medina, A., O'Brien-Jenkins, A., Katsaros, D., Hatzigeorgiou, A., Gimotty, P.A., Weber, B.L. Coukos, G. (2006) MicroRNAs exhibit high frequency genomic alterations in human cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 9136 9141.
82. Zheng, Y., Josefowicz, S.Z., Kas, A., Chu, T.T., Gavin, M.A. Rudensky, A.Y. (2007) Genome-wide analysis of Foxp3 target genes in developing and mature regulatory T cells. Nature, 445, 936 940.