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Cordova and co-workers independently reported similar Mannich reactions: (a) Ibrahem, I.; Dziedzic, P.; Cordova, A. Synthesis 2006, 4060.
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34248558410
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There are two possible sources of N-benzyl-α- methylbenzylamine in the reaction mixture: hydrolysis of the iminium by residual water, and retro-Michael reaction of the Mannich adduct as shown in Scheme 2.
-
There are two possible sources of N-benzyl-α- methylbenzylamine in the reaction mixture: hydrolysis of the iminium by residual water, and retro-Michael reaction of the Mannich adduct as shown in Scheme 2.
-
-
-
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59
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23944480330
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For examples of epimerization of α-substituted aldehydes: (a) Chi, Y.; Peelen, T. J.; Gellman, S. H. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 3469.
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62
-
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34248516197
-
-
Although the Mannich reaction at room temperature with L-proline as catalyst can give dr comparable to that at -25°C, epimerization leads to poor reproducibility of Mannich reaction product diastereoselectivity at this temperature
-
Although the Mannich reaction at room temperature with L-proline as catalyst can give dr comparable to that at -25°C, epimerization leads to poor reproducibility of Mannich reaction product diastereoselectivity at this temperature.
-
-
-
-
63
-
-
34248509630
-
-
A three-component Mannich reaction using pentanal, formaldehyde and (S)-N-benzyl-α-methylbenzylamine in the presence of L-proline as catalyst gave the desired Mannich product in 60% yield with ∼80:20 dr, along with side product α,β-unsaturated aldehyde (Scheme 2).
-
A three-component Mannich reaction using pentanal, formaldehyde and (S)-N-benzyl-α-methylbenzylamine in the presence of L-proline as catalyst gave the desired Mannich product in 60% yield with ∼80:20 dr, along with side product α,β-unsaturated aldehyde (Scheme 2).
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
34248552439
-
-
1H NMR (Supporting Information) is necessary.
-
1H NMR (Supporting Information) is necessary.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
34248538913
-
-
The aldehyde starting material is more reactive towards the amine catalyst than is the Mannich product (α-substituted aldehyde) because of steric effects
-
The aldehyde starting material is more reactive towards the amine catalyst than is the Mannich product (α-substituted aldehyde) because of steric effects.
-
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66
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Ref 8 and 14b
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(l) Ref 8 and 14b.
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97
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34248516196
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The aldehyde prepared from PCC oxidation was filtered through a silica pad; the filtrate was collected, concentrated, and subjected to Mannich reaction without further purification
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The aldehyde prepared from PCC oxidation was filtered through a silica pad; the filtrate was collected, concentrated, and subjected to Mannich reaction without further purification.
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98
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34248560407
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We did not attempt to isolate the aldehyde product or directly oxidize it to carboxylic acid, because it is easier to separate the major diastereomer as the alcohol form. The aldehyde intermediates are subject to epimerization and side reactions such as retro-Michael reaction
-
We did not attempt to isolate the aldehyde product or directly oxidize it to carboxylic acid, because it is easier to separate the major diastereomer as the alcohol form. The aldehyde intermediates are subject to epimerization and side reactions such as retro-Michael reaction.
-
-
-
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99
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0000160925
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Oxidation of chiral α-substituted aldehydes and alcohols to carboxylic acids without epimerization: (a) Rangaishenvi, M. V.; Singaram, B.; Brown, H. C. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 3286.
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Oxidation of chiral α-substituted aldehydes and alcohols to carboxylic acids without epimerization: (a) Rangaishenvi, M. V.; Singaram, B.; Brown, H. C. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 3286.
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100
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23944490663
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(b) Peelen, T. J.; Chi, Y.; Gellman, S. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 11598.
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Peelen, T.J.1
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101
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See also refs 8, 14a,b
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(c) See also refs 8, 14a,b.
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-
-
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102
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34248544144
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About 1.5 equiv aldehyde was used. Excess starting aldehyde reactant can be recycled (via the corresponding alcohol) after the Mannich reaction/ reduction sequence.
-
About 1.5 equiv aldehyde was used. Excess starting aldehyde reactant can be recycled (via the corresponding alcohol) after the Mannich reaction/ reduction sequence.
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-
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103
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0028962299
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Barrow, R. A.; Hemscheidt, T.; Liang, J.; Paik, S.; Moore, R. E.; Tius, M. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 2479.
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104
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0000581139
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(a) Hosomi, A.; Iijima, S.; Sakurai, H. Tetrahedron. Lett. 1982, 23, 547.
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Hosomi, A.1
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0029791647
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(b) Enders, D.; Ward, D.; Adam, J.; Raabe, G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Eng. 1996, 35, 981.
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Enders, D.1
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109
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34248507730
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-
Concentration of LiCl refers to room temperature concentration. At - 25 °C, LiCl partially precipitates.
-
Concentration of LiCl refers to room temperature concentration. At - 25 °C, LiCl partially precipitates.
-
-
-
-
110
-
-
34248518035
-
-
See Supporting Information for details regarding use of 1H NMR to monitor the reaction
-
1H NMR to monitor the reaction.
-
-
-
-
111
-
-
34248526479
-
-
Proline has poor solubility in DMF and is not completely dissolved even after it is stirred overnight. The Mannich reaction time can vary from a few to 24 h partially because of the limited solubility of proline
-
Proline has poor solubility in DMF and is not completely dissolved even after it is stirred overnight. The Mannich reaction time can vary from a few to 24 h partially because of the limited solubility of proline.
-
-
-
-
112
-
-
34248505393
-
-
It is important to remove DMF completely to achieve efficient crystallization. When using column chromatography for purification, a small amount residual DMF does not affect the purification
-
It is important to remove DMF completely to achieve efficient crystallization. When using column chromatography for purification, a small amount residual DMF does not affect the purification.
-
-
-
-
113
-
-
34248533099
-
-
Recrystallization may be necessary if the crystals contain the minor diastereomer at this point
-
Recrystallization may be necessary if the crystals contain the minor diastereomer at this point.
-
-
-
-
114
-
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34248558408
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7).
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7).
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