Getting beneath the phenotype of anorexia nervosa: The search for viable endophenotypes and genotypes

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 212-219

  Treasure, Janet L ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anorexia nervosa; Binge eating; Bulimia nervosa; Endophenotype; Neuropsychology; Phenotype

Indexed keywords

ANOREXIA NERVOSA; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITION; EATING DISORDER; EMOTIONALITY; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FOOD INTAKE; GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE CORRELATION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; REWARD; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 34248378756     PISSN: 07067437     EISSN: 14970015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/070674370705200402     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Jacobi C, Hayward C, de Zwaan M, et al. Coming to terms with risk factors for eating disorders: application of risk terminology and suggestions for a general taxonomy. Psychol Bull. 2004;130:19-65.
2. Keel PK, Klump KL. Are eating disorders culture-bound syndromes? Implications for conceptualizing their etiology. Psychol Bull. 2003;129:747-769.
3. Steiger H, Bruce K. Phenotypes, endophenotypes and genotypes in bulimia spectrum eating disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52(4):220-227.
4. Shroff H, Reba L, Thornton LM, et al. Features associated with excessive exercise in women with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39(6):454-461.
5. Davis C, Kaptein S. Anorexia nervosa with excessive exercise: a phenotype with close links to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2006;142:209-217.
6. Collier DA, Treasure JL. The aetiology of eating disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;185:363-365.
7. Ryle J. Guys Hospital Gazette. 1924;38 (xxxviii)(305). Ref Type: Journal (Full).
8. Campfield LA, Smith FJ, Guisez Y, et al. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science. 1995;269:546-549.
9. Berthoud HR. Mind versus metabolism in the control of food intake and energy balance. Physiol Behav. 2004;81:781-793.
10. Kelley AE, Schiltz CA, Landry CF. Neural systems recruited by drug- and food-related cues: studies of gene activation in corticolimbic regions. Physiol Behav. 2005;86:11-14.
11. Kelley AE, Baldo BA, Pratt WE, et al. Corticostriatal-hypothalamic circuitry and food motivation: integration of energy, action and reward. Physiol Behav. 2005;86:773-795.
12. Kelley AE, Baldo BA, Pratt WE. A proposed hypothalamic-thalamic-striatal axis for the integration of energy balance, arousal, and food reward. J Comp Neurol. 2005;493:72-85.
13. Cota D, Tschop MH, Horvath TL, et al. Cannabinoids, opioids and eating behavior: the molecular face of hedonism? Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2006;51:85-107.
14. Kirkham TC. Endocannabinoids in the regulation of appetite and body weight. Behav Pharmacol. 2005;16:297-313.
15. Epstein LH, Truesdale R, Wojcik A, et al. Effects of deprivation on hedonics and reinforcing value of food. Physiol Behav. 2003;78:221-227.
16. Schultz W. Behavioral theories and the neurophysiology of reward. Annu Rev Psychol. 2006;57:87-115.
17. Luna B, Garver KE, Urban TA, et al. Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood. Child Dev. 2004;75:1357-1372.
18. Luna B, Sweeney JA. The emergence of collaborative brain function: FMRI studies of the development of response inhibition. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1021:296-309.
19. Chambers RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN. Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period of addiction vulnerability. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1041-1052.
20. Koob GF, Le Moal M. Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the 'dark side' of drug addiction. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8:1442-1444.
21. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. Addiction. Annu Rev Psychol. 2003;54:25-53.
22. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Thanos PK, et al. Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: a concept review. J Addict Dis. 2004;23:39-53.
23. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Maynard L, et al. Brain dopamine is associated with eating behaviors in humans. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;33:136-142.
24. Volkow ND, Li TK. Drug addiction: the neurobiology of behaviour gone awry. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5:963-970.
25. Spiegel A, Nabel E, Volkow N, et al. Obesity on the brain. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8:552-553.
26. Kalivas PW, Volkow ND. The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1403-1413.
27. Davis C, Patte K, Levitan R, et al. From motivation to behaviour: a model of reward sensitivity, overeating, and food preferences in the risk profile for obesity. Appetite. 2007;48(1):12-19.
28. Beaver JD, Lawrence AD, van Ditzhuijzen J, et al. Individual differences in reward drive predict neural responses to images of food. J Neurosci. 2006;26:5160-5166.
29. Owen J, Treasure J, Collier D. Animal models of eating behaviour and body composition. Dordrecht (NL): Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001.
30. Tamashiro KL, Nguyen MM, Sakai RR. Social stress: from rodents to primates. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2005;26:27-40.
31. Tamashiro KL, Nguyen MM, Fujikawa T, et al. Metabolic and endocrine consequences of social stress in a visible burrow system. Physiol Behav. 2004;80:683-693.
32. Treasure JL, Owen JB. Intriguing links between animal behavior and anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 1997;21:307-311.
33. Pierce WD, Epling WF, Boer DP. Deprivation and satiation: the interrelations between food and wheel running. J Exp Anal Behav. 1986;46:199-210.
34. Fichter MM, Pirke KM. Starvation models and eating disorders. In: Szmukler G, Dare C, Treasure J, editors. Handbook of eating disorders: theory, treatment and research. Chichester (GB): John Wiley & Sons; 1995. p 83-108.
35. Lett BT, Grant VL, Smith JF, et al. Preadaptation to the feeding schedule does not eliminate activity-based anorexia in rats. Q J Exp Psychol B. 2001;54:193-199.
36. Boer DP, Epling WF, Pierce WD, et al. Suppression of food deprivation-induced high-rate wheel running in rats. Physiol Behav. 1990;48:339-342.
37. Rada P, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Neuroscience. 2005;134:737-744.
38. Lewis MJ, Rada P, Johnson DF, et al. Galanin and alcohol dependence: neurobehavioral research. Neuropeptides. 2005;39:317-321.
39. Avena NM, Long KA, Hoebel BG. Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced responding for sugar after abstinence: evidence of a sugar deprivation effect. Physiol Behav. 2005;84:359-362.
40. Corwin RL. Bingeing rats: a model of intermittent excessive behavior? Appetite. 2006;46:11-15.
41. Corwin RL, Hajnal A. Too much of a good thing: neurobiology of non-homeostatic eating and drug abuse. Physiol Behav. 2005;86:5-8.
42. Corwin RL, Buda-Levin A. Behavioral models of binge-type eating. Physiol Behav. 2004;82:123-130.
43. Keith SW, Redden DT, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Putative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: exploring the roads less traveled. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30(11):1585-1594.
44. Boggiano MM, Chandler PC, Viana JB, et al. Combined dieting and stress evoke exaggerated responses to opioids in binge-eating rats. Behav Neurosci. 2005;119:1207-1214.
45. Avena NM, Hoebel BG. A diet promoting sugar dependency causes behavioral cross-sensitization to a low dose of amphetamine. Neuroscience. 2003;122:17-20.
46. Thiele TE, Stewart RB, Badia-Elder NE, et al. Overlapping peptide control of alcohol self-administration and feeding. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28:288-294.
47. Uher R, Brammer MJ, Murphy T, et al. Recovery and chronicity in anorexia nervosa: brain activity associated with differential outcomes. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:934-942.
48. Uher R, Murphy T, Brammer MJ, et al. Medial prefrontal cortex activity associated with symptom provocation in eating disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1238-1246.
49. Friederich HC, Kumari V, Uher R, et al. Differential motivational responses to food and pleasurable cues in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a startle reflex paradigm. Psychol Med. 2006;36(9):1327-1335.
50. LeGoff DB, Leichner P, Spigelman MN. Salivary response to olfactory food stimuli in anorexics and bulimics. Appetite. 1988;11:15-25.
51. Drewnowski A, Halmi KA, Pierce B, et al. Taste and eating disorders. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;46:442-450.
52. Simon Y, Bellisle F, Monneuse MO, et al. Taste responsiveness in anorexia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;162:244-246.
53. Sunday SR, Halmi KA. Micro- and macroanalyses of patterns within a meal in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Appetite. 1996;26(1):21-36.
54. Leonard T, Perpina C, Bond A, et al. Assessment of test meal induced autonomic arousal in anorexic, bulimic and control females. European Eating Disorders Rev. 1998;6:188-200.
55. Kaye WH, Klump KL, Frank GK, et al. Anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Annu Rev Med. 2000;51:299-313.
56. Frank GK, Bailer UF, Henry SE, et al. Increased dopamine D2/D3 receptor binding after recovery from anorexia nervosa measured by positron emission tomography and [(11)C]raclopride. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58(11):908-912.
57. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, et al. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet. 2001;357:354-357.
58. Hebebrand J, Remschmidt H. Anorexia nervosa viewed as an extreme weight condition: genetic implications. Hum Genet. 1995;95:1-11.
59. Goethals I, Vervaet M, Audenaert K, et al. Differences of cortical 5-HT(2A) receptor binding index with SPECT in subtypes of anorexia nervosa: relationship with personality traits? J Psychiatr Res. 2005;41(5):455-458.
60. Bailer UF, Price JC, Meltzer CC, et al. Altered 5-HT(2A) receptor binding after recovery from bulimia-type anorexia nervosa: relationships to harm avoidance and drive for thinness. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29:1143-1155.
61. Bailer UF, Frank GK, Henry SE, et al. Altered brain serotonin 5-HT1A receptor binding after recovery from anorexia nervosa measured by positron emission tomography and [carbony111C]WAY-100635. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:1032-1041.
62. Strober M, Freeman R, Lampert C, et al. Controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: evidence of shared liability and transmission of partial syndromes. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:393-401.
63. Bulik CM. Exploring the gene-environment nexus in eating disorders. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2005;30:335-339.
64. Grice DE, Halmi KA, Fichter MM, et al. Evidence for a susceptibility gene for anorexia nervosa on chromosome 1. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;70:787-792.
65. Gorwood P, Kipman A, Foulon C. The human genetics of anorexia nervosa. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;480:163-170.
66. Devlin B, Bacanu SA, Klump KL, et al. Linkage analysis of anorexia nervosa incorporating behavioral covariates. Hum Mol Genet. 2002;11:689-696.
67. Anderluh MB, Tchanturia K, Rabe-Hesketh S, et al. Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adult women with eating disorders: defining a broader eating disorder phenotype. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:242-247.
68. Bastiani AM, Rao R, Weltzin T, et al. Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;17:147-152.
69. Srinivasagam NM, Kaye WH, Plotnicov KH, et al. Persistent perfectionism, symmetry, and exactness after long-term recovery from anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1630-1634.
70. Kaye WH, Greeno CG, Moss H, et al. Alterations in serotonin activity and psychiatric symptoms after recovery from bulimia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:927-935.
71. Sutandar-Pinnock K, Blake WD, Carter JC, et al. Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa: a 6-24-month follow-up study. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;33:225-229.
72. Lilenfeld LR, Kaye WH, Greeno CG, et al. A controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives and effects of proband comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:603-610.
73. Woodside DB, Bulik CM, Halmi KA, et al. Personality, perfectionism, and attitudes toward eating in parents of individuals with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;31:290-299.
74. Tozzi F, Aggen SH, Neale BM, et al. The structure of perfectionism: a twin study. Behav Genet. 2004;34:483-494.
75. Southgate L, Tchanturia K, Treasure J. Building a model of the aetiology of eating disorders by translating experimental neuroscience into clinical practice. Journal of Mental Health. 2005;14:553-566.
76. Steinglass J, Walsh BT. Habit learning and anorexia nervosa: a cognitive neuroscience hypothesis. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39:267-275.
77. Roberts M, Tchanturia K, Stahl D, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of set shifting ability in eating disorders. Psychol Med. 2007;37(4):1-12.
78. Holliday J, Tchanturia K, Landau S, et al. Is impaired set-shifting an endophenotype of anorexia nervosa? Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:2269-2275.
79. Robinson LJ, Thompson JM, Gallagher P, et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2006;93(1-3):105-115.
80. McClure EB, Treland JE, Snow J, et al. Deficits in social cognition and response flexibility in pediatric bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1644-1651.
81. Clark L, Sarna A, Goodwin GM. Impairment of executive function but not memory in first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar I disorder and in euthymic patients with unipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1980-1982.
82. Snitz BE, Macdonald AW III, Carter CS. Cognitive deficits in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analytic review of putative endophenotypes. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32:179-194.
83. Cools R, Robbins TW. Chemistry of the adaptive mind. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2004;362:2871-2888.
84. Avila C, Barros A, Ortet G, et al. Set shifting and sensitivity to reward: a possible dopamine mechanism for explaining disinhibitory disorders. Cognition and Emotion. 2003;17:951-959.
85. Southgate L. An examination of neuropsychological function in eating disorders [dissertation]. [University of London]: 2005.
86. Tokley M, Kemps E. Preoccupation with detail contributes to poor abstraction in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2007. Forthcoming.
87. Sherman BJ, Savage CR, Eddy KT, et al. Strategic memory in adults with anorexia nervosa: are there similarities to obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders? Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39(6):468-476.
88. Frith U, Happe F. Autism: beyond "theory of mind." Cognition. 1994;50:115-132.
89. Happe F, Frith U. The weak coherence account: detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006;36:5-25.
90. Briskman J, Happe F, Frith U. Exploring the cognitive phenotype of autism: weak "central coherence" in parents and siblings of children with autism: II. Real-life skills and preferences. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42:309-316.
91. Strober M. Pathologic fear conditioning and anorexia nervosa: on the search for novel paradigms. Int J Eat Disord. 2004;35:504-508.
92. Lissek S, Powers AS, McClure EB, et al. Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43:1391-1424.
93. Lawrence AD, Dowson J, Foxall GL, et al. Impaired visual discrimination learning in anorexia nervosa. Appetite. 2003;40:85-89.
94. Strupp BJ, Weingartner H, Kaye W, et al. Cognitive processing in anorexia nervosa. A disturbance in automatic information processing. Neuropsychobiology. 1986;15:89-94.
95. Panksepp J. Emotional endophenotypes in evolutionary psychiatry. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30:774-784.
96. Zonnevylle-Bender MJ, van Goozen SH, Cohen-Kettenis PT, et al. Adolescent anorexia nervosa patients have a discrepancy between neurophysiological responses and self-reported emotional arousal to psychosocial stress. Psychiatry Res. 2005;135:45-52.
97. Tchanturia K, Liao P, Uher R, et al. An investigation of decision making in anorexia nervosa using the Iowa Gambling Task and skin conductance measurements. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2007. Forthcoming.
98. Connan F, Lightman SL, Landau S, et al. An investigation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity in anorexia nervosa: the role of CRH and AVP. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41(1-2):131-143.
99. Connan F, Campbell IC, Katzman M, et al. A neurodevelopmental model for anorexia nervosa. Physiol Behav. 2003;79:13-24.
100. Mendlewicz L, Linkowski P, Bazelmans C, et al. Decoding emotional facial expressions in depressed and anorexic patients. J Affect Disord. 2005;89:195-199.
101. Kucharska-Pietura K, Nikolaou V, Masiak M, et al. The recognition of emotion in the faces and voice of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2004;35:42-47.
102. Zonnevijlle-Bendek MJ, van GS, Cohen-Kettenis PT, et al. Do adolescent anorexia nervosa patients have deficits in emotional functioning? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;11:38-42.
103. Kessler H, Schwarze M, Filipic S, et al. Alexithymia and facial emotion recognition in patients with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39:245-251.
104. Bydlowski S, Corcos M, Jeammet P, et al. Emotion-processing deficits in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;37:321-329.
105. Tchanturia K, Happe F, Godley J, et al. "Theory of mind" in anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 2004;12:361-366.
106. Ernst M, Pine DS, Hardin M. Triadic model of the neurobiology of motivated behavior in adolescence. Psychol Med. 2006;36:299-312.
107. Loxton NJ, Dawe S. Alcohol abuse and dysfunctional eating in adolescent girls: the influence of individual differences in sensitivity to reward and punishment. Int J Eat Disord. 2001;29:455-462.
108. Treasure J, Schmidt U. The early phase of eating disorders. Journal of Mental Health. 2005;14:535-538.
109. Currin L, Schmidt U. A critical analysis of the utility of an early intervention approach in eating disorders. Journal of Mental Health. 2005;14:611-624.
110. Schmidt U, Treasure J. Anorexia nervosa: valued and visible. A cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model and its implications for research and practice. Br J Clin Psychol. 2005;45(3):343-366.
111. Treasure J, Tchanturia K, Schmidt U. Developing a model of the treatment for eating disorder: using neuroscience research to examine the how rather than the what of change. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. 2005;5(3):187-190.
112. Treasure J, Smith G, Crane A. Skills-based learning in caring for a loved one with an eating disorder: the new Maudsley Method. Hove (GB): Routledge; 2007.