Anorexia nervosa: Valued and visible. A cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model and its implications for research and practice

British Journal of Clinical Psychology

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 343-366

  Schmidt, Ulrike ^a   Treasure, Janet ^b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b Department of Psychiatry ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANOREXIA NERVOSA; ARTICLE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITION; CULTURAL FACTOR; EMOTION; HEALTH BELIEF; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PERSONALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; STARVATION; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANOREXIA NERVOSA; BODY IMAGE; BODY WEIGHT; CULTURE; DEFENSE MECHANISMS; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; REINFORCEMENT, SOCIAL; RISK FACTORS; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL VALUES;

EID: 33748868853     PISSN: 01446657     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/014466505X53902     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Anderluh, M. B., Tchanturia, K., Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Treasure, J. (2003). Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adult women with eating disorders: Defining a broader eating disorder phenotype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 242-247.
3. Asen, E. & Schmidt, U. (2005). Multi-family group treatments. Special Edition. Journal of Family Therapy.
4. Bizeul, C., Sadowsky, N., & Rigaud, D. (2001). The prognostic value of initial EDI scores in anorexia nervosa patients: A prospective follow-up study of 5-10 years. European Psychiatry, 16, 232-238.
5. Blake, W., Turnbull, S., & Treasure, J. (1997). Stages and processes of change in eating disorders. Implications for therapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 4, 186-191.
6. Branch, C., & Eurman, L. J. (1980). Social attitudes toward patients with anorexia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 631-632.
7. Brewerton, T. D., Hand, L. D., & Bishop, E. R., Jr. (1993). The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire in eating disorder patients. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14, 213-218.
8. Bulik, C. M., Sullivan, P. F., Weltzin, T. E., & Kaye, W. H. (1995). Temperament in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, 251-261.
9. Burney, J., & Irwin, H. J. (2000). Shame and guilt in women with eating-disorder syptomatology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 51-61.
10. Butzlaff, R. L., & Hooley, J. M. (1998). Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 5, 547-552.
11. Casper, R. C. (1990). Personality features of women with good outcome from restricting anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52, 156-170.
12. Casper, R. C. (1998). Behavioural activation and lack of concern, core symptoms of anorexia nervosa? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 24, 381-393.
13. Channon, S., & de Silva, W. P. (1985). Psychological correlates of weight gain in patients with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 19, 267-271.
14. Clinton, D., Button, E., Norring, C., & Palmer, R. (2004). Cluster analysis of key diagnostic variables from two independent samples of eating-disorder patients: Evidence for a consistent pattern. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1035-1045.
15. Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. T. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975-990.
16. Cockell, S. J., Geller, J., & Linden, W. (2003). The development of a decisional balance scale for anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 11, 75-89.
17. Collier, D. A., & Treasure, J. L. (2004). The aetiology of eating disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 363-365.
18. Dalgleish, T., Tchanturia, K., Serpell, L., Hems, S., Yiend, J., de Silva, P., & Treasure, J. (2003). Parental style and autobiographical memory in patients with eating disorders. Emotion, 3, 211-222.
19. Dare, C., & Crowther, C. (1995). Psychodynamic models of eating disorders. In Szmukler, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of eating disorders. Chichester: Wiley.
20. Dare, C., Eisler, I., Russell, G., Treasure, J., & Dodge, L. (2001). Psychological therapies for adults with anorexia nervosa: Randomised controlled trial of out-patient treatments. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 216-221.
21. Diaz-Marsa, M., Carrasco, J. L., & Saiz, J. (2000). A study of temperament and personality in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 352-359.
22. Dura, J. R., & Bornstein, R. A. (1989). Differences between IQ and school achievement in anorexia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 433-435.
23. Eisler, I. (2003). A randomized controlled trial of psychotherapies following in-patient treatment in severe anorexia nervosa: End of treatment outcome and 5-year follow-up. Paper presented at the Eating Disorders Research Society Meeting, Ravello, Italy.
24. Eisler, I., Dare, C., Hodes, M., Russell, G., Dodge, E., & Le Grange, D. (2000). Family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa: The results of a controlled comparison of two family interventions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 727-736.
25. Eisler, I., Dare, C., Russell, G. F., Szmukler, G., Le Grange, D., & Dodge, E. (1997). Family and individual therapy in anorexia nervosa. A 5-year follow-up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 1025-1030.
26. Eisler, I., Le Grange, D., & Asen, E. (2003). Family interventions. In J. Treasure, U. Schmidt, & E. Van Furth (Eds.), Handbook of eating disorders (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
27. Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 804-818.
28. Fairburn, C. G. & Bohn, K. (2005). Eating disorder NOS (EDNOS): An example of the troublesome Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) category in DSM-IV. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 691-701.
29. Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., Doll, H. A., & Welch, S. L. (1999). Risk factors for anorexia nervosa: Three integrated case-control comparisons. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 468-476.
30. Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A transdiagnostic theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 509-528.
31. Fairburn, C. G., Shafran, R., & Cooper, Z. (1999). A cognitive behavioural theory of anorexia nervosa. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 1-13.
32. Fassino, S., Abbate-Daga, G., Amianto, F., Leombruni, P., Boggio, S., & Rovera, G. G. (2002). Temperament and character profile of eating disorders: A controlled study with the Temperament and Character Inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32, 412-425.
33. Fassino, S., Abbate-Daga, G., Amianto, F., Leombruni, P., Fornas, B., Garzaro, L., D'Ambrosio, G., & Rovera, G. G. (2001). Outcome predictors in anorectic patients after 6 months of multimodal treatment. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 70, 201-208.
34. Fassino, S., Svravic, D., Abbate-Daga, G., Leombruni, P., Amianto, F., Stanic, S., & Rovera, G. G. (2002). Anorectic family dynamics: Temperament and character data. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43, 114-120.
35. Feinle-Bisset, C., Meier, B., & Fried, M. (2003). Role of cognitive factors in symptom induction following high and low fat meals in patients with functional dyspepsia. Gut, 52, 1414-1418.
36. Feld, R., Woodside, D. B., Kaplan, A. S., Olmsted, M. P., & Carter, J. C. (2001). Pretreatment motivational enhancement therapy for eating disorders: A pilot study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 239-400.
37. Fichter, M. M., & Pirke, K. M. (1995). Starvation models and eating disorders. In G. Szmukler, C. Dare, & J. Treasure (Eds.), Handbook of eating disorders (1st ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
38. Garner, D. M., & Bemis, K. M. (1982). A cognitive-behavioral approach to anorexia nervosa. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 123-150.
39. Garner, D. M., & Bemis, K. M. (1985). Cognitive therapy for anorexia nervosa. In D. M. Garner & P. E. Garfinkel (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa and bulimia (pp. 107-146). New York: Guilford Press.
40. Geller, J., Cockell, S. J., & Goldner, E. M. (2000). Inhibited expression of negative emotions and interpersonal orientation in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, 8-19.
41. Gilbert, P. (1997). The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70, 113-147.
42. Gilbert, P. (1998a). The evolved basis and adaptive functions of cognitive distortions. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71, 447-463.
43. Gilbert, P. (1998b). Evolutionary psychopathology: Why isn't the mind designed better than it is? British Journal of Medical Psychology 71, 353-373.
44. Gilbert, P. (2001a). Evolution and social anxiety. The role of attraction, social competition, and social hierarchies. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24, 723-751.
45. Gilbert, P. (2001b). Evolutionary approaches to psychopathology: The role of natural defences. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 17-27.
46. Gillberg, I. C., Råstam, M., & Gillberg, C. (1995). Anorexia nervosa 6 years after onset: Part I. Personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 36, 61-69.
47. Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9, 139-145.
48. Gowers, S. G., Clark, A., Edwards, F., Bryan, C., Roberts, C. & Harrington, R. (2005, April). A randomised controlled treatment trial of adolescent anorexia nervosa (the TOuCAN Trial) - 1 year outcomes. Paper presented at the 7th London International Eating Disorders Conference, London.
49. Gowers, S., & Smyth, B. (2004). The impact of a motivational assessment interview on initial response to treatment in adolescent anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 12, 87-93.
50. Greenley, J. R. (1986). Social control and expressed emotion. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 24-30.
51. Grilo, C. M., Levy, K. N., Becker, D. F., Edell, W S., & McGlasham, T. H. (1996). Comorbidity of DSM-III-R axis I and II disorders among female inpatients with eating disorders. Psychiatric Services, 47, 426-429.
52. Haigh, R., & Treasure, J. L. (2003). Investigating the needs of carers in the area of eating disorders: Development of the Carers' Needs Assessment Measure (CaNAM). European Eating Disorder Review, 11, 125-141.
53. Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiental avoidance and behavioural disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152-1168.
54. Hay, P., Bacaltchuk, J., Claudino, A., Ben-Tovim, D., & Yong, P. (2003). Individual psychotherapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, CD003909.
55. Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Müller, B., Herpertz, S., Heussen, N., Hebebrand, J., & Remschmidt, H. (2001). Prospective 10-year follow-up in adolescent anorexia nervosa - Course, outcome, psychiatric comorbidity, and psychosocial adaptation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 603-612.
56. Herzog, W., Schellberg, D., & Deter, H. C. (1997). First recovery in anorexia nervosa patients in the long-term course: A discrete-time survival analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 169-177.
57. Hooley, J. M., & Campbell, C. (2002). Control and controllability: Beliefs and behaviour in high and low expressed emotion relatives. Psychological Medicine, 32, 1091-1099.
58. Hooley, J. M., & Hiller, J. B. (2000). Expressed emotion and personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 40-44.
59. Jacobi, C., Hayward, C., de Zwaan, M., Kraemer, H. C., & Agras, W. S. (2004). Coming to terms with risk factors for eating disorders: Application of risk terminology and suggestions for a general taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 19-65.
60. Johanson, J. E., & Schalling, M. (2002). Animal models of eating disorders. In H. D'haenen, J. A. den Boer, & I. Willner (Eds.), Biological psychiatry (pp. 1117-1125). Chichester: Wiley.
61. Karwautz, A., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Hu, X., Zhao, J., Sham, P., Collier, D. A., & Treasure, J. L. (2001). Individual-specific risk factors for anorexia nervosa: A pilot study using a discordant sister-pair design. Psychological Medicine, 31, 317-329.
62. Kaye, W. H., Barbarich, N. C., Putnam, K., Gendall, K. A., Fernstrom, J., Fernstrom, M., McConaha, C. W., & Kishore, A. (2003). Anxiolytic effects of acute tryptophan depletion in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 33, 257-267.
63. Kaye, W., Strober, M., Stein, D., & Gendall, K. (1999). New directions in treatment research of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1285-1292.
64. Kaye, W. H., Bulik, C. M., Thornton, L., Barbarich, N., & Masters, K. (2004). Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2215-2221.
65. Keel, P. K., Fichter, M., Quadflieg, N., Bulik, C. M., Baxter, M. G., Thornton, L., Halmi, K. A., Kaplan, A. S., Strober, M., Woodside, D. B., Crow, S. J., Mitchell, J. E., Rotondo, A., Mauri, M., Cassano, G., Treasure, J., Goldman, D., Berrettini, W. H., & Kaye, W. H. (2004). Application of a latent class analysis to empirically define eating disorder phenotypes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 192-200.
66. Keel, P. K., & Klump, K. L. (2003). Are eating disorders culture-bound syndromes? Implications for conceptualizing their etiology. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 747-769.
67. Keys, A., Brozek, J., & Henschel, A. (1950). The biology of human starvation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
68. Klump, K. L., Bulik, C. M., Follice, C., Halmi, K. A., Fichter, M. M., Berrettini, W. H., Devlin, B., Strober, M., Kaplan, A., Woodsie, D. B., Treasure, J., Shabbout, M., Lilenfeld, L. R., Plotnicov, K. H., & Kaye, W. H. (2000). Temperament and character in women with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 188, 559-567.
69. Kucharska-Pietura, K., Nikolaoum, V., Masiak, M., & Treasure, J. (2004). The recognition of emotion in faces and voice in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 42-47.
70. Lasègue, C. (1873). De l'anorexie hystérique. Archives Générales de Médicine, 21, 385-403.
71. Lavender, A., & Schmidt, U. (2005). Cognitive-behavioural case formulation in complex eating disorders. In N. Tarrier (Ed.), Case formulation in complex disorders, Editor.
72. Lilenfeld, L. R., Kaye, W. H., Greeno, C. G., Merikangas, K. R., Plotnicov, K., Pollice, C., Strober, M., Bulik, C. M., & Nagy, L. (1998). A controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: Psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives and effects of proband comorbidity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 603-610.
73. Livesley, W. J., Jackson, D. N., & Schroeder, M. L. (1991). Dimensions of personality pathology. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 557-562.
74. McIntosh, V. V. W., Jordan, J., Carter, F. A., Luty, S. E., McKenzie, J. M., Bulik, C. M., Frampton, C. M. A., & Joyce, P. R. (2005). Three psychotherapies for anorexia nervosa: A randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 741-747.
75. Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing. Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
76. Milos, G., Spindler, A., Ruggiero, G., Klaghofer, R., & Schnyder, U. (2002). Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorders and duration of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 284-289.
77. Moulds, M. L., Touyz, S. W., Schotte, D., Beumont, P. J., Griffiths, R., Russell, J., & Charles, M. (2000). Perceived expressed emotion in the siblings and parents of hospitalized patients with anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 288-296.
78. Murphy, F., Troop, N. A., & Treasure, J. L. (2000). Differential environmental factors in anorexia nervosa: A sibling pair study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 193-203.
79. Nilsson, E. W., Gillberg, C., Gillberg, I. C., & Råstam, M. (1999). Ten-year follow-up of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: Personality disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1389-1395.
80. Palmer, B. (2003). Concepts of eating disorders. In J. Treasure, U. Schmidt & E. Van Furth (Eds.), Handbook of eating disorders (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
81. Pike, K. M., Walsh, B. T., Vitousek, K., Wilson, G. T., & Bauer, J. (2003). Cognitive behavior therapy in the posthospitalization treatment of anorexia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 2046-2049.
82. Price Foundation (2001). Deriving behavioural phenotypes in an international multi-centre study of eating disorders. Psychological Medicine, 31, 635-645.
83. Prochaska, J. O., & Di Clemente, C. C. (1984). The transtheoretical approach: Crossing the traditional boundaries of therapy. Malabar, FL: Krieger.
84. Råstam, M., Gillberg, C., Gillberg, I. C., & Johansson, M. (1997). Alexithymia in anorexia nervosa: A controlled study using the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 95, 385-388.
85. Robinson, P. H., & McHugh, P. R. (1995). A physiology of starvation that sustains eating disorders. In G. Szmukler, C. Dare, & J. Treasure (Eds.), Handbook of eating disorders (1st ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
86. Russell, G. F. R. (1995). Anorexia nervosa through time. In G. Szmukler, C. Dare, & J. Treasure (Eds.), Handbook of eating disorders (pp. 5-18). Chichester: Wiley.
87. Ryle, A. (1995). Cognitive analytic therapy: Developments in theory and practice. Chichester: Wiley.
88. Santonastaso, P., Friederici, S., & Favaro, A. (1999). Full and partial syndromes in eating disorders: A 1-year prospective study of risk factors among female students. Psychopathology, 32, 50-56.
89. Schmidt, U., Bone, G., Hems, S., Lessem, J., & Treasure, J. (2002). Structured therapeutic writing tasks as an adjunct to treatment in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 10, 1-17.
90. Schmidt, U., Evans, K., Tiller, J., & Treasure, J. (1995). Puberty, sexual milestones and childhood abuse: How are they related in eating disorder patients? Psychological Medicine, 25, 413-417.
91. Serfaty, M. A. (1999). Cognitive therapy versus dietary counselling in the outpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa: Effects of the treatment phase. European Eating Disorders Review, 7, 334-350.
92. Serpell, L., Neiderman, M., Haworth, E., Emmanueli, F., & Lask, B. (2003). The use of the Pros and Cons of Anorexia Nervosa (P-CAN) Scale with children and adolescents. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54, 567-571.
93. Serpell, L., Teasdale, J., Troop, N., & Treasure, J. (2004). The development of the P-CAN: A scale to operationalize the pros and cons of AN. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36, 416-433.
94. Serpell, L., & Treasure, J. (2002). Bulimia nervosa: Friend or foe? The pros and cons of bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32, 164-170.
95. Serpell, L., Treasure, J., Teasdale, J., & Sullivan, V. (1999). Anorexia nervosa: Friend or foe? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25, 177-186.
96. Sexton, M. C., Sunday, S. R., Hurt, S., & Halmi, K. A. (1998). The relationship between alexithymia, depression, and axis II psychopathology in eating disorder inpatients. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 277-286.
97. Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002). Clinical perfectionism: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 773-791.
98. Shafran, R., & de Silva, P. (2003). Cognitive-behavioural models. In J. Treasure, U. Schmidt & E. Van Furth (Eds.), Handbook of eating disorders. Chichester: Wiley.
99. Shafran, R., Fairburn, C. G., Nelson, L., & Robinson, P. H. (2003). The interpretation of symptoms of severe dietary restraint. Behaviour, Research and Therapy, 41, 887-894.
100. Shafran, R., & Mansell, W. (2001). Perfectionism and psychopathology: A review of research and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 879-906.
101. Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Hyler, S. E., Kellman, H. D., Doidge, N., & Davies, M. (1993). Comorbidity of DSM-III-R eating disorders and personality disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14, 403-416.
102. Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 825-848.
103. Sutandar-Pinnock, K., Blake, W. D., Carter, J. C., Olmsted, M. P., & Kaplan, A. S. (2003). Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa: A 6-24-month follow up study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 33, 225-229.
104. Szmukler, G. I., Eisler, I., Russell, G. G., & Dare, C. (1985). Anorexia nervosa, parental expressed emotion and dropping out of treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 265-271.
105. Treasure, J., Collier, D., & Campbell, I. C. (1997). Ill fitting genes: The biology of weight and shape control in relation to body composition and eating disorders. Psychological Medicine, 27, 505-508.
106. Treasure, J. L., & Ward, A. (1997). A practical guide to the use of motivational interviewing in anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 5, 102-114.
107. Treasure, J., Murphy, T., Todd, G., Gavan, K., James, J., & Szmukler, G. (2001). The experience of care giving for severe mental illness: A comparison between anorexia nervosa and psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 343-347.
108. Treasure, J., & Schmidt, U. (2005). Anorexia nervosa. Clinical Evidence, 14, 1140-1148.
109. Treasure, J., & Szmukler, G. (1995). Medical complications of chronic anorexia nervosa. In G. Szmukler, C. Dare, & J. Treasure (Eds.), Handbook of eating disorders (pp. 197-220). Chichester: Wiley.
110. Troop, N. A., Allan, S., Treasure, J. L., & Katzman, M. (2003). Social comparison and submissive behaviour in eating disorder patients. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 76, 237-249.
111. Troop, N. A., & Connan, F. (2003). Shame, social stress, and eating disorders. In G. M. Ruggiero (Ed.), Eating disorders in the mediterranean area (pp. 31-53). New York: Nova Science.
112. Troop, N. A., Holbrey, A., & Treasure, J. L. (1998). Stress, coping, and crisis support in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 24, 157-166.
113. Troop, N. A., Schmidt, U. H., & Treasure, J. L. (1995). Feelings and fantasy in eating disorders: A factor analysis of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 151-157.
114. Troop, N. A., & Treasure, J. L. (1997). Psychosocial factors in the onset of eating disorders: Responses to life-events and difficulties. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70, 373-385.
115. Uehara, T., Kawashima, U., Goto, M., Tasaki, S. I., & Someya, T. (2001). Psychoeducation for the families of patients with eating disorders and changes in expressed emotion: A preliminary study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 132-138.
116. Van Furth, E. F., van Strien, D. C., Martina, L. M., van Son, M. J., Hendrickx, J. J., & van Engeland, H. (1996). Expressed emotion and the prediction of outcome in adolescent eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20, 19-31.
117. Van Os, J., Marcelis, M., Germeys, I., Graven, S., & Delspaul, P. (2001). High expressed emotion: Marker for a caring family? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 504-507.
118. Vaz-Leal, F. J., & Salcedo-Salcedo, M. S. (1992). Sexual adjustment and eating disorders: Differences between typical and a typical anorectic adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 12, 11-19.
119. Vitousek, K. M. (1996). The current status of cognitive-behavioral models of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 383-418). New York: The Guilford Press.
120. Vitousek, K., Watson, S., & Wilson, G. T. (1998). Enhancing motivation for change in treatment resistant eating disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 391-420.
121. Waller, G., & Kennerley, H. (2003). Cognitive-behavioural treatments. In J. Treasure, U. Schmidt, & E. Van Furth (Eds.), Handbook of eating disorders (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
122. Ward, A., Ramsay, R., Turnbull, S., Steele, M., Steele, H., & Treasure, J. (2001). Attachment in anorexia nervosa: A transgenerational perspective. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 497-505.
123. Wells, A., & Butler, G. (1997). Generalised anxiety disorder. In D. M. Clark & C. G. Fairburn (Eds.), The science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy. Oxford: Oxford Medical.
124. White, M. (1988/89). The externalizing of the problem and the re-authoring of lives and relationships. Dulwich Centre Newsletter, Summer, 3-21.
125. White, M. (1991). Deconstruction and therapy. Dulwich Centre Newsletter, 3, 21-40.
126. Wiederman, M. W., Pryor, T., & Morgan, C. D. (1996). The sexual experience of women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19, 109-118.
127. Williams, C. J. (1997). A cognitive model of dysfunctional illness behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 153-165.
128. Wilson, G. T., & Schlam, T. R. (2004). The transtheoretical model and motivational interviewing in the treatment of eating and weight disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 361-378.
129. Wolff, G., & Serpell, L. (1998). A cognitive model and treatment strategies for anorexia nervosa. In H. W. Hoek, M. Katzman, & J. Treasure (Eds.), Neurobiology in the treatment of eating disorders (pp. 407-430). Chichester: Wiley.
130. Woods, S. (2004). Untreated recovery from eating disorders. Adolescence, 39, 361-371.
131. Woodside, B., & Halmi, K. A. (2003, October). Personality traits are affected by presence of OCD and OCPD in eating disorders. Paper presented at the Eating Disorders Research Society, Ravello, Italy.
132. Wuerker, A. M. (1994). Relational control patterns and expressed emotion in families of persons with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Family Process, 33, 389-407.
133. Zonnevijlle-Bender, M.J., van Goozen, S. H., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., van Elburg, A., & van Engeland, H. (2002). Do adolescent anorexia nervosa patients have deficits in emotional functioning? European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 11, 38-42.