The role of chemical communication in mate choice

Biological Reviews

Volumn 82, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 265-289

  Johansson, Björn G ^a,c   Jones, Therésa M ^b  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Chemical cues; Direct benefits models; Fisherian benefits; Good genes; Honest signalling; Individual variation; Mate assessment; Pheromone; Species recognition

Indexed keywords

PHEROMONE;

ASSOCIATION; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; EVOLUTION; FERTILITY; GENETIC COMPATIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GROWTH RATE; HERITABILITY; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; MATE CHOICE; MATING SYSTEM; MATING TYPE; METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; RECOGNITION; REVIEW; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION; ANIMALS; FEMALE; MALE; SEX ATTRACTANTS; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; VARIATION (GENETICS);

EID: 34247165013     PISSN: 14647931     EISSN: 1469185X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00009.x     Document Type: Review

References (291)

1. ABDEL-KADER, M. M. & BARAK, A. V. (1979). Evidence for a sex pheromone in the hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 5, 805-813.
2. ACQUISTAPACE, P., AQUILONI, L., HAZLETT, B. A. & GHERARDI, F. (2002). Multimodal communication in crayfish: sex recognition during mate search by male Austropotamobius pallipes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, 2041-2045.
3. ALBERTS, A. C. (1992). Constraints on the design of chemical communication systems in terrestrial vertebrates. American Naturalist 139, S62-S89.
4. ALBERTS, A. C. (1993). Chemical and behavioral studies of femoral gland secretions in iguanid lizards. Brain Behavior and Evolution 41, 255-260.
5. ANDERSSON, J., BORG-KARLSON, A. K. & WIKLUND, C. (2000). Sexual cooperation and conflict in butterflies: a male-transferred anti-aphrodisiac reduces harassment of recently mated females. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267, 1271-1275.
6. ANDERSSON, M. (1994). Sexual Selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
7. ANDO, T., INOMATA, S. & YAMAMOTO, M. (2004). Lepidopteran sex pheromones. Topics in Current Chemistry 239, 51-96.
8. ARCHER, M. S. & ELGAR, M. A. (1999). Female preference for multiple partners: sperm competition in the hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus (DeGeer). Animal Behaviour 58, 669-675.
9. ATEMA, J. (1986). Review of sexual selection and chemical communication in the lobster, Homarus americanus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, 2283-2390.
10. ATEMA, J. (1995). Chemical signals in the marine environment: dispersal, detection, and temporal signal analysis. In Chemical Ecology: the Chemistry of Biotic Interactions (ed. J. Eisner and J. Meinwald), pp. 147-159. National Academy of Sciences, Washington D. C.
11. AYASSE, M., PAXTON, R. J. & TENGO, J. (2001). Mating behavior and chemical communication in the order Hymenoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 46, 31-78.
12. BAKER, T. C. (2002). Mechanism for saltational shifts in pheromone communication systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99, 13368-13370.
13. BEELER, A. E., RAUTER, C. M. & MOORE, A. J. (2002). Mate discrimination by females in the burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis: the influence of male size on attractiveness to females. Ecological Entomology 27, 1-6.
14. BEN JACOB, E., BECKER, I., SHAPIRA, Y. & LEVINE, H. (2004). Bacterial linguistic communication and social intelligence. Trends in Microbiology 12, 366-372.
15. BERGSTROM, C. T. & LACHMANN, M. (1997). Signalling among relatives I. Is costly signalling too costly? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 352, 609-617.
16. BIRGERSSON, G., SCHLYTER, F., BERGSTRÖM, G. & LÖFQVIST, J. (1988). Individual variation in aggregation pheromone content of the bark beetle, Ips typographus. Journal of Chemical Ecology 9, 1737-1761.
17. BIRGERSSON, G., SCHLYTER, F., LÖFQVIST, J. & BERGSTRÖM, G. (1984). Quantitative variation of pheromone components in the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus from different attack phases. Journal of Chemical Ecology 10, 1029-1055.
18. BIRKINSHAW, L. A. & SMITH, R. H. (2001). Prostephanus truncatus mate choice on contact: does pheromone signalling by males affect their mating success? Entomologia Experimentalis e Applicata 98, 345-351.
19. BLOWS, M. W. (2002). Interaction between natural and sexual selection during the evolution of mate recognition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 269, 1113-1118.
20. BLOWS, M. W. & ALLAN, R. A. (1998). Levels of mate recognition within and between two Drosophila species and their hybrids. American Naturalist 152, 826-837.
21. BOAKE, C. R. B. (1989). Repeatability: Its role in evolutionary studies of mating behavior. Evolutionary Ecology 3, 173-182.
22. BONADONNA, F. & NEVITT, G. A. (2004). Partner-specific odor recognition in an Antarctic seabird. Science 306, 835.
23. BOPPRÉ , M. (1990). Lepidoptera and pyrrolizidine alkaloids - exemplification of complexity in chemical ecology. Journal of Chemical Ecology 16, 165-185.
24. BORDEN, J. H., HUNT, D. W. A., MILLER, D. R. & SLESSOR, K. N. (1986). Orientation in forest coleoptera: an uncertain outcome of responses by individual beetles to variable stimuli. In Mechanisms of insect olfaction (ed. T. L. Payne, M. C. Birch and C. E. J. Kennedy), pp. 97-109. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
25. BRADBURY, J. W. & VEHRENCAMP, S. L. (1998). Principles of Animal Communication. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
26. BRENNAN, P. A. & KEVERNE, E. B. (2004). Something in the air? New insights into mammalian pheromones. Current Biology 14, R81-R89.
27. BRINCK, C., GERELL, R. & ODHAM, G. (1978). Anal pouch secretion in mink Mustela vison. Oikos 30, 68-75.
28. BROOKS, R. & KEMP, D. J. (2001). Can older males deliver the good genes? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16, 308-313.
29. BROWN, A. J. & CASSELTON, L. A. (2001). Mating in mushrooms: increasing the chances but prolonging the affair. Trends in Genetics 17, 393-400.
30. BUESCHING, C. D. & MACDONALD, D. W. (2004). Variations in scentmarking behaviour of European badgers Meles meles in the vicinity of their setts. Acta Theriologica 49, 235-246.
31. BUESCHING, C. D., WATERHOUSE, J. S. & MACDONALD, D. W. (2002a). Gas-chromatographic analyses of the subcaudal gland secretion of the European badger (Meles meles) Part I: Chemical differences related to individual parameters. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28, 41-56.
32. BUESCHING, C. D., WATERHOUSE, J. S. & MACDONALD, D. W. (2002b). Gas-chromatographic analyses of the subcaudal gland secretion of the European badger (Meles meles) Part II: Time-related variation in the individual-specific composition. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28, 57-69.
33. BURGER, B. V. (2005). Mammalian semiochemicals. Topics in Current Chemistry 240, 231-278.
34. BUSHMANN, P. J. & ATEMA, J. (2000). Chemically mediated mate location and evaluation in the lobster, Homarus americanus. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26, 883-899.
35. BUTENANDT, A., BECKMAN, R., STAMM, D. & HECKER, E. (1959). Über den Sexual Lockstoff des Seidenspinners Bombyx mori. Reindarstelling und Konstitution. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 14b, 283-284.
36. CANTONI, D., FAVRE, L., TENCALLA, F., CROSET, P., MORGENTHALER, F., CAMARDA, G., RUCHET, C., RIVIER, L. & VOGEL, P. (1996). Intra- and inter-individual variation in flank gland secretions of free-ranging shrews Crocidura russula. Journal of Chemical Ecology 22, 1669-1688.
37. CARAZO, P., SANCHEZ, E., FONT, E. & DESFILIS, E. (2004). Chemosensory cues allow male Tenebrio molitor beetles to assess the reproductive status of potential mates. Animal Behaviour 68, 123-129.
38. CARDÉ, R. T. & BAKER, T. C. (1984). Sexual communication with pheromones. In Chemical Ecology of Insects (ed. W. J. Bell and R. T. Cardé), pp. 355-383. Chapman & Hall, London.
39. CASSELTON, L. A. (2002). Mate recognition in fungi. Heredity 88, 142-147.
40. CHAPMAN, T., LIDDLE, L. F., KALB, J. M., WOLFNER, M. F. & PARTRIDGE, L. (1995). Cost of mating in Drosophila melanogaster females is mediated by male accessory-gland products. Nature 373, 241-244.
41. CHHABRA, S. R., PHILIPP, B., EBERL, L., GIVSKOV, M., WILLIAMS, P. & CÁMARA, M. (2005). Extracellular communication in Bacteria. Topics in Current Chemistry 240, 279-315.
42. CLARK, D. C., DEBANO, S. J. & MOORE, A. J. (1997). The influence of environmental quality on sexual selection in Nauphoeta cinerea (Dictyoptera:Blaberidae). Behavioral Ecology 8, 46-53.
43. COLGRAVE, N., KOTIAHO, J. S. & TOMKINS, J. L. (2002). Mate choice or polyandry: reconciling genetic compatibility and good genes sexual selection. Evolutionary Ecology Research 4, 911-917.
44. COLLINS, J. T. & CARDÉ , R. T. (1985). Variation in and heritability of aspects of pheromone production in the pink bollworm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 78, 229-234.
45. COLLINS, J. T. & CARDÉ, R. T. (1989). Selection for altered pheromone-component ratios in the pink bollworm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 2, 609-621.
46. COLLINS, R. D., ROSENBLUM, S. L. & CARDE, R. T. (1990). Selection for increased pheromone titer in the pink-bollworm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). Physiological Entomology 15, 141-147.
47. COLLINS, S. A., GOSLING, L. M., WATKINS, R. W. & COWAN, D. P. (2001). Artificially increasing scent mark rate increases urogenital gland size in mice Mus musculus. Physiology & Behavior 74, 517-522.
48. CONNER, W. E., EISNER, T., VAN DER MEER, R. K., GUERRERO, A. & MEINWALD, J. (1981). Pre-copulatory sexual interaction in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix): role of a pheromone derived from dietary alkaloids. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 9, 227-235.
49. CONNER, W. E., ROACH, B., BENEDICT, E., MEINWALD, J. & EISNER, T. (1990). Courtship pheromone production and body size as correlates of larval diet in males of the arctiid moth, Utetheisa ornatrix. Journal of Chemical Ecology 16, 543-552.
50. COOPER, W. E. & PÉREZ-MELLADO, V. (2002). Pheromonal discriminations of sex, reproductive condition, and species by the lacertid lizard Podarcis hispanica. Journal of Experimental Zoology 292, 523-527.
51. CÔTÉ, I. M. & HUNTE, W. (1989). Male and female mate choice in the redlip blenny - why bigger is better. Animal Behaviour 38, 78-88.
52. COYNE, J. A. & ORR, H. A. (1997). "Patterns of speciation in Drosophila" revisited. Evolution 51, 295-303.
53. CUMMINS, S. E., SCHEIN, C. H., XU, Y., BRAUN, W. & NAGLE, G. T. (2005). Molluscan attractins, a family of water-borne protein pheromones with interspecific attractiveness. Peptides 26, 121-129.
54. DARWIN, C. (1871). The Descent of Man, and Sexual Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray, London.
55. DELISLE, J. (1995). Effect of male and female age on the mating success of the obliquebanded leafroller Choristoneura rosaceana (lepidoptera, tortricidae) under different ecological conditions. Journal of Insect Behavior 8, 781-799.
56. DELISLE, J. & ROYER, L. (1994). Changes in pheromone titer of oblique-banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, virgin females as a function of time of day, age, and temperature. Journal of Chemical Ecology 20, 45-69.
57. DIAZ, E. R. & THIEL, M. (2004). Chemical and visual communication during mate searching in rock shrimp. Biological Bulletin 206, 134-143.
58. DIXON, W. N. & PAYNE, T. L. (1980). Attraction of entomophagous and associate insects of the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis to beetle and host tree produced volatiles. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 15, 378-389.
59. DRICKAMER, L. C. (1992). Oestrous female house mice discriminate dominant from subordinate males and sons of dominant from sons of subordinate males by odour cues. Animal Behaviour 43, 868-870.
60. DRONEY, D. C. (2003). Females lay fewer eggs for males with greater courtship success in a lekking Drosophila. Animal Behaviour 65, 371-378.
61. DRONEY, D. C. & HOCK, M. B. (1998). Male sexual signals and female choice in Drosophila grimshawi (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 11, 59-71.
62. DU, J. W., LÖFSTEDT, C. & LÖ FQVIST, J. (1987). Repeatability of pheromone emissions from individual female ermine moths Yponomeuta padellus and Yponomeuta rorellus. Journal of Chemical Ecology 13, 1431-1441.
63. DUFVA, R. (1996). Blood parasites, health, reproductive success, and egg volume in female great tits Parus major. Journal of Avian Biology 27, 83-87.
64. DUSSOURD, D. E., HARVIS, C. A., MEINWALD, J. & EISNER, T. (1989). Paternal allocation of sequestered plant Pyrrolizidine alkaloid to eggs in the Danaine butterfly, Danaus gilippus. Experientia 45, 896-898.
65. DUSSOURD, D. E., HARVIS, C. A., MEINWALD, J. & EISNER, T. (1991). Pheromonal advertisement of a nuptial gift by a male moth (Utetheisa ornatrix). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 88, 9224-9227.
66. EHMAN, K. D. & SCOTT, M. E. (2001). Urinary odour preferences of MHC congenic female mice, Mus domesticus: implications for kin recognition and detection of parasitized males. Animal Behaviour 62, 781-789.
67. EISNER, T., EISNER, M., ROSSINI, C., IYENGAR, V. K., ROACH, B., BENEDICT, E. & MEINWALD, J. (2000). Chemical defence against predation in an insect egg. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 97, 1634-1639.
68. EISNER, T. & MEINWALD, J. (1987). Alkaloid derived pheromones and sexual selection in lepidoptera. In Pheromone Biochemistry (ed. G. D. Prestwick and G. J. Blomquist). Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
69. EISNER, T. & MEINWALD, J. (1995). The chemistry of sexual selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 92, 50-55.
70. EISNER, T., SMEDLEY, S. R., YOUNG, D. K., EISNER, M., ROACH, B. & MEINWALD, J. (1996). Chemical basis of courtship in a beetle (Neopyrochroa flabellata): Cantharidin as precopulatory "enticing" agent. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 93, 6494-6498.
71. EKBLOM, R., SAETHER, S. A., GRAHN, M., FISKE, P., KÅLÅS, A. & HÖGLUND, J. (2004). Major histocompatibility complex variation and mate choice in a lekking bird, the great snipe (Gallinago media). Molecular Ecology 13, 3821-3828.
72. EL-SAYED, A. M. (2006). The Pherobase: Database of Insect Pheromones and Semiochemicals. http://www.pherobase.com.
73. ENDLER, J. A. (1995). Multiple-trait coevolution and environmental gradients in guppies. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, 22-29.
74. FALCONER, D. S. & MACKAY, T. F. C. (1996). Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. Longman, Harlow.
75. FERVEUR, J. F. (2005). Cuticular hydrocarbons: Their evolution and roles in Drosophila pheromonal communication. Behavior Genetics 35, 279-295.
76. FISHER, H. S., SWAISGOOD, R. R. & FITCH-SNYDER, H. (2003). Counter-marking by male pygmy lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): do females use odor cues to select mates with high competitive ability? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 53, 123-130.
77. FISHER, R. A. (1958). The Genetical Theory of Sexual Selection, 2nd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
78. FITZPATRICK, S. M., MILLER, D., WEATHERSTON, I. & MCNEIL, J. N. (1985). Determining pheromone content of hairpencils from individual virgin males of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 11, 207-215.
79. FOLSTAD, I. & KARTER, A. J. (1992). Parasites, bright males and the immunocompetence handicap. American Naturalist 139, 603-622.
80. FOSTER, S. P., CLEARWATER, J. R. & MUGGLESTON, S. J. (1989). Intraspecific variation of 2 components in sex-pheromone gland of Planotortrix excessana (Lepidoptera, Torticidae, Tortricinae) sibling species. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15, 457-465.
81. FRANCKE, W. & DETTNER, K. (2005). Chemical signalling in beetles. Topics in Current Chemistry 240, 85-166.
82. FREY, M. A., LONSDALE, D. J. & SNELL, T. W. (1998). The influence of contact chemical signals on mate recognition in a harpacticoid copepod. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 353, 745-751.
83. GAMBLE, K. E. (1966). Breeding biology and food habits of the Musk duck (Biziura lobata). Masters thesis, University of Wisconsin.
84. GARNER, T. W. J. & SCHMIDT, B. R. (2003). Relatedness, body size and paternity in the alpine newt, Triturus alpestris. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270, 619-624.
85. GEMENO, C., LUTFALLAH, A. F. & HAYNES, K. F. (2000). Pheromone blend variation and cross-attraction among populations of the black cutworm moth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93, 1322-1328.
86. GEMENO, C., MOORE, A. J., PREZIOSI, R. F. & HAYNES, K. F. (2001). Quantitative genetics of signal evolution: A comparison of the pheromonal signal in two populations of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. Behavior Genetics 31, 157-165.
87. GORMAN, M. L. (1976). A mechanism for individual recognition by odour in Herpestes auropunctatus (Carnivora: Viverridae). Animal Behaviour 24, 141-145.
88. GOSLING, L. M. (1990). Scent marking by resource holders: alternative mechanisms for advertising the costs of competition. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates., vol. 5 (ed. D. W. Macdonald, D. Müller-Schwarze and S. E. Natzynczuk), pp. 315-328. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
89. GOSLING, L. M. & ROBERTS, S. C. (2001). Scent-marking by male mammals: Cheat-proof signals to competitors and mates. In Advances in the Study of Behavior, Vol 30, Vol 30. pp. 169-217. Academic Press Inc, San Diego.
90. GOSLING, L. M., ROBERTS, S. C., THORNTON, E. A. & ANDREW, M. J. (2000). Life history costs of olfactory status signalling in mice. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 48, 328-332.
91. GRAFEN, A. (1990). Biological signals as handicaps. Journal of Theoretical Biology 144, 517-546.
92. GRAMMER, K., FINK, B. & NEAVE, N. (2005). Human pheromones and sexual attraction. European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 118, 135-142.
93. GREENFIELD, M. D. (1981). Moth pheromones: an evolutionary perspective. Florida Entomologist 64, 4-17.
94. GREENFIELD, M. D. (2002). Signalers and Receivers: Mechanisms and Evolution of Arthropod Communication. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
95. GREENFIELD, M. D. & KARANDINOS, M. G. (1979). Resource partitioning of the sex communication channel in clearwing moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) of Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs 49, 403-426.
96. GULLAN, P. J. & CRANSTON, P. S. (1994). The Insects: an Outline of Entomology. Chapman & Hall, London.
97. GUSTAFSSON, L., NORDLING, D., ANDERSSON, M. S., SHELDON, B. C. & QVARNSTRÖM, A. (1994). Infectious-diseases, reproductive effort and the cost of reproduction in birds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 346, 323-331.
98. HAGELIN, J. C., JONES, I. L. & RASMUSSEN, L. E. L. (2003). A tangerine-scented social odour in a monogamous seabird. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270, 1323-1329.
99. HAGER, B. J. & TEALE, S. A. (1996). The genetic control of pheromone production and response in the pine engraver beetle Ips pini. Heredity 77, 100-107.
100. HAMILTON, W. D. & ZUK, M. (1982). Heritable true fitness and bright birds: a role for parasites? Science 218, 384-387.
101. HARDEGE, J. D., MULLER, C. T., BECKMANN, M., HARDEGE, D. B. & BENTLEY, M. G. (1998). Timing of reproduction in marine polychaetes: the role of sex pheromones. Ecoscience 5, 395-404.
102. HAYNES, K. F., GASTON, L. K., POPE, M. M. & BAKER, T. C. (1983). Rate and periodicity of pheromone release from individual female artichoke plume moths, Platyptilia carduiactyla (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae). Environmental Entomology 12, 1597-1660.
103. HAYNES, K. F., GASTON, L. K., POPE, M. M. & BAKER, T. C. (1984). Potential for evolution of resistance to pheromones: interindividual and inter-populational variation in chemical communication system of pink bollworm moth. Journal of Chemical Ecology 10, 1551-1565.
104. HAYS, W. S. T. (2003). Human pheromones: have they been demonstrated? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54, 89-97.
105. HEDIN, P. A., HARDEE, D. D., THOMPSON, A. C. & GUELDNER, R. C. (1974). An assessment of the life time biosynthesis potential of the male boll weevil. Journal of Insect Physiology 20, 1707-1712.
106. HENDRICHS, M. A. & HENDRICHS, J. (1998). Perfumed to be killed: Interception of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) sexual signaling by predatory foraging wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 91, 228-234.
107. HINE, E., CHENOWETH, S. F. & BLOWS, M. W. (2004). Multivariate quantitative genetics and the lek paradox: Genetic variance in male sexually selected traits of Drosophila serrata under field conditions. Evolution 58, 2754-2762.
108. HINE, E., LACHISH, S., HIGGIE, M. & BLOWS, M. W. (2002). Positive genetic correlation between female preference and offspring fitness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269, 2215-2219.
109. HODGES, R. J., BIRKINSHAW, L. A. & FARMAN, D. I. (2002). Intermale variation in aggregation pheromone release in Prostephanus truncatus. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28, 1665-1674.
110. HÖGLUND, J. & ALATALO, R. V. (1995). Leks. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
111. HUCK, U. W., BANKS, E. M. & COOPERSMITH, C. B. (1984). Social olfaction in male brown lemmings (Lemmus sibiricus = trimucronatus) and collared lemmings (Dicrostynyx groenlandicus): II discrimination of mated and unmated females. Journal of Comparative Physiology 98, 60-65.
112. HUNT, D. W. A., BORDEN, J. H., PIERCE, N. E., SLESSOR, K. N., KING, G. G. S. & CZYZEWSKA, E. K. (1986). Sex-specific production of ipsdienol and myrcenol by Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) exposed to myrcene vapors. Journal of Chemical Ecology 12, 1579-1587.
113. HUNT, M. K., NICHOLLS, C. J., WOOD, R. J., RENDON, A. P. & GILBURN, A. S. (2004). Sexual selection for symmetrical male medflies (Diptera: Tephritidae) confirmed in the field. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81, 347-355.
114. HURST, J. L., PAYNE, C. E., NEVISON, C. M., MARIE, A. D., HUMPHRIES, R. E., ROBERTSON, D. H. L., CAVAGGIONI, A. & BEYNON, R. J. (2001). Individual recognition in mice mediated by major urinary proteins. Nature 414, 631-634.
115. IYENGAR, V. K. & EISNER, T. (1999a). Female choice increases offspring fitness in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 96, 15013-15016.
116. IYENGAR, V. K. & EISNER, T. (1999b). Heritability of body mass, a sexually selected trait, in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 96, 9169-9171.
117. IYENGAR, V. K., ROSSINI, C. & EISNER, T. (2001). Precopulatory assessment of male quality in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix): hydroxydanaidal is the only criterion of choice. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 49, 283-288.
118. JACKSON, C. L. & HARTWELL, L. H. (1990). Courtship in S. cerevisiae: both cell types choose mating partners by responding to the strongest pheromone signal. Cell 63, 1039-1051.
119. JACOBS, J., BALTHAZART, J. & SCHOFFENIELS, E. (1979). Sex differences in the chemical composition of uropygial gland waxes in domestic ducks. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 7, 149-153.
120. JENNIONS, M. D. & OAKES, E. J. (1994). Symmetry and sexual selection. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9, 440-440.
121. JOHANSSON, B. G., JONES, T. M. & WIDEMO, F. (2005). Cost of pheromone production in a lekking Drosophila. Animal Behaviour 69, 851-858.
122. JOHNSTON, R. E. (1983). Chemical signals and reproductive behavior. In Pheromones and Reproduction in Mammals (ed. J. G. Vandenbergh), pp. 3-37. Academic Press, New York.
123. JOHNSTON, R. E. (2003). Chemical communication in rodents: From pheromones to individual recognition. Journal of Mammalogy 84, 1141-1162.
124. JOHNSTONE, R. A. (1999). The evolution of animal signals. In Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach (ed. J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies). Blackwell Science, Oxford.
125. JONES, I. L., HAGELIN, J. C., MAJOR, H. L. & RASMUSSEN, L. E. L. (2004). An experimental field study of the function of Crested Auklet feather odor. Condor 106, 71-78.
126. JONES, T. M., BALMFORD, A. & QUINNELL, R. J. (2000). Adaptive female choice for middle-aged mates in a lekking sandfly. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267, 681-686.
127. JONES, T. M. & ELGAR, M. A. (2004). The role of male age, sperm age and mating history on fecundity and fertilization success in the hide beetle. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271, 1311-1318.
128. JONES, T. M. & HAMILTON, J. G. C. (1998). A role for pheromones in mate choice in a lekking sandfly. Animal Behaviour 56, 891-898.
129. JONES, T. M., QUINNELL, R. J. & BALMFORD, A. (1998). Fisherian flies: benefits of female choice in a lekking sandfly. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 265, 1651-1657.
130. JURENKA, R. (2004). Insect pheromone biosynthesis. Topics in Current Chemistry 239, 97-131.
131. KARLSON, P. & LÜSCHER, M. (1959). Pheromone, ein Nomenklaturvorschlag für ein Wirkstoffklasse. Naturwissenschaffen 46, 63-64.
132. KAUER, J. S. & WHITE, J. (2001). Imaging and coding in the olfactory system. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24, 963-979.
133. KAVALIERS, M. & COLWELL, D. D. (1995). Discrimination by female mice between the odours of parasitized and non-parasitized males. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 261, 31-35.
134. KEELING, C. I., PLETTNER, E. & SLESSOR, K. N. (2004). Hymenopteran semiochemicals. Topics in Current Chemistry 239, 133-177.
135. KELLIE, A., DAIN, S. J. & BANKS, P. B. (2004). Ultraviolet properties of Australian mammal urine. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 190, 429-435.
136. KIRKPATRICK, M. & RYAN, M. J. (1991). The evolution of mating preferences and the paradox of the lek. Nature 350, 33-38.
137. KOIVULA, M. & KORPIMÄKI, E. (2001). Do scent marks increase predation risk of microtine rodents? Oikos 95, 275-281.
138. KOKKO, H., BROOKS, R., JENNIONS, M. D. & MORLEY, J. (2003). The evolution of mate choice and mating biases. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270, 653-664.
139. KOKKO, H. & MONAGHAN, P. (2001). Predicting the direction of sexual selection. Ecology Letters 4, 159-165.
140. KORTET, R. & HEDRICK, A. (2005). The scent of dominance: female field crickets use odour to predict the outcome of male competition. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59, 77-83.
141. KOTIAHO, J. S. (2001). Costs of sexual traits: a mismatch between theoretical considerations and empirical evidence. Biological Reviews 76, 365-376.
142. KOU, R. & CHOW, Y. S. (1991). Individual variation in sex pheromone of the smaller tea tortrix moth, Adoxophyes spp. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 17, 1917-1923.
143. KVARNEMO, C. & SIMMONS, L. W. (1999). Variance in female quality, operational sex ratio and male mate choice in a bushcricket. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 45, 245-252.
144. LANDE, R. (1981). Models of speciation by sexual selection on polygenic traits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 78, 3721-3725.
145. LANDOLT, P. J. & PHILLIPS, T. W. (1997). Host plant influences on sex pheromone behavior of phytophagous insects. Annual Review of Entomology 42, 371-391.
146. LARSSON, M. C., HEDIN, J., SVENSSON, G. P., TOLASCH, T. & FRANCKE, W. (2003). Characteristic odor of Osmoderma eremita identified as a male-released pheromone. Journal of Chemical Ecology 29, 575-587.
147. LAWSON, R. E., PUTMAN, R. J. & FIELDING, A. H. (2000). Individual signatures in scent gland secretions of Eurasian deer. Journal of Zoology 251, 399-410.
148. LEAL, W. S., HASEGAWA, M., SAWADA, M., ONO, M. & TADA, S. (1996). Scarab beetle Anomala albopilosa albopilosa utilizes a more complex sex pheromone system than a similar species A. cuprea. Journal of Chemical Ecology 22, 2001-2010.
149. LEMASTER, M. P. & MASON, R. T. (2002). Variation in a female sexual attractiveness pheromone controls male mate choice in garter snakes. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28, 1269-1285.
150. LENINGTON, S., COOPERSMITH, C. B. & ERHART, M. (1994). Female preference among t-haplotypes in wild house mice. American Naturalist 143, 766-784.
151. LEWIS, S. M. & AUSTAD, S. N. (1994). Sexual selection in flour beetles: the relationship between sperm precedence and male olfactory attractiveness. Behavioral Ecology 5, 219-224.
152. LITTLE, A. C. & JONES, B. C. (2003). Evidence against perceptual bias views for symmetry preferences in human faces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270, 1759-1763.
153. LOCATELLO, L., MAZZOLDI, C. & RASOTTO, M. B. (2002). Ejaculate of sneaker males is pheromonally inconspicuous in the black goby, Gobius niger (Teleostei, Gobiidae). Journal of Experimental Zoology 293, 601-605.
154. LÓPEZ, P., ARAGON, P. & MARTÍ N, J. (2003). Responses of female lizards, Lacerta monticola, to males' chemical cues reflect their mating preference for older males. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 55, 73-79.
155. LÓPEZ, P. & MARTÍN, J. (2005). Female Iberian wall lizards prefer male scents that signal a better cell-mediated immune response. Biology Letters 1, 404-406.
156. LÖFSTEDT, C. (1990). Population variation and genetic control of pheromone communication-systems in moths. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 54, 199-218.
157. LÖFSTEDT, C. (1993). Moth pheromone genetics and evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 340, 167-177.
158. LÖFSTEDT, C., HANSSON, B. S., DIJKERMAN, H. J. & HERREBOUT, W. M. (1990). Behavioral and electrophysiological activity of unsaturated analogs of the pheromone tetradecyl acetate in the small Ermine moth Yponomeuta rorellus. Physiological Entomology 15, 47-54.
159. LÖFSTEDT, C., LANNE, B. S., LÖ FQVIST, J., APPELGREN, M. & BERGSTRÖM, G. (1985). Individual variation in pheromone of the turnip moth Agrotis segetum. Journal of Chemical Ecology 11, 1181-1196.
160. LUPORINI, P., ALIMENTI, C., ORTENZI, C. & VALLESI, A. (2005). Ciliate mating types and their specific protein pheromones. Acta Protozoologica 44, 89-101.
161. MADSEN, T., SHINE, R., LOMAN, J. & HÅKANSSON, T. (1992). Why do female adders copulate so frequently? Nature 355, 440-441.
162. MAIR, J. & BLACKWELL, A. (1998). Effect of age and multiple mating on the mating behavior of Culicoides nubeculosus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 35, 996-1001.
163. MARCHETTI, K. (1993). Dark habitats and bright birds illustrate the role of the environment in species divergence. Nature 362, 149-152.
164. MARCHLEWSKA-KOJ, A., LEPRI, J. J. & MÜLLER-SCHWARZE, D. (2001). Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, vol. 9. Kluwer Academic Publishers/ Plenum Press, Dordrecht.
165. MARCO, A., CHIVERS, D. P., KIESECKER, J. M. & BLAUSTEIN, A. R. (1998). Mate choice by chemical cues in western redback (Plethodon vehiculum) and Dunn's (P. dunni) salamanders. Ethology 104, 781-788.
166. MARKOW, T. A. & CLARKE, G. M. (1997). Meta-analysis of the heritability of developmental stability: a giant step backward. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10, 31-37.
167. MARTÍN, J. & LÓPEZ, P. (2000). Chemoreception, symmetry and mate choice in lizards. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267, 1265-1269.
168. MATHEWS, L. M. (2003). Tests of the mate-guarding hypothesis for social monogamy: male snapping shrimp prefer to associate with high-value females. Behavioral Ecology 14, 63-67.
169. MATTHEWS, I. M., EVANS, J. P. & MAGURRAN, A. E. (1997). Male display rate reveals ejaculate characteristics in the Trinidadian guppy Poecilia reticulata. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 264, 695-700.
170. MAYS JR, H. L. & HILL, G. E. (2004). Choosing mates: good genes versus genes that are a good fit. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19, 554-559.
171. MCLAIN, D. K. (1998). Non-genetic benefits of mate choice: fecundity enhancement and sexy sons. Animal Behaviour 55, 1191-1201.
172. MCNAMARA, K. B., JONES, T. M. & ELGAR, M. A. (2004). Female reproductive status and mate choice in the hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus. Journal of Insect Behavior 17, 337-352.
173. MEIKLE, D. B., KRUPER, J. H. & BROWNING, C. R. (1995). Adult house mice born to undernourished mothers are unattractive to oestrous females. Animal Behaviour 50, 753-758.
174. MEREDITH, M. (1991). Sensory processing in the main and accessory olfactory systems - comparisons and contrasts. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 39, 601-614.
175. METCALF, R. L. (1998). Ultramicrochemistry of insect semiochemicals. Mikrochimica Acta 129, 167-180.
176. MIKLAS, N., RENOU, M., MALOSSE, I. & MALOSSE, C. (2000). Repeatability of pheromone blend composition in individual males of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26, 2473-2485.
177. MILINSKI, M. (2003). The function of mate choice in sticklebacks: optimizing MHC genetics. Journal of Fish Biology 63, 1-16.
178. MILLAR, J. G. (2005). Pheromones of true bugs. Topics in Current Chemistry 240, 37-84.
179. MILLER, J. R. & ROELOFS, W. L. (1980). Individual variation in sex pheromone component ratios in two populations of the redbanded leafroller moth Argyrotaenia velutinana. Environmental Entomology 9, 359-363.
180. MONCHO-BOGANI, J., LANUZA, E., HERNANDEZ, A., NOVEJARQUE, A. & MARTINEZ- GARCIA, F. (2002). Attractive properties of sexual pheromones in mice: innate or learned? Physiology & Behavior 77, 167-176.
181. MOORE, A. J. (1988). Female preferences, male social status, and sexual selection in Nauphoeta cinerea. Animal Behaviour 36, 303-305.
182. MOORE, A. J. (1994). Genetic evidence for the good genes process of sexual selection. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 35, 235-241.
183. MOORE, A. J. (1997). The evolution of social signals: Morphological, functional, and genetic integration of the sex pheromone in Nauphoeta cinerea. Evolution 51, 1920-1928.
184. MOORE, A. J. & BREED, M. D. (1986). Mate assessment in a cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea. Animal Behaviour 34, 1160-1165.
185. MOORE, A. J., GOWATY, P. A. & MOORE, P. J. (2003). Females avoid manipulative males and live longer. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16, 523-530.
186. MOORE, A. J., GOWATY, P. A., WALLIN, W. G. & MOORE, P. J. (2001). Sexual conflict and the evolution of female mate choice and male social dominance. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268, 517-523.
187. MOORE, A. J. & MOORE, P. J. (1999). Balancing sexual selection through opposing mate choice and male competition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266, 711-716.
188. MORSE, D., SZITTNER, R., GRANT, G. G. & MEIGHEN, E. A. (1982). Rate of pheromone release by individual spruce budworm moths. Journal of Insect Physiology 10, 863-866.
189. MUNOZ, A. (2004). Chemo-orientation using conspecific chemical cues in the stripe-necked terrapin (Mauremys leprosa). Journal of Chemical Ecology 30, 519-530.
190. NAHON, E., ATZMONY, D., ZAHAVI, A. & GRANOT, D. (1995). Mate selection in yeast - a reconsideration of the signals and the message encoded by them. Journal of Theoretical Biology 172, 315-322.
191. NOJIMA, S., NISHIDA, R., KUWAHARA, Y. & SAKUMA, M. (1999a). Nuptial feeding stimulants: a male courtship pheromone of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Naturwissenschaffen 86, 193-196.
192. NOJIMA, S., SAKUMA, M., NISHIDA, R. & KUWAHARA, Y. (1999b). A glandular gift in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae): The courtship feeding of a female on secretions from male tergal glands. Journal of Insect Behavior 12, 627-640.
193. O'DONNELL, R. P., FORD, N. B., SHINE, R. & MASON, R. T. (2004). Male red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietallis, determine female mating status from pheromone trails. Animal Behaviour 68, 677-683.
194. OLSSON, M. (1993). Male-preference for large females and assortative mating for body size in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 32, 337-341.
195. ONO, T., CHARLTON, R. E. & CARDÉ , R. T. (1990). Variability in pheromone composition and periodicity of pheromone titer in potato tuberworm moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 16, 531-542.
196. OWENS, I. P. F., ROWE, C. & THOMAS, A. L. R. (1999). Sexual selection, speciation and imprinting: separating the sheep from the goats. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14, 4.
197. PAGEL, M. (1993). Honest signaling among gametes. Nature 363, 539-541.
198. PALMER, A. R. & STROBECK, C. (1986). Fluctuating assymetry: measurement, analysis, patterns. Annual Reveiw of Ecological Systems 17, 391-421.
199. PATERSON, H. E. H. (1985). The recognition concept of species. In Species and Speciation, vol. 4 (ed. E. S. Vrba), pp. 21-29. Transvaal Museum Monograph, Pretoria.
200. PAVIS, C. & BARRE, N. (1993). Kinetics of male pheromone production by Amblyomma variegatum (Acari, Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 30, 961-965.
201. PENN, D. & POTTS, W. K. (1998a). Chemical signals and parasitemediated sexual selection. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, 391-396.
202. PENN, D. & POTTS, W. K. (1998b). MHC-disassortative mating preferences reversed by cross-fostering. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265, 1299-1306.
203. PENN, D. & POTTS, W. K. (1998c). Untrained mice discriminate MHC-determined odors. Physiology & Behavior 64, 235-243.
204. PENN, D. J. (2002). The scent of genetic compatibility: Sexual selection and the major histocompatibility complex. Ethology 108, 1-21.
205. PERRY, R. N. (1996). Chemoreception in plant parasitic nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 34, 181-199.
206. PHELAN, P. L. & BAKER, T. C. (1986). Male-size-related courtship success and intersexual selection in the tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella. Experientia 42, 1291-1293.
207. POMIANKOWSKI, A. & MØLLER, A. P. (1995). A resolution of the lek paradox. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 260, 21-29.
208. POPE, M. M., GASTON, L. K. & BAKER, T. C. (1982). Composition, quantification, and periodicity of sex pheromone gland volatiles from Heliotis virescens females. Journal of Chemical Ecology 8, 1043-1055.
209. PRICE, T. D., SCHLUTER, D. & HECKMAN, N. E. (1993). Sexual selection when the female directly benefits. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 48, 187-211.
210. PROBST, R., PAVLICEV, M. & VIITALA, J. (2002). UV reflecting vole scent marks attract a passerine, the great grey shrike Lanius excubitor. Journal of Avian Biology 33, 437-440.
211. PROZOROV, A. A. (2001). Competence pheromones in bacteria. Microbiology 70, 1-9.
212. PTACEK, M. B. (2000). The role of mating preferences in shaping interspecific divergence in mating signals in vertebrates. Behavioural Processes 51, 111-134.
213. RAFFA, K. F. (2001). Mixed messages across multiple trophic levels: the ecology of bark beetle chemical communication systems. Chemoecology 11, 49-65.
214. RANTALA, M. J., JOKINEN, I., KORTET, R., VAINIKKA, A. & SUHONEN, J. (2002). Do pheromones reveal male immunocompetence? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269, 1681-1685.
215. RANTALA, M. J., KORTET, R., KOTIAHO, J. S., VAINIKKA, A. & SUHONEN, J. (2003a). Condition dependence of pheromones and immune function in the grain beetle Tenebrio molitor. Functional Ecology 17, 534-540.
216. RANTALA, M. J., VAINIKKA, A. & KORTET, R. (2003b). The role of juvenile hormone in immune function and pheromone production trade-offs: a test of the immunocompetence handicap principle. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270, 2257-2261.
217. REBER, R. (2002). Reasons for the preference for symmetry. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, 415-416.
218. REECE-ENGEL, C. (1988). Female choice of resident male rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus. Animal Behaviour 36, 1241-1242.
219. REUSCH, T. B. H., HABERLI, M. A., AESCHLIMANN, P. B. & MILINSKI, M. (2001). Female sticklebacks count alleles in a strategy of sexual selection explaining MHC polymorphism. Nature 414, 300-302.
220. RICH, T. J. & HURST, J. L. (1998). Scent marks as reliable signals of the competitive ability of mates. Animal Behaviour 56, 727-735.
221. RICH, T. J. & HURST, J. L. (1999). The competing countermarks hypothesis: reliable assessment of competitive ability by potential mates. Animal Behaviour 58, 1027-1037.
222. RICHARDSON, D. S., KOMDEUR, J., BURKE, T. & VON SCHANTS, T. (2005). MHC-based patterns of social and extra-pair mate choice in the Seychelles warbler. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 272, 759-767.
223. RIECHERT, S. E. & SINGER, F. D. (1995). Investigation of potential male mate choice in a monogamous spider. Animal Behaviour 49, 715-723.
224. RITTSCHOF, D. & COHEN, J. H. (2004). Crustacean peptide and peptide-like pheromones and kairomones. Peptides 25, 1503-1516.
225. ROBERTS, J. A. & UETZ, G. W. (2005). Information content of female chemical signals in the wolf spider, Schizocosa ocreata: male discrimination of reproductive state and receptivity. Animal Behaviour 70, 217-223.
226. ROBERTS, S. C. & GOSLING, L. M. (2003). Genetic similarity and quality interact in mate choice decisions by female mice. Nature Genetics 35, 103-106.
227. ROBERTS, S. C., GOSLING, L. M., THORNTON, E. A. & MCCLUNG, J. (2001). Scent-marking by male mice under the risk of predation. Behavioral Ecology 12, 698-705.
228. ROELOFS, W. L. (1995). The chemistry of sex attraction. In Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction (ed. T. Eisner and J. Meinwald), pp. 103-117. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
229. ROELOFS, W. L. & CARDÉ , R. T. (1974). Sex pheromones in the reproductive isolation of lepidopterous species. In Pheromones (ed. M. C. Birch), pp. 96-114. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
230. ROELOFS, W. L., LIU, W. T., HAO, G. X., JIAO, H. M., ROONEY, A. P. & LINN, C. E. (2002). Evolution of moth sex pheromones via ancestral genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99, 13621-13626.
231. ROELOFS, W. L. & ROONEY, A. P. (2003). Molecular genetics and evolution of pheromone biosynthesis in Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100, 9179-9184.
232. ROPER, T. J. (1999). Olfaction in birds. Advances in the Study of Behavior 28, 247-332.
233. ROWE, L. & HOULE, D. (1996). The lek paradox and the capture of genetic variance by condition dependent traits. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 263, 1415-1421.
234. ROYER, L. & MCNEIL, J. N. (1993). Male investment in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) - impact on female longevity and reproductive performance. Functional Ecology 7, 209-215.
235. RYAN, M. A., MOORE, C. J. & WALTER, G. H. (1995). Individual variation in pheromone composition in Nezara viridula (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) - how valid is the basis for designating pheromone strains. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 111, 189-193.
236. RYAN, M. J. & RAND, A. S. (1993). Species recognition and sexual selection as a unitary problem in animal communication. Evolution 47, 647-657.
237. SAKURAI, T. (1996). Multiple mating and its effect on female reproductive output in the bean bug Reptortus clavatus (Heteroptera: Alydidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 89, 481-485.
238. SAPPINGTON, T. W. & TAYLOR, O. R. (1990). Genetic sources of pheromone variation in Colias eurytheme (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) butterflies. Journal of Chemical Ecology 16, 2755-2770.
239. SCHAL, C. (1982). Intraspecific vertical stratification as a matefinding mechanism in tropical cockroaches. Science 215, 1405-1407.
240. SCHIESTL, F. P. & AYASSE, M. (2000). Post-mating odor in females of the solitary bee, Andrena nigroaenea (Apoidea, Andrenidae), inhibits male mating behavior. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 48, 303-307.
241. SCHLYTER, F. & BIRGERSSON, G. (1989). Individual variation in bark beetle and moth pheromones - a comparison and an evolutionary background. Holarctic Ecology 12, 457-465.
242. SCHLYTER, F. & ZHANG, Q. H. (1996). Testing avian polygyny hypotheses in insects: Harem size distribution and female egg gallery spacing in three Ips bark beetles. Oikos 76, 57-69.
243. SEKIMOTO, H. (2005). Plant sex pheromones. In Plant Hormones, vol. 72 pp. 457-478. Elsevier Academic Press Inc, San Diego.
244. SHELDON, B. C. (1994). Male phenotype, fertility, and the pursuit of extra-pair copulations by female birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 257, 25-30.
245. SHELLY, T. E. & KENNELLY, S. S. (2003). Starvation and the mating success of wild male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 16, 171-179.
246. SHINE, R., REED, R. N., SHETTY, S., LEMASTER, M. & MASON, R. T. (2002). Reproductive isolating mechanisms between two sympatric sibling species of sea snakes. Evolution 56, 1655-1662.
247. SHOHET, A. J. & WATT, P. J. (2004). Female association preferences based on olfactory cues in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 55, 363-369.
248. SKROBLIN, A. & BLOWS, M. W. (2006). Measuring natural and sexual selection on breeding values of male display traits in Drosophila serrata. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19, 35-41.
249. SLABBEKOORN, H. & SMITH, T. B. (2002). Habitat-dependent song divergence in the little greenbul: an analysis of environmental selection pressures on acoustic signals. Evolution 56, 1849-1858.
250. SMITH, T. E., TOMLINSON, A. J., MLOTKIEWICZ, J. A. & ABBOTT, D. H. (2001). Female marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) can be identified from the chemical composition of their scent marks. Chemical Senses 26, 449-458.
251. SNELL, T. W. (1998). Chemical ecology of rotifers. Hydrobiologia 388, 267-276.
252. SONENSHINE, D. E. (2006). Tick pheromones and their use in tick control. Annual Review of Entomology 51, 557-580.
253. SRENG, I., GLOVER, T. & ROELOFS, W. (1989). Canalization of the redbanded leafroller moth sex-pheromone blend. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 10, 73-82.
254. STACEY, N. (2003). Hormones, pheromones and reproductive behavior. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 28, 229-235.
255. STACEY, N., CHOJNACKI, A., NARAYANAN, A., COLE, T. & MURPHY, C. (2003). Hormonally-derived sex pheromones in fish: exogenous cues and signals from gonad to brain. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, 329-341.
256. STEEL, E. (1984). Effect of the odour of vaginal secretion on noncopulatory behaviour of male hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Animal Behaviour 32, 597-608.
257. SUSSWEIN, A. J. & NAGLE, G. T. (2004). Peptide and protein pheromones in molluscs. Peptides 25, 1523-1530.
258. SWADDLE, J. P. & REIERSON, G. W. (2002). Testosterone increases perceived dominance but not attractiveness in human males. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269, 2285-2289.
259. SVENSSON, G. P., RYNE, C. & LÖFSTEDT, C. (2002). Heritable variation of sex pheromone composition and the potential for evolution of resistance to pheromone-based control of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28, 1447-1461.
260. SVENSSON, M. (1996). Sexual selection in moths: The role of chemical communication. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 71, 113-135.
261. SVENSSON, M. G. E., BENGTSSON, M. & LÖFQVIST, J. (1997). Individual variation and repeatability of sex pheromone emission of female turnip moths Agrotis segetum. Journal of Chemical Ecology 23, 1833-1850.
262. SYMONDS, M. R. E. & ELGAR, M. A. (2004a). Species overlap, speciation and the evolution of aggregation pheromones in bark beetles. Ecology Letters 7, 202-212.
263. SYMONDS, M. R. E. & ELGAR, M. A. (2004b). The mode of pheromone evolution: evidence from bark beetles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271, 839-846.
264. TALLAMY, D. W., GORSKI, P. M. & BURZON, J. K. (2000). Fate of male-derived cucurbitacins in spotted cucumber beetle females. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26, 413-427.
265. TEALE, S. A., HAGER, B. J. & WEBSTER, F. X. (1994). Pheromonebased assortative mating in a bark beetle. Animal Behaviour 48, 569-578.
266. THORNHILL, R. (1992). Female preference for the pheromone of males with low fluctuating asymmetry in the Japanese scorpionfly (Panorpa japonica, Mecoptera). Behavioral Ecology 3, 277-283.
267. THORNHILL, R. & GANGESTAD, S. W. (1999). The scent of symmetry: A human sex pheromone that signals fitness? Evolution and Human Behavior 20, 175-201.
268. THORNHILL, R., GANGESTAD, S. W., MILLER, R., SCHEYD, G., MCCOLLOUGH, J. K. & FRANKLIN, M. (2003). Major histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women. Behavioral Ecology 14, 668-678.
269. TILLMAN, J. A., SEYBOLD, S. J., JURENKA, R. A. & BLOMQUIST, G. J. (1999). Insect pheromones - an overview of biosynthesis and endocrine regulation. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 29, 481-514.
270. TING, J. H., KELLY, L. S. & SNELL, T. W. (2000). Identification of sex, age and species-specific proteins on the surface of the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Marine Biology 137, 31-37.
271. TOMKINS, J. L., RADWAN, J., KOTIAHO, J. S. & TREGENZA, T. (2004). Genic capture and resolving the lek paradox. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19, 323-328.
272. TREGENZA, T. & WEDELL, N. (2000). Genetic compatibility, mate choice and patterns of parentage. Molecular Ecology 9, 1013-1027.
273. TRIVERS, R. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man (ed. B. G. Campbell), pp. 136-179. Aldine Press, Chicago.
274. VAN DONGEN, S., MATTHYSEN, E., SPRENGERS, E. & DHONDT, A. A. (1998). Mate selection by male winter moths Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): Adaptive male choice or female control? Behaviour 135, 29-42.
275. VERRELL, P. A. (1995). Males choose larger females as mates in the salamander Desmognathus santeelah. Ethology 99, 162-171.
276. WCISLO, W. T. (1992). Attraction and learning in mate-finding by solitary bees, Lasioglossum (Dialictus) figueresi Wcislo and Nomia triangulifera Vachal (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 31, 139-148.
277. WEDEKIND, C. & FURI, S. (1997). Body odour preferences in men and women: do they aim for specific MHC combinations or simply heterozygosity? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 264, 1471-1479.
278. WEDEKIND, C., SEEBECK, T., BETTENS, F. & PAEPKE, A. J. (1995). MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 260, 245-249.
279. WILEY, R. H. & POSTON, J. (1996). Perspective: Indirect mate choice, competition for mates, and coevolution of the sexes. Evolution 50, 1371-1381.
280. WITZGALL, P. & FREROT, B. (1989). Pheromone emission by individual females of carnation tortrix, Cacoecimorpha pronubana. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15, 707-717.
281. WITZGALL, P., LINDBLOM, T., BENGTSSON, M. & TÓTH, M. (2004). The Pherolist.http://www-pherolist.slu. se.
282. VONNICKISCHROSENEGK, E. & WINK, M. (1994). Influence of previous feeding regimes and ambient-temperatures on degradation and storage of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the moth species Creatonotos transiens (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Entomologia Generalis 19, 157-170.
283. WYATT, T. D. (2003). Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
284. WYSOCKI, C. J. & PRETI, G. (2004). Facts, fallacies, fears, and frustrations with human pheromones. Anatomical Record A 281A, 1201-1211.
285. ZAHAVI, A. (1975). Mate selection: A selection for a handicap. Journal of Theoretical Biology 53, 205-214.
286. ZAHAVI, A. (1977). The cost of honesty (further remarks on the handicap principle). Journal of Theoretical Biology 67, 603-605.
287. ZALA, S. M., POTTS, W. K. & PENN, D. J. (2004). Scent-marking displays provide honest signals of health and infection. Behavioral Ecology 15, 338-344.
288. ZEH, J. A., NEWCOMER, S. D. & ZEH, D. W. (1998). Polyandrous females discriminate against previous mates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95, 13732-13736.
289. ZELANO, B. & EDWARDS, S. V. (2002). An MHC component to kin recognition and mate choice in birds: predictions, progress and prospects. The American Naturalist 160, S225-S237.
290. ZHANG, Q. H., BIRGERSSON, G., SCHLYTER, F. & CHEN, G. F. (2000). Pheromone components in the larch bark beetle, Ips cembrae, from China: Quantitative variation among attack phases and individuals. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26, 841-858.
291. ZUK, M. & KOLLURU, G. R. (1998). Exploitation of sexual signals by predators and parasitoids. Quarterly Review of Biology 73, 415-438.