Insect pheromones - An overview of biosynthesis and endocrine regulation

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 481-514

  Tillman, Julie A ^a   Seybold, Steven J ^a   Jurenka, Russell A ^b   Blomquist, Gary J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

20 hydroxyecdysone; Blattodea; Coleoptera; De novo pheromone biosynthesis; Diptera; Ecdysteroids; Endocrine regulation; Host derived pheromone biosynthesis; Insect pheromones; Juvenile hormone; Lepidoptera; Pheromone biosynthesis; Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide

Indexed keywords

ACYL COENZYME A; CARBONYL DERIVATIVE; ISOPRENOID; JUVENILE HORMONE; MESSENGER RNA; PHEROMONE; SEX PHEROMONE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL; BIOSYNTHESIS; ECOLOGY; FEMALE; HORMONAL REGULATION; HORMONE STRUCTURE; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; INSECT; MALE; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NONHUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; REACTION ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SEX DIFFERENCE; SHORT SURVEY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; ECOLOGY; FEMALE; INSECTS; MALE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PHEROMONES; SEX ATTRACTANTS;

ANIMALIA; ARACHNIDA; ARCTIIDAE; BLATTARIA; BLATTELLA GERMANICA; COLEOPTERA; CUCUJIDAE; CURCULIONIDAE; DIPTERA; DROSOPHILIDAE; HEXAPODA; INSECTA; IPS PARACONFUSUS; LEPIDOPTERA; MUSCA DOMESTICA; MUSCIDAE; NOCTUIDAE; SCARABAEIDAE; SCOLYTINAE;

EID: 0033151947     PISSN: 09651748     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0965-1748(99)00016-8     Document Type: Short Survey

References (371)

1. Adams T.S., Holt G.G. Effect of pheromone components when applied to different models on male sexual behavior in the housefly, Musca domestica. J. Insect Physiol. 33:1987;9-18.
2. Adams T.S., Dillwith J.W., Blomquist G.J. The role of 20-hydroxyecdysone in housefly sex pheromone biosynthesis. J. Insect Physiol. 30:1984;287-294.
3. Adams T.S., Hagedorn H.H., Wheelock G.D. Haemolymph ecdysteroid in the housefly, Musca domestica, during oogenesis and its relationship with vitellogenin levels. J. Insect Physiol. 31:1985;91-97.
4. Ahmad S., Kirkland K.E., Blomquist G.J. Evidence for a sex pheromone metabolizing cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase in the housefly. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 6:1987;121-140.
5. Arima R., Takahura K., Kadoshima T., Numazake F., Ando T., Uchiyama H., Nagasawa H., Kitamura A., Suzuki A. Hormonal regulation of pheromone biosynthesis in the silkworm moth, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Appl. Ent. Zool. 26:1991;137-147.
6. Arn H., Louis F. Mating disruption in European vineyards. Cardé R.T., Minks A.K. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. 1997;377-382 Chapman and Hall, New York.
7. Arn, H., Tóth, M., Priessner, E., 1992. List of sex pheromones of Lepidoptera and related attractants, 2nd Ed., International Organization for Biological Control, West Palearctic Regional Section, Wädenswil. The Pherolist is available at three sites: 1) Cornell University, Geneva, New York (USA)-http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pheronet/; 2) Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques (INRA), Versailles (France)-http://quasimodo.versailles.inra.fr/pherolist/pherolist.htm; and 3) Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, Seewiesen (Germany)-http://www.mpi-seewiesen.mpg.de/~kaisslin/pheronet/pherolist.htm.
8. Ashburner M. Drosophila genome sequencing projects: Progress towards the complete genomic sequence of an insect. Brunnhofer V., Soldán T. Proc. VIth European Congress of Entomology. 1998;126 University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
9. Bartelt R.J., Weisleder D. Polyketide origin of pheromones of Carpophilus davidsoni and C. mutilatus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4:1996;429-438.
10. Barth R.H. Jr. Hormonal control of sex attractant production in the Cuban cockroach. Science. 133:1961;1598-1599.
11. Barth R.H. Jr. The endocrine control of mating behavior in the cockroach Byrsotria fumigata (Guerin). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2:1962;53-69.
12. Barth R.H. Jr. Insect mating behavior: Endocrine control of a chemical communication system. Science. 149:1965;882-883.
13. Bedard W.D., Tilden P.E., Wood D.L., Silverstein R.M., Brownlee R.G., Rodin J.O. Western pine beetle: Field response to its sex pheromone and a synergistic host terpene, myrcene. Science. 164:1969;1284-1285.
14. Bedard W.D., Silverstein R.M., Wood D.L. Bark beetle phermones. Science. 167:1970;1638-1639.
15. Bell T.W., Boppré M., Schneider D., Meinwald J. Stereochemical course of pheromone biosynthesis in the acrtiid moth, Creatonotos transiens. Experientia. 40:1984;713-714.
16. Bell T.W., Meinwald J. Pheromones of two arctiid moths (Creatonotos transiens and C. gangis): Chiral components from both sexes and achiral female components. J. Chem. Ecol. 12:1986;385-409.
17. Biemont J.C., Chaibou M., Pouzat J. Localization and fine structure of the female sex pheromone-producing glands in Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. and Embryol. 21:1992;251-262.
18. Birch M.C. Introduction. Birch M.C. Pheromones. 1974;1-7 North Holland, Amsterdam.
19. Birch M.C., Haynes K.F. Insect Pheromones. The Institute of Biology's Studies in Biology No. 147. 1982;Edward Arnold, London.
20. Birch M.C., Light D.M., Wood D.L., Browne L.E., Silverstein R.M., Bergot B.J., Ohloff G., West J.R., Young J.C. Pheromonal attraction and allomonal interruption of Ips pini in California by the two enantiomers of ipsdienol. J. Chem. Ecol. 6:1980;703-717.
21. Birgersson G., Schlyter F., Bergström G., Löfqvist J. Individual variation in aggregation pheromone content of the bark beetle, Ips typographus. J. Chem. Ecol. 14:1988;1737-1761.
22. Birgersson G., Byers J.A., Bergström G., Löfqvist J. Production of pheromone components, chalcogran and methyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate, in the spruce engraver Pityogenes chalcographus. J. Insect Physiol. 36:1990;391-395.
23. Bjostad L.B., Roelofs W.L. Sex pheromone biosynthesis from radiolabeled fatty acids in the redbanded leafroller. J. Biol. Chem. 256:1981;7936-7940.
24. Bjostad L.B., Roelofs W.L. Sex pheromone biosynthesis in Trichoplusia ni: Key steps involve delta-11 desaturation and chain shortening. Science. 220:1983;1387-1389.
25. Bjostad L.B., Wolf W.A., Roelofs W.L. Total lipid analysis of the sex pheromone gland of the redbanded leafroller moth, Argyrotaenia velutinana, with reference to pheromone biosynthesis. Insect Biochem. 11:1981;73-79.
26. Bjostad L.B., Linn C.E., Du J.-W., Roelofs W.L. Identification of new sex pheromone components in Trichoplusia ni, predicted from biosynthetic precursors. J. Chem. Ecol. 10:1984;1309-1323.
27. Bjostad L.B., Linn C.E., Du J.-W. Identification of new sex pheromone components in Trichoplusia ni and Argyrotaenia velutinana, predicted from biosynthetic precursors. Acree T.E., Soderland D.M. Semiochemicals: Flavors and Pheromones. 1985;223-237 American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
28. Bjostad L.B., Wolf W.A., Roelofs W.L. Pheromone biosynthesis in lepidopterans: Desaturation and chain shortening. Blomquist G.J., Prestwich G.D. Pheromone Biochemistry. 1987;77-120 Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
29. Blight M.M., Wadhams L.J., Wenham M.J. Chemically mediated behavior in the large elm bark beetle, Scolytus scolytus. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 25:1979;122-124.
30. Blomquist G.J., Adams T.S., Dillwith J.W. Induction of female sex pheromone production in male houseflies by ovarian implants or 20-hydroxyecdysone. J. Insect Physiol. 30:1984;295-302.
31. Blomquist G.J., Dillwith J.W., Pomonis J.G. Sex pheromone of the housefly: Metabolism of (Z)-9-tricosene to (Z)-9,10-epoxytricosane and (Z)-14-tricosene-10-one. Insect Biochem. 14:1984;279-284.
32. Blomquist G.J., Dillwith J.W., Adams T.S. Biosynthesis and endocrine regulation of sex pheromone production in Diptera. Blomquist G.J., Prestwich G.D. Pheromone Biochemistry. 1987;217-250 Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
33. Blomquist G.J., Nelson D.R., deRenobales M. Chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology of insect cuticular lipids. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 6:1987;227-265.
34. Blomquist G.J., Borgeson C.E., Vundla M. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids in insects. Insect Biochem. 21:1991;99-106.
35. Blomquist G.J., Tillman-Wall J.A., Guo L., Quilici D.R., Gu P. Hydrocarbon and hydrocabon derived sex pheromones in insects: Biochemistry and endocrine regulation. Stanley-Samuelson D.W., Nelson D.R. Insect Lipids: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology. 1993;318-351 University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska.
36. Blomquist G.J., Guo L., Gu P., Blomquist C., Reitz R.C., Reed J.R. Methyl-branched fatty acids and their biosynthesis in the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 24:1994;803-810.
37. Blomquist G.J., Tillman J.A., Mpuru S. The cuticle and cuticular hydrocarbons of insects: Structure, function, and biochemistry. Vander Meer R.K., Breed M.D., Espelie K.E., Winston M.L. Pheromone Communication in Social Insects: Ants, Wasps, Bees, and Termites. 1998;34-54 Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
38. Blum M.S. Exocrine systems. Blum M.S. Fundamentals of Insect Physiology. 1985;535-579 John Wiley and Sons, New York.
39. Blum M.S. Biosynthesis of arthropod exocrine compounds. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 32:1987;381-413.
40. Bohlmann J., Steele C.L., Croteau R. Monoterpene synthases from grand fir (Abies grandis). J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;21784-21792.
41. Bohlmann J., Meyer-Gauen G., Croteau R. Plant terpenoid synthases: Molecular biology and phylogenetic analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;4126-4133.
42. Borden J.H. Aggregation Pheromones. Kerkut G.A., Gilbert L.I. Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, vol. 9. 1985;257-285 Pergamon Press, Oxford.
43. Borden J.H., Slater C.E. Induction of flight muscle degeneration by synthetic juvenile hormone in Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Z. vergl. Physiologie. 63:1968;366-368.
44. Borden J.H., Slater C.E. Sex pheromone of Trypodendron lineatum: Production in the female hindgut-Malpighian tubule region. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 62:1969;454-455.
45. Borden J.H., Nair K.K., Slater C.E. Synthetic juvenile hormone: Induction of sex pheromone production in Ips confusus. Science. 166:1969;1626-1627.
46. Borden J.H., Chong L., McLean J.A., Slessor K.N., Mori K. Gnathotrichus sulcatus: Synergistic response to enantiomers of the aggregation pheromone sulcatol. Science. 192:1976;894-896.
47. Borg-Karlson A.-K., Ågren L., Dobson H., Bergström G. Identification and electroantennographic activity of sex-specific geranyl esters in an abdominal gland of female Agriotes obscurus (L.) and A. lineatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Experientia. 45:1988;531-534.
48. Bownes M. The role of 20-hydroxyecdysone in yolk polypeptide synthesis by male and female fat bodies of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Insect Physiol. 28:1982;317-328.
49. Bridges J.R. Effects of juvenile hormone on pheromone synthesis in Dendroctonus frontalis. Environ. Entomol. 11:1982;417-420.
50. Byers J.A. Pheromone biosynthesis in the bark beetle, Ips paraconfusus, during feeding or exposure to vapours of host plant precursors. Insect Biochem. 11:1981;563-569.
51. Byers J.A. Bark beetle conversion of a plant compound to a sex-specific inhibitor of pheromone attraction. Science. 220:1983;624-626.
52. Byers J.A. Influence of sex, maturity and host substances on pheromones in the guts of the bark beetles, Ips paraconfusus and Dendroctonus brevicomis. J. Insect Physiol. 29:1983;5-13.
53. Byers J.A. Host-tree chemistry affecting colonization in bark beetles. Cardé R.T., Bell W.J. Chemical Ecology of Insects 2. 1995;154-213 Chapman and Hall, New York.
54. Byers J.A., Birgersson G. Pheromone production in a bark beetle independent of myrcene precursor in host pine species. Naturwissenschaften. 77:1990;385-387.
55. Byers J.A., Wood D.L., Browne L.E., Fish R.H., Piatek B., Hendry L.B. Relationship between a host plant compound, myrcene, and pheromone production in the bark beetle Ips paraconfusus. J. Insect Physiol. 25:1979;477-482.
56. Byers J.A., Lanne B.S., Löfqvist J., Schlyter F., Bergström G. Olfactory recognition of host-tree susceptibility by pine shoot beetles. Naturwissenschaften. 72:1985;324-326.
57. Byers J.A., Schlyter F., Birgersson G., Francke W. E-myrcenol in Ips duplicatus: An aggregation pheromone component new for bark beetles. Experientia. 46:1990;1209-1211.
58. Cardé R.T., Minks A.K. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. 1997;Chapman and Hall, New York.
59. Carlson D.A., Mayer M.S., Silhacek D.L., James J.D., Beroza M., Bierl B.A. Sex attractant pheromone of the housefly: Isolation, identification, and synthesis. Science. 174:1971;76-78.
60. Carlson D.A., Langley P.A., Huyton P. Sex pheromone of the tsetse fly: Isolation, identification, and synthesis of contact aphrodisiacs. Science. 201:1978;750-753.
61. Charles J.-P., Wojtasek H., Lentz A.J., Thomas B.A., Bonning B.C., Palli S.R., Parker A.G., Dorman G., Hammock B.D., Prestwich G.D., Riddiford L.M. Purification and reassessment of ligand binding by the recombinant, putative juvenile hormone receptor of the tobacco hornworm. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 31:1996;371-393.
62. Charlton R.E., Roelofs W.L. Biosynthesis of a volatile, methyl-branched hydrocarbon sex pheromone from leucine by arctiid moths (Holomelina spp.). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 18:1991;81-97.
63. Chase J., Jurenka R.A., Schal C., Halarnkar P.P., Blomquist G.J. Biosynthesis of methyl-branched hydrocarbons of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Orthoptera: Blattellidae). Insect Biochem. 20:1990;149-156.
64. Chase J., Touhara K., Prestwich G., Schal C., Blomquist G.J. Biosynthesis and endocrine regulation of the production of the German cockroach sex pheromone, 3,11-dimethylnonacosan-2-one. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;6050-6054.
65. Chen N.-M., Borden J.H., Pierce H.D. Jr. Effect of juvenile hormone analog, fenoxycarb, on pheromone production by Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 14:1988;1087-1098.
66. Cherbas P. The IVth Karlson Lecture: Ecdysone-responsive genes. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 23:1993;3-11.
67. Choi M.Y., Tanaka M., Kataoka H., Boo K.S., Tatsuki S. Isolation and identification of the cDNA encoding the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide and additional neuropeptides in the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 28:1998;759-766.
68. Christensen T.A., Itagaki H., Teal P.E.A., Jasensky R.D., Tumlinson J.H., Hildebrand J.G. Innervation and neural regulation of the sex pheromone gland in female Heliothis moths. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;4971-4975.
69. Chu A.J., Blomquist G.J. Decarboxylation of tetracosanoic acid to n-tricosane in the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 66:1980;313-317.
70. Conn J.E., Borden J.H., Hunt D.W.A., Holman J., Whitney H.S., Spanier O.J., Pierce H.D. Jr., Oehlschlager A.C. Pheromone production by axenically reared Dendroctonus ponderosae and Ips parconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 10:1984;281-290.
71. Conner W.E., Eisner T., Vander Meer R.K., Guerrero A., Meinwald J. Precopulatory sexual interaction in an arctiid moth, (Utetheisa ornatirx.): Role of a pheromone derived from dietary alkaloids. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 9:1981;227-235.
72. Conner W.E., Roach B., Benedict E., Meinwald J., Eisner T. Courtship pheromone production and body size as correlates of larval diet in males of the arctiid moth Utetheisa ornatirx. J. Chem. Ecol. 16:1990;543-552.
73. Coyne J.A., Oyama R. Localization of pheromonal sexual dimorphism in Drosophila melanogaster and its effect on sexual isolation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;9505-9509.
74. Coyne J.F., Lott L.H. Toxicity of substances in pine oleoresin to southern pine beetle. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 11:1976;301-305.
75. Cusson M., McNeil J.N. Involvement of juvenile hormone in the regulation of pheromone release activities in a moth. Science. 243:1989;210-212.
76. Cusson M., Tobe S.S., McNeil J.N. Juvenile hormones: Their role in the regulation of the pheromonal communication system of the armyworm moth, Pseudaletia unipuncta. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 25:1994;329-345.
77. Daly, H.V., Doyen, J.T., Purcell, A.H., 1998. Introduction to insect biology and diversity. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 680pp.
78. Dawson G.W., Pickett J.A., Smiley D.W.M. The aphid sex pheromone cyclopentanoids: Synthesis in the elucidation of structure and biosynthetic pathways. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4:1996;351-361.
79. de Marzo L., Vit S. Contribution to the knowledge of Palearctic Batrisinae (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae). Antennal male glands of Batrisus Aubè and Batrisodes Reitter: Morphology, histology and taxonomical implications. Entomologica. 18:1983;77-110.
80. de Renobales M., Rogers L., Kolattukudy P.E. Involvement of a thioesterase in the production of short-chain fatty acids in the uropygial gland of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 205:1980;464-477.
81. de Renobales M., Nelson D.R., Mackay M.E., Zamboni A.C., Blomquist G.J. Dynamics of hydrocarbon biosynthesis and transport to the cuticle during pupal and early adult devlopment in the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insect Biochem. 18:1988;607-613.
82. de Renobales M., Cripps C., Stanley-Samuelson D.W., Jurenka R.A., Blomquist G.J. Biosynthesis of linoleic acid in insects. Trends Biochem. Sci. 12:1987;364-366.
83. Dickens J.C., McGovern W.L., Wiygul G. Effects of antennectomy and a juvenile hormone analog on pheromone production in the boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 23:1988;52-58.
84. Dickson D. Drosophila set for fast-track sequencing. Nature. 393:1998;296.
85. Dillwith J.W., Blomquist G.J., Nelson D.R. Biosynthesis of the hydrocarbon components of the sex pheromone of the housefly, Musca domestica L. Insect Biochem. 11:1981;247-253.
86. Dillwith J.W., Blomquist G.J. Site of sex pheromone biosynthesis in the female housefly, Musca domestica L. Experientia. 38:1982;471-473.
87. 13C-NMR study of methyl-branched hydrocarbon biosynthesis in the housefly. J. Biol. Chem. 257:1982;11305-11314.
88. Dillwith J.W., Adams T.S., Blomquist G.J. Correlation of housefly sex pheromone production with ovarian development. J. Insect Physiol. 29:1983;377-386.
89. Dowd P.F., Bartelt R.J. Aggregation pheromone glands of Carpophilus freemani (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and gland distribution among other sap beetles. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 86:1993;464-469.
90. Duportets L., Dufour M.-C., Bécard J.-M., Gadenne C., Couillaud F. Inhibition of male corpora allata activity and sexual pheromone responsiveness in the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon by the hypocholesterolemic agent, fluvastatin. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 32:1996;601-611.
91. Duportets L., Gadenne C., Dufour M.-C., Couillaud F. The pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) of the black cutworm moth, Agrotis ipsilon: immunohistochemistry, molecular characterization and bioassay of its peptide sequence. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 28:1998;591-599.
92. 13C-NMR study of the biosynthesis of 3-methylpentacosane in the American cockroach. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 663:1981;536-544.
93. Eisenreich W., Sagner S., Zenk M.H., Bacher A. Monterpenoid essential oils are not of mevalonoid origin. Tet. Lett. 38:1997;3889-3892.
94. Eisner T., Meinwald J. Alkaloid-derived pheromones and sexual selection in Lepidoptera. Blomquist G.J., Prestwich G.D. Pheromone Biochemistry. 1987;251-269 Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
95. Eisner T., Meinwald J. The chemistry of sexual selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;50-55.
96. Engelmann F. Mechanisms controlling reproduction in two viviparous cockroaches (Blattaria). Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 89:1960;516-536.
97. Evans R.M. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science. 240:1988;889-895.
98. Fabrias G., Barrot M., Camps F. Control of the sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway in Thaumetopoea pityocampa by the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 25:1995;655-660.
99. Fang N., Teal P.E.A., Tumlinson J.H. Effects of decapitation and PBAN injection on amounts of triacylglycerols in the sex pheromone gland of Manduca sexta (L). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 32:1996;249-260.
100. Faustini D.L., Burkholder W.E., Laub R.J. Sexually dimorphic setiferous sex patch in the male red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): Site of aggregation pheromone production. J. Chem. Ecol. 7:1981;465-480.
101. Faustini D.L., Post D.C., Burkholder W.E. Histology of aggregation pheromone gland in the red flour beetle. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 75:1982;187-190.
102. Ferveur J.-F., Cobb M., Jallon J.-M. Complex chemical messages in Drosophila. Naresh Singh R., Strausfeld N.J. Neurobiology of Sensory Systems. 1989;397-409 Plenum Publishing Corp, New York.
103. Ferveur J.-F., Cobb M., Oguma Y., Jallon J.-M. Pheromones: the fruit fly's perfumed garden. Shortland R.V., Balaban E. The Differences Between the Sexes. 1994;363-380 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
104. Ferveur J.-F., Savarit F., O'Kane C.J., Sureau G., Greenspan R.J., Jallon J.-M. Genetic feminization of pheromones and its behavioral consequences in Drosophila males. Science. 276:1997;1555-1558.
105. Feyereisen R. Regulation of juvenile hormone titer: Synthesis. Kerkut G.A., Gilbert L.I. Comprehensive Insect Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology. 1985;391-429 Pergamon Press, Oxford.
106. Fish R.H., Browne L.E., Wood D.L., Hendry L.B. Pheromone biosynthetic pathways: Conversions of deuterium-labelled ipsdienol with sexual and enantioselectivity in Ips paraconfusus. Tetrahedron Lett. 17:1979;1465-1468.
107. Foster S.P., Roelofs W.L. Pink bollworm sex pheromone biosynthesis from oleic acid. Insect Biochem. 18:1988;281-286.
108. Foster S.P., Roelofs W.L. Sex pheromone biosynthesis in the leafroller moth Planotortrix excessana by 10 desaturation. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 8:1988;1-9.
109. Foster S.P., Roelofs W.L. Sex pheromone biosynthesis in the Tortricid moth, Ctenopseustis herana (Felder and Rogenhofer). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 33:1996;135-147.
110. Francke, W., Schulz, S., 1999. Pheromones. In: Barton, D., Makanishi, K., Meth-Cohn, O. (Eds.), Comprehensive Natural Products, Vol. 8 (Including Marine Natural Products, Pheremones, Plant Hormones and Aspects of Ecology). Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, pp. 198-261.
111. Francke W., Vité J.P. Oxygenated terpenes in pheromone systems of bark beetles, Z. angew. Entomol. 96:1983;146-156.
112. Gadenne C. Effects of fenoxycarb, juvenile hormone mimetic, on female sexual behaviour of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Insect Physiol. 39:1993;25-29.
113. Gadenne C., Renou M., Sreng L. Hormonal control of pheromone responsiveness in the male black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. Experientia. 49:1993;721-724.
114. Gerken B., Grüne S. Zur biologischen bedeutung käfereigener duftstoffe des großen ulmensplintkäfers, Scolytus Scolytus F. (Col: Scolytidae). Mitt. Dtsh. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. 1:1978;38-41.
115. Goldstein J.L., Brown M.S. Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature. 343:1990;425-430.
116. Golubeva E., Kingan T.G., Blackburn M.B., Malser E.P., Raina A.K. The distribution of PBAN (pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide)-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 34:1997;391-408.
117. Gore W.E., Pearce G.T., Lanier G.N., Simeone J.B., Silverstein R.M., Peacock J.W., Cuthbert R.A. Aggregation attractant of the European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus, production of individual components and related aggregation behavior. J. Chem. Ecol. 3:1977;429-446.
118. Gries G., Pierce H.D. Jr., Lindgren B.S., Borden J.H. New techniques for capturing and analyzing semiochemicals for scolytid beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 81:1988;1715-1720.
119. Gries G., Leufvén A., LaFontaine J.P., Pierce H.D. Jr., Borden J.H., Vanderwel D., Oehlschlager A.C. New metabolites of α-pinene produced by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Insect Biochem. 20:1990;365-371.
120. Gries G., Smirle M.J., Leufvén A., Miller D.R., Borden J.H., Whitney H.S. Conversion of phenylalanine to toluene and 2-phenylethanol by the pine engraver Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Experientia. 46:1990;329-331.
121. Gu P., Welch W.W., Blomquist G.J. Methyl-branched fatty acid biosynthesis in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica: kinetic studies comparing a microsomal and soluble fatty acid synthetase. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 23:1993;263-271.
122. Gu P., Welch W.W., Guo L., Schegg K.M., Blomquist G.J. Characterization of a novel microsomal fatty acid synthetase (FAS) compared to a cytosolic FAS in the housefly, Musca domestica. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 118:1997;447-456.
123. Hackstein E., Vité J.P. Pheromone Biosynthese und Reizkette in der Besiedlung von Fichten durch den Buchdrucker Ips typographus. Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Entomol. 1:1978;185-188.
124. Hagedorn H.H. The role of ecdysteroids in reproduction. Kerkut G.A., Gilbert L.I. Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, vol. 8. 1985;205-262 Pergamon Press, Oxford.
125. Halarnkar P.P., Heisler C.R., Blomquist G.J. Propionate catabolism in the housefly Musca domestica and the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis. Insect Biochem. 16:1986;455-461.
126. Hammack L., Burkholder W.E., Ma M. Sex pheromone localization in females of six Trogoderma species (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 66:1973;545-550.
127. Hampton R., Dimpster-Denk D., Rine J. The biology of HMG-CoA reductase: The pros of contra-regulation. TIBS. 21:1996;140-145.
128. Harbourne J.B. Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry. 4th ed. 1993;Academic Press, London.
129. Harring C.M. Aggregation pheromones of the European fir engraver beetles Pityokteines curvidens, P. spinidens, and P. vorontzovi and the role of juvenile hormone in pheromone biosynthesis Z. angew. Entomol. 85:1978;281-317.
130. Haynes K.F., Hunt R.E. A mutation in pheromonal communication system of cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni. J. Chem. Ecol. 16:1990;1249-1257.
131. Hedin P.A., Lindig O.H., Wiygul G. Enhancement of boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pheromone biosynthesis with JHIII. Experientia. 38:1982;375-376.
132. Hedin P.A., Thompson A.C., Gueldner R.C., Minyard J.P. Malvaceae: Constituents of the cotton bud. Phytochemistry. 10:1971;3316-3318.
133. Hendry L.B., Wichmann J.K., Hindenlang D.M., Mumma R.D., Anderson M.E. Evidence for origin of insect sex pheromones: Presence in food plants. Science. 188:1975;59-63.
134. Hendry L.B., Piatek B., Browne L.E., Wood D.L., Byers J.A., Fish R.H., Hicks R.A. In vivo conversion of a labelled host plant chemical to pheromones of the bark beetle, Ips paraconfusus. Nature. 284:1980;485.
135. Henrich V.C., Brown N.E. Insect nuclear receptors: A developmental and comparative perspective. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 25:1995;881-897.
136. Henzell R.F., Lowe M.D. Sex attractant of the grass grub beetle. Science. 168:1970;1005-1006.
137. Hindenlang D.M., Wichmann J.K. Reexamination of tetradecenyl acetates in oak leafroller sex pheromone and in plants. Science. 195:1977;86-89.
138. Hobson K.R., Wood D.L., Cool L.G., White P.M., Ohtsuka T., Kubo I., Zavarin E. Chiral specificity in responses by the bark beetle Dendroctonus valens to host kairomones. J. Chem. Ecol. 19:1993;1837-1846.
139. Horn D.H.S., Bergamasco R. Chemistry of Ecdysteroids. Kerkut G.A., Gilbert L.I. Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, vol. 7. 1985;185-248 Pergamon Press, Oxford.
140. Hubank M., Schatz D.G. Identifying differences in mRNA expression by representational difference analysis of cDNA. Nucleic Acids Research. 22:1994;5640-5648.
141. Hughes P.R. Dendroctonus, Production of pheromones and related compounds in response to host monoterpenes Z. angew. Entomol. 73:1973;294-312.
142. Hughes P.R. Effect of α-pinene exposure on trans-verbenol synthesis in Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. Naturwissenschaften. 60:1973;261-262.
143. Hughes P.R. Myrcene: A precursor of pheromones in Ips beetles. J. Insect Physiol. 20:1974;1271-1275.
144. Hughes P.R., Renwick J.A.A. Hormonal and host factors stimulating pheromone synthesis in female western pine beetles, Dendroctonus brevicomis. Physiol. Entomol. 2:1977;289-292.
145. Hughes P.R., Renwick J.A.A. Neural and hormonal control of pheromone biosynthesis in the bark beetle, Ips paraconfusus. Physiol. Entomol. 2:1977;117-123.
146. Hunt D.W.A., Borden J.H. Terpene alcohol pheromone production by Dendroctonus ponderosae and Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the absence of readily culturable microorganisms. J. Chem. Ecol. 15:1989;1433-1463.
147. Hurd H., Parry G. Metacestode-induced depression of the production of, and response to, sex pheromone in the intermediate host Tenebrio molitor. J. Invert. Path. 58:1991;82-87.
148. Huybrechts R., DeLoof A. Induction of vitellogenin synthesis in male Sarcophaga bullata by ecdysterone. J. Insect Physiol. 23:1977;1359-1362.
149. Huybrechts R., DeLoof A. Effect of ecdysterone on vitellogenin concentration in haemolymph of male and female Sarcophaga bullata. Int. J. Invert. Reprod. 3:1981;157-168.
150. Iglesias F., Marco M.P., Jacquin-Joly E., Camps F., Fabrias G. Regulation of sex pheromone biosynthesis in two noctuid species, S. littoralis and M. brassicae, may involve both PBAN and the ventral nerve cord. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 37:1998;295-304.
151. Imai T., Kodama H., Mori M., Kohno M. Morphological and chemical studies of male abdominal exocrine glands of the black larder beetle, Dermestes ater De Geer (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Appl. Ent. Zool. 25:1990;113-118.
152. Islam N., Bacala R., Moore A., Vanderwel D. Biosynthesis of 4-methyl-1-nonanol: Female-produced sex pheromone of the yellow mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Insect Biochem. Molec Biol. 29:1999;201-208.
153. Ismail M.T., Kremer M.I. Determination of the site of pheromone emission in the virgin female Culicoides nubeculosus Meigen (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J. Insect Physiol. 29:1983;221-224.
154. Ivarsson P., Schlyter F., Birgersson G. Demonstration of de novo pheromone biosynthesis in Ips duplicatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): Inhibition of ipsdienol and E-myrcenol production by compactin. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 23:1993;655-662.
155. Ivarsson P., Birgersson G. Regulation and biosynthesis of pheromone components in the double spined bark beetle Ips duplicatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Insect Physiol. 41:1995;843-849.
156. Ivarsson P., Blomquist G.J., Seybold S.J. In vitro production of pheromone intermediates in the bark beetles Ips pini (Say) and I. paraconfusus Lanier (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Naturwissenschaften. 84:1997;454-457.
157. Ivarsson P., Tittiger C., Blomquist C., Borgeson C.E., Seybold S.J., Blomquist G.J., Högberg H.-E. Pheromone precursor synthesis is localized in the metathorax of Ips paraconfusus Lanier (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Naturwissenschaften. 85:1998;507-511.
158. Ivastschenko I.I., Adamenko E.A. Place of pheromone formation in females of Selatosomus latus (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Zoologicheski Zhurnal. 59:1980;225-228.
159. Jacquin E., Jurenka R.A., Ljungberg H., Nagnan P., Löfstedt C., Descoins C., Roelofs W.L. Control of sex pheromone biosynthesis in the moth Mamestra brassicae by the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 24:1994;203-211.
160. Jaffe H., Raina A.K., Hayes D.K. HPLC isolation and purification of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide of Heliothis zea. Borkovec A.C., Gelman D.B. Insect Neurochemistry and Neurophysiology. 1986;217-224 Humana Press, New Jersey.
161. Jallon J.-M. A few chemical words exchanged by Drosophila during courtship and mating. Behaviour Genetics. 14:1984;441-478.
162. Jones G. Molecular mechanisms of action of juvenile hormone. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 40:1995;147-169.
163. Jones G., Sharp P.A. Ultraspiracle: An invertebrate nuclear receptor for juvenile hormones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;13499-13503.
164. Jowett T., Postlethwait J.H. The regulation of yolk polypeptide synthesis in Drosophila ovaries and fat body by 20-hydroxyecdysone and a juvenile hormone analog. Dev. Biol. 80:1980;225-234.
165. Juarez P., Chase J., Blomquist G.J. A microsomal fatty acid synthetase from the integument of Blattella germanica synthesizes methyl-branched fatty acid, precursors to hydrocarbon and contact sex pheromone. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 293:1992;333-341.
166. Jurenka R.A. Signal transduction in the stimulation of sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 33:1996;245-258.
167. 12 desaturase. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 53:1997;501-505.
168. Jurenka R.A., Roelofs W.L. Characterization of the acetyltransferase involved in pheromone biosynthesis in moths: Specificity for the Z isomer in Tortricidae. Insect Biochem. 19:1989;639-644.
169. Jurenka R.A., Schal C., Burns E., Chase J., Blomquist G.J. Structural correlation between cuticular hydrocarbons and female contact sex pheromone of the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.). J. Chem. Ecol. 15:1989;939-949.
170. Jurenka R.A., Jacquin E., Roelofs W.L. Control of the pheromone biosynthetic pathway in Helicoverpa zea by the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 17:1991;81-91.
171. Jurenka R.A., Roelofs W.L. Biosynthesis and endocrine regulation of fatty acid derived pheromones in moths. Stanley-Samuelson D.W., Nelson D.R. Insect Lipids: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology. 1993;353-388 University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska.
172. Jurenka R.A., Fabriás G., Ramaswamy S., Roelofs W.L. Control of sex pheromone biosynthesis in mated redbanded leafroller moths. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 24:1993;129-137.
173. Jurenka R.A., Haynes K.F., Adlof R.O., Bengtsson M., Roelofs W.L. Sex pheromone component ratio in the cabbage looper moth altered by a mutation affecting the fatty acid chain-shortening reactions in the pheromone biosynthetic pathway. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 24:1994;373-381.
174. Karlson P., Lüscher M. "Pheromones:" A new term for a
175. Kawano T., Kataoka H., Nagasawa H., Isogai A., Suzuki A. Molecular cloning of a new type of cDNA for pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 61:1997;1745-1747.
176. Kiehlmann E., Conn J.E., Borden J.H. 7-Ethoxy-6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran. Org. Prep. Proc. Int. 14:1982;337.
177. Kitamura A., Nagasawa H., Kataoka H., Inoue T., Matsumoto S., Ando T., Suzuki A. Amino acid sequence of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163:1989;520-526.
178. Kitamura A., Nagasawa H., Kataoka H., Ando T., Suzuki A. Amino acid sequence pheromone-biosynthesis-activating-neuropeptide II (PBAN-II) of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Agric. Biol. Chem. Tokyo. 54:1990;2495-2497.
179. Klimetzek D., Francke W. Relationship between enantiomeric composition of α-pinene in host trees and the production of verbenols in Ips species. Experientia. 36:1980;1343-1344.
180. Klun, J.A. and Cooperators 1975. Insect sex pheromones: intraspecific pheromonal variability of Ostrinia nubilalis in North America and Europe. Environ. Entomol. 4, 891-894.
181. Knipple, D.C., Miller, S.J., Rosenfield, C.L., Liu, W., Tang, J., Ma, P.W.K., Roelofs, W.L., 1999. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a pheromone gland-specific acyl-CoA 11-desaturase of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (in press).
182. Koelle M.R., Talbot W.S., Segraves W.A., Bender M.T., Cherbas P., Hogness D.S. The Drosophila EcR gene encodes an ecdysone receptor, a new member of the steroid receptor superfamily. Cell. 67:1991;59-77.
183. Kuniyoshi H., Nagasawa H., Ando T., Suzuki A. N-terminal modified analogs of C-terminal fragments of PBAN with pheromonotropic activity. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 22:1992;399-403.
184. Lafont R. Ecdysteroids and related molecules in animals and plants. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 35:1997;3-20.
185. Langley P.A., Carlson D.A. Biosynthesis of contact sex pheromone in the female tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood. J. Insect Physiol. 29:1983;825-831.
186. Leal W.S. Evolution of sex pheromone communication in plant-feeding scarab beetles. Cardé R.T., Minks A.K. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. 1997;505-513 Chapman and Hall, New York.
187. Leal W.S. Chemical ecology of phytophagous scarab beetles. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43:1998;39-61.
188. Leal W.S., Matsuyama S., Kuwahara Y., Wakamura S., Hasegawa M. An amino acid derivative as the sex pheromone of a scarab beetle. Naturwissenschafen. 79:1992;184-185.
189. Levinson A.R., Levinson H.Z. Reflections of structure and function of pheromone glands in storage insect species. Anz. Schädlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz. 68:1995;99-118.
190. Levinson H.Z., Levinson A.R., Jen T.-L., Williams J.L.D., Kahn G., Francke W. Production site, partial composition and olfactory perception of a pheromone in the male Hide beetle. Naturwissenschaften. 65:1978;543-544.
191. Levinson H.Z., Levinson A.R., Kahn G.E., Schäfer K. Occurrence of a pheromone-producing gland in female tobacco beetles. Experientia. 39:1983;1095-1097.
192. Lew A.C., Ball H.J. The structure of the apparent pheromone-secreting cells in female Diabrotica virgifera. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 71:1978;685-688.
193. Liang D., Schal C. Ultrastructure and maturation of a sex pheromone gland in the female German cockroach Blattella germanica. Tissue and Cell. 25:1993;763-776.
194. Liang P., Averboukh L., Pardee A.B. Distribution and cloning of eukaryotic mRNAs by means of differential display: refinements and optimization. Nucleic Acids Research. 21:1993;3269-3275.
195. Libertini L.J., Smith S. Purification and properties of a thioesterase from lactating rat mammary gland which modifies the product specificity of fatty acid synthetase. J. Biol. Chem. 253:1978;1393-1401.
196. Lichtenthaler H.K. The plants' 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway for biosynthesis of isoprenoids. Fett Lipid. 100:1998;128-138.
197. Lichtenthaler H.K., Rohmer M., Schwender J. Two independent biochemical pathways for isopentenyl diphosphate and isoprenoid biosynthesis in higher plants. Physiologia Plantarum. 101:1997;643-652.
198. Lichtenthaler H.K., Schwender J., Disch A., Rohmer M. Biosynthesis of isoprenoids in higher plant chloroplasts proceeds via a mevalonate independent pathway. FEBS Letters. 400:1997;271-274.
199. Lindström M., Norin T., Birgersson G., Schlyter F. Variation of enantiomeric composition of α-pinene in Norway spruce, Picea abies, and its influence on production of verbenol isomers by Ips typographus in the field. J. Chem. Ecol. 15:1989;541-548.
200. Lisitsyn N., Lisitsyn N., Wigler M. Cloning the differences between two complex genomes. Science. 25:1993;946-951.
201. Ma W.K., Roelofs W.L. Calcium involvement in the stimulation of sex pheromone production by PBAN in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 25:1995;467-473.
202. Macías-Sámano J.E., Borden J.H., Gries R., Pierce H.D. Jr., Gries G., King G.G.S. Primary attraction of the fir engraver Scolytus ventralis. J. Chem. Ecol. 24:1998;1049-1075.
203. Madden J.L., Pierce H.D. Jr., Borden J.H., Butterfield A. Sites of production and occurrence of volatiles in Douglas-fir beetle Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins. J. Chem. Ecol. 14:1988;1305-1317.
204. Marco M.-P., Fabriás G., Lázaro G., Camps F. Evidence for both humoral and neural regulation of sex pheromone biosynthesis in Spodoptera littoralis. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 31:1996;157-168.
205. Marco M.-P., Fabrias G. PBAN regulation of sex pheromone biosynthesis in Spodoptera littoralis. Cardé R.T., Minks A.K. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. 1997;46-53 Chapman and Hall, New York.
206. Martinez T., Fabriás G., Camps F. Sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway in Spodoptera littoralis and its activation by a neurohormone. J. Biol. Chem. 265:1990;1381-1387.
207. Masler E.P., Raina A.K., Wagner R.M., Kochansky J.P. Isolation and identification of a pheromonotropic neuropeptide from the brain-subesophageal ganglion complex of Lymantria dispar: A new member of the PBAN family. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 24:1994;829-836.
208. Menon M. Hormone-pheromone relationships in the beetle Tenebrio molitor. J. Insect Physiol. 16:1970;1123-1139.
209. Menon M. Hormone-pheromone relationships of male Tenebrio molitor. J. Insect Physiol. 22:1976;1021-1023.
210. Menon M., Nair K.K. Sex pheromone production and reproductive behavior in gamma-irradiated Tenebrio molitor. J. Insect Physiol. 18:1972;1321-1331.
211. Menon M., Nair K.K. Age-dependent effects of synthetic juvenile hormone on pheromone synthesis in adult females of Tenebrio molitor. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 69:1976;457-458.
212. Merriam J., Ashburner M., Hartl D.L., Kafatos F.C. Toward cloning and mapping the genome of Drosophila. Science. 254:1991;221-225.
213. Miller D.R., Borden J.H. β-Phellandrene: Kairomone for pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 16:1990;2519-2531.
214. Miller D.R., Borden J.H. The use of monoterpenes by Ips latidens (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol. 122:1990;301-307.
215. Miller J.R., Baker T.C., Cardé R.T., Roelofs W.L. Reinvestigation of oak leafroller sex pheromone components and the hypothesis that they vary with the diet. Science. 192:1976;140-143.
216. Miller D.R., Gibson K.E., Raffa K.F., Seybold S.J., Teale S.A., Wood D.L. Geographic variation in response of pine engraver, Ips pini, and associated species to pheromone, lanierone. J. Chem. Ecol. 23:1997;2013-2031.
217. Minks A.K. Mating disruption of the codling moth. Cardé R.T., Minks A.K. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. 1997;372-376 Chapman and Hall, New York.
218. Mitlin N., Hedin P.A. Biosynthesis of grandlure, the pheromone of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, from acetate, mevalonate, and glucose. J. Insect Physiol. 20:1974;1825-1831.
219. Mori K. Molecular asymmetry and pheromone science. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 60:1996;1925-1932.
220. Morse D., Meighen E.A. Detection of pheromone biosynthetic and degradative enzymes in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 259:1984;475-480.
221. Morse D., Meighen E.A. Aldehyde pheromones in Lepidoptera: Evidence for an acetate ester precursor in Choristoneura fumiferana. Science. 226:1984;1434-1436.
222. Morse D., Meighen E.A. Pheromone biosynthesis and role of functional groups in pheromone specificity. J. Chem. Ecol. 12:1986;335-351.
223. Morse D., Meighen E.A. Biosynthesis of the acetate ester precursors of the spruce budworm sex pheromone by an acetyl CoA:fatty alcohol acetyltransferase. Insect Biochem. 17:1987;53-59.
224. Morse D., Meighen E.A. Pheromone biosynthesis: Enzymatic studies in Lepidoptera. Blomquist G.J., Prestwich G.D. Pheromone Biochemistry. 1987;121-158 Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
225. Morse D., Meighen E.A. Differences in oxidase and esterase activities involved in pheromone biosynthesis in two species of Choristoneura. J. Chem. Ecol. 16:1990;1485-1493.
226. Mouillet J.-F., Delbecque J.-P., Quennedey B., Delachambre J. Cloning of two putative ecdysteroid receptor isoforms from Tenebrio molitor and their developmental expression in the epidermis during metamorphosis. Eur. J. Biochem. 248:1997;856-863.
227. 2. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 26:1996;203-208.
228. Nagasawa H., Kunihoshi H., Arima R., Kawano T., Ando T., Suzuki A. Structure and activity of Bombyx PBAN. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 25:1994;347-362.
229. Nardi J.B., Dowd P.F., Bartelt R.J. Fine structure of cells specialized for secretion of aggregation pheromone in a nitidulid beetle Carpophilus freemani (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Tissue and Cell. 28:1996;43-52.
230. Nebeker T.E., Hodges J.D., Blanche C.E. Host response to bark beetle and pathogen colonization. Schowalter T.D., Filip G.M. Beetle-Pathogen Interactions in Conifer Forests. 1993;157-173 Academic Press, London.
231. Nelson D.R. Methyl-branched lipids in insects. Stanley-Samuelson D.W., Nelson D.R. Insect Lipids: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology. 1993;271-351 University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska.
232. Nelson D.R., Blomquist G.J. Insect Waxes. Hamilton R.J. Waxes: Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and Functions. 1995;1-90 The Oily Press, West Ferry, Dundee, Scotland.
233. Nordlund D.A., Lewis W.J. Terminology of chemical releasing stimuli in intraspecific and interspecific interactions. J. Chem. Ecol. 2:1976;211-220.
234. Palli S.R., Osir E.O., Eng W.-S., Boehm M.F., Edwards M., Kulcsar P., Ujvary I., Hiruma K., Prestwich G.D., Riddiford L.M. Juvenile hormone receptors in insect larval epidermis: Identification by photoaffinity labeling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;796-800.
235. Palli S.R., Touhara K., Charles J.-P., Bonning B.C., Atkinson J.K., Trowell S.C., Hiruma K., Goodman W.G., Kyriakides T., Prestwich G.D., Hammock B.D., Riddiford L.M. A nuclear juvenile hormone-binding protein from larvae of Manduca sexta: A putative receptor for the metamorphic action of juvenile hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;6191-6195.
236. Pennanec'h M., Bricard L., Kunesch G., Jallon J.-M. Incorporation of fatty acids into cuticular hydrocarbons of male and female Drosophila melanogaster. J. Insect Physiol. 43:1997;1111-1116.
237. Percy-Cunningham J.E., MacDonald J.A. Biology and ultrastructure of sex pheromone-producing glands. Blomquist G.J., Prestwich G.D. Pheromone Biochemistry. 1987;27-75 Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
238. Perez A.L., Gries R., Gries G., Oehlschlager A.C. Transformation of presumptive precursors to frontalin and exo-brevicomin by bark beetles and the West Indian sugarcane weevil (Coleoptera). Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4:1996;445-450.
239. Petroski R.J., Bartelt R.J., Weisleder D. Biosynthesis of (2E,4E,6E)-5-ethyl-3-methyl-2,4,6-nonatriene: The aggregation pheromone of Carpophilus freemani (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 24:1994;69-78.
240. Pho D.B., Pennanec'h M., Jallon J.-M. Purification of adult Drosophila melanogaster lipophorin and its role in hydrocarbon transport. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 31:1996;289-303.
241. Picimbon J.-F., Becard J.-M., Sreng L., Clement J.-L., Gadenne C. Juvenile hormone stimulates pheromonotropic brain factor release in the female black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon. J. Insect Physiol. 41:1995;377-382.
242. Pierce A.M., Pierce H.D. Jr., Borden J.H., Oehlschlager A.C. Enhanced production of aggregation pheromones in four stored-product coleopterans feeding on methoprene-treated oats. Experientia. 42:1986;164-165.
243. Pierce H.D. Jr., Conn J.E., Oehlschlager A.C., Borden J.H. Monoterpene metabolism in female mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, attacking ponderosa pine. J. Chem. Ecol. 13:1987;1455-1480.
244. Pitman G.B., Vité J.P. Studies on the pheromone of Ips confusus (LeC.). I. Secondary sexual dimorphism in the hindgut epithelium. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. 22:1963;221-225.
245. Pitman G.B., Kliefoth R.A., Vité J.P. Studies on the pheromone of Ips confusus (LeConte). II. Further observations on the site of production. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. 23:1965;13-17.
246. Plettner E., Slessor K.N., Winston M.L., Oliver J.E. Caste-selective pheromone biosynthesis in honeybees. Science. 271:1996;1851-1853.
247. Prestwich G.D., Blomquist G.J. Pheromone Biochemistry. 1987;Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
248. Rafaeli A. Pheromonotropic stimulation of moth pheromone gland cultures in vitro. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 25:1994;287-299.
249. 14C-acetate incorporation by Heliothis armigera pheromone glands in vitro. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 65:1989;43-48.
250. Rafaeli A., Soroker V., Kamensky B., Raina A.K. Action of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide on in vitro pheromone glands of Heliothis armigera females. Insect Biochem. 36:1990;641-646.
251. Rafaeli A., Soroker V., Kamensky B., Gileadi C., Zisman U. Physiological and cellular mode of action of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) in the control of pheromonotropic activity of female moths. Cardé R.T., Minks A.K. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. 1997;74-82 Chapman and Hall, New York.
252. Raffa K.F., Berryman A.A., Simasko J.W., Wong B.L. Effects of grand fir monoterpenes on the fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and its symbiotic fungus. Environ. Entomol. 14:1985;552-556.
253. Raina A.K. Selected factors influencing neurohormonal regulation of sex pheromone production in Heliothis species. J. Chem. Ecol. 14:1988;2063-2069.
254. Raina A.K. Neuroendocrine control of sex pheromone biosynthesis in Lepidoptera. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 38:1993;329-349.
255. Raina A.K. Control of pheromone production in moths. Cardé R.T., Minks A.K. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. 1997;21-30 Chapman and Hall, New York.
256. Raina A.K., Klun J.A. Brain factor control of sex pheromone production in the female corn earworm moth. Science. 225:1984;531-533.
257. Raina A.K., Menn J.J. Endocrine regulation of pheromone production in Lepidoptera. Blomquist G.J., Prestwich G.D. Pheromone Biochemistry. 1987;159-174 Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
258. Raina A.K., Kempe T.G. A pentapeptide of the C-terminal sequence of PBAN with pheromonotropic activity. Insect Biochem. 20:1990;849-851.
259. Raina A.K., Davis J.C., Stadelbacher E.A. Sex pheromone production and calling in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Effect of temperature and light. Environ. Entomol. 20:1991;1451-1456.
260. Raina A.K., Jaffe H., Klun J.A., Ridgway R.L., Hayes D.K. Characteristics of a neurohormone that controls sex pheromone production in Heliothis zea. J. Insect Physiol. 33:1987;809-814.
261. Raina A.K., Jaffe H., Kempe T.G., Keim P., Blacher R.W., Fales H.M., Riley C.T., Klun J.A., Ridgway R.L., Hayes D.K. Identification of a neuropeptide hormone that regulates sex pheromone production in female moths. Science. 244:1989;796-798.
262. Raina A.K., Kingan T.G., Mattoo A.K. Chemical signals from host plant and sexual behavior in a moth. Science. 255:1992;592-594.
263. Ramaswamy S.B., Jurenka R.A., Linn C.E., Roelofs W.L. Evidence for the presence of a pheromonotropic factor in hemolymph and regulation of sex pheromone production in Helicoverpa zea. J. Insect Physiol. 41:1995;501-508.
264. 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;1000-1004.
265. Reed J.R., Quilici D.R., Blomquist G.J., Reitz R.C. Proposed mechanism for the cytochrome P-450 catalyzed conversion of aldehydes to hydrocarbons in the housefly Musca domestica. Biochemistry. 34:1995;26221-26227.
266. Renwick J.A.A., Dickens J.C. Control of pheromone production in the bark beetle Ips cembrae. Physiol. Entomol. 4:1979;377-381.
267. Renwick J.A.A., Hughes P.R., Ty T.D.J. Oxidation products of pinene in the bark beetle Dendroctonus frontalis. J. Insect Physiol. 19:1973;1735-1740.
268. Renwick J.A.A., Hughes P.R., Krull I.S. Selective production of cis- and trans-verbenol from (-)- and (+)-α-pinene by a bark beetle. Science. 191:1976;199-201.
269. Renwick J.A.A., Hughes P.R., Pitman G.B., Vité J.P. Oxidation products of terpenes identified from Dendroctonus and Ips bark beetles. J. Insect Physiol. 22:1976;725-727.
270. Renwick J.A.A., Pitman G.B., Vité J.P. 2-Phenylethanol isolated from bark beetles. Naturwissenschaften. 63:1976;198.
271. Riddiford L.M. Cellular and molecular actions of juvenile hormone I. General considerations and premetamorphic actions. Adv. Insect Physiol. 24:1994;213-274.
272. Riddiford L.M. Juvenile hormone: The status of its "status quo" action. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 32:1996;271-286.
273. Riddiford L.M., Williams C.M. Role of corpora cardiaca in the behaviour of saturniid moths I: Release of sex pheromone. Biol. Bull. 140:1971;1-7.
274. Roelofs W.L., Wolf W.A. Pheromone biosynthesis in Lepidoptera. J. Chem. Ecol. 14:1988;2019-2031.
275. Roelofs W.L. Chemistry of sex attraction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;44-49.
276. Roelofs W.L., Jurenka R.A. Biosynthetic enzymes regulating ratios of sex pheromone components in female redbanded leafroller moths. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4:1996;461-466.
277. Roelofs W.L., Jurenka R.A. Interaction of PBAN with biosynthetic enzymes. Cardé R.T., Minks A.K. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. 1997;42-45 Chapman and Hall, New York.
278. Roelofs W.L., Du J.-W., Tang X.-H., Robbins P.S., Eckenrode C.J. Three European corn borer populations in New York based on sex pheromones and voltinism. J. Chem. Ecol. 11:1985;829-836.
279. Rogoff W.M., Beltz A.D., Johnsen J.O., Plapp F.W. A sex pheromone in the housefly Musca domestica L. J. Insect Physiol. 10:1964;239-246.
280. Rogoff W.M., Gretz G.H., Sonnet P.E., Schwarz M. Response of male housefly to muscalure and to combinations of hydrocarbons with and without muscalure. Environ. Entomol. 9:1980;605-606.
281. Rohmer M., Knani M., Simonin P., Sutter B., Sahm H. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacteria, a novel pathway for the early steps leading to isopentenyl diphosphate. Biochem. J. 295:1993;517-524.
282. Rohmer M., Seeman M., Horbach S., Bringer-Meyer S., Sahm H. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate as precursors of isoprenic units in an alternative non-mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:1996;2564-2566.
283. Rudinsky J.A., Morgan M.E., Libbey L.M., Putnam T.B. Limonene released by the scolytid beetle Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Z. angew. Entomol. 82:1977;376-380.
284. Rule G.S., Roelofs W.L. Biosynthesis of sex pheromone components from linolenic acid in arctiid moths. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 12:1989;89-97.
285. Ryan R.O., de Renobales M., Dillwith J.W., Heisler C.R., Blomquist G.J. Biosynthesis of myristic acid in an aphid: Involvement of a specific acylthioesterase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 213:1982;26-36.
286. Sanders C.J. Mechanisms of mating disruption in moths. Cardé R.T., Minks A.K. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. 1997;333-346 Chapman and Hall, New York.
287. Sanders C.J., Weatherston J. Sex pheromone of the eastern spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Optimum blend of trans- and cis-11-tetradecenal. Can. Entomol. 108:1976;1285-1290.
288. Schal C., Smith A.F. Neuroendocrine regulation of pheromone production in cockroaches. Huber I., Rao B.R., Masler E.P. Cockroaches as Models for Neurobiolgy: Applications in Biomedical Research. 2:1990;179-200 CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
289. Schal C., Burns E.L., Blomquist G.J. Endocrine regulation of female contact sex pheromone production in the German cockroach Blattella germanica. Physiol. Entomol. 15:1990;81-91.
290. Schal C., Burns E.L., Gadot M., Chase J., Blomquist G.J. Biochemistry and regulation of pheromone production in Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Insect Biochem. 21:1991;39-73.
291. Schal C., Chiang A.-S., Burns E.L., Gadot M., Cooper R.A. Role of the brain in juvenile hormone synthesis and oocyte development: Effects of dietary protein in the cockroach Blattella germanica (L.). J. Insect Physiol. 39:1993;303-313.
292. Schal C., Gu X., Burns E.L., Blomquist G.J. Patterns of biosynthesis and accumulation of hydrocarbons and contact sex pheromone in the female German cockroach Blattella germanica. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 25:1994;375-391.
293. Schal C., Holbrook G.L., Bachmann J.A.S., Seva V.L. Reproductive biology of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Juvenile hormone as a pleiotropic master regulator. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 35:1997;405-426.
294. Schal C., Ling D., Blomquist G.J. Neural and endocrine control of pheromone production and release in cockroaches. Cardé R.T., Minks A.K. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. 1997;3-20 Chapman and Hall, New York.
295. Schal C., Sevala V., Cardé R.T. Novel and highly specific transport of a volatile sex pheromone by hemolymph lipophorin in moths. Naturwissenschaften. 85:1998;339-342.
296. Schneider D., Boppré M., Zweig J., Horsley S.B., Bell T.W., Meinwald J., Hansen K., Diehl E.W. Scent organ development in Creatonotos moths: Regulation by pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Science. 215:1982;1264-1265.
297. Schooley D.A., Baker F.C. Juvenile Hormone Biosynthesis. Kerkut G.A., Gilbert L.I. Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology. 7:1985;363-389 Pergamon Press, Oxford.
298. Schulz S., Francke W., Boppré M., Eisner T., Meinwald J. Insect pheromone biosynthesis: Stereochemical pathway of hydroxydanaidal production from alkaloidal precursors in Creatonotos transiens (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA. 90:1993;6834-6838.
299. Schwabe J.W.R., Rhodes D. Beyond zinc fingers: Steriod hormone receptors have a novel structural motif for DNA recognition. Trends Biochem. Sci. 16:1991;291-296.
300. Schwender J., Seemann M., Lichtenthaler H.K., Rohmer M. Biosynthesis of isoprenoids (carotenoids, sterols, prenyl side-chains of chlorophylls and plastoquinone) via a novel pyruvate/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate non-mevalonate pathway in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. Biochem. J. 316:1996;73-80.
301. Schwender J., Zeidler J., Gröner R., Müller C., Focke M., Braun S., Lichtenthaler F.W., Lichtenthaler H.K. Incorporation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose into isoprene and phytol by higher plants and algae. FEBS Letters. 414:1997;129-134.
302. Seybold S.J. Role of chirality in olfactory-directed behavior: Aggregation of pine engraver beetles in the genus Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 19:1993;1809-1831.
303. Seybold S.J., Ohtsuka T., Wood D.L., Kubo I. Enantiomeric composition of ipsdienol: A chemotaxonomic character for North American populations of Ips spp. in the pini subgeneric group (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 21:1995;995-1016.
304. Seybold S.J., Quilici D.R., Tillman J.A., Vanderwel D., Wood D.L., Blomquist G.J. De novo biosynthesis of the aggregation pheromone components ipsenol and ipsdienol by the pine bark beetles Ips paraconfusus Lanier and Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;8393-8397.
305. Silverstein R.M. Enantiomeric composition and bioactivity of chiral semiochemicals in insects. Ritter F.J. Chemical Ecology: Odour Communication in Animals. 1979;133-146 Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.
306. Silverstein R.M., Young J.C. Insects generally use multicomponent pheromones. Beroza M. Pest Management with Insect Sex Attractants and Other Behavior-Controlling Chemicals. ACS Symposium Series No. 23. 1976;1-29 American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
307. Silverstein R.M., Rodin J.O., Wood D.L. Sex attractants in frass produced by male Ips confusus in ponderosa pine. Science. 154:1966;509-510.
308. Silverstein R.M., Rodin J.O., Burkholder W.E., Gorman J.E. Sex attractant of the black carpet beetle. Science. 157:1967;85-87.
309. Smith R.H. The fumigant toxicity of three pine resins to Dendroctonus brevicomis and D. jeffreyi. J. Econ. Entomol. 54:1961;365-369.
310. Smith R.H. A physiological difference among beetles of Dendroctonus ponderosae (=D. monticolae) and D. ponderosae (=D. jeffreyi). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 58:1965;440-442.
311. Smith R.H. Effect of monoterpene vapors on the western pine beetles. J. Econ. Entomol. 58:1965;509-510.
312. Smith A.F., Schal C. Corpus allatum control of sex pheromone production and calling in the female brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa (F.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). J. Ins. Physiol. 36:1990;251-257.
313. Staten R.R., Osama E.-L., Antilla L. Successful area-wide program to control pink bollworm by mating disruption. Cardé R.T., Minks A.K. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. 1997;383-396 Chapman and Hall, New York.
314. Tada S., Leal W.S. Localization and morphology of sex pheromone glands in scarab beetles. J. Chem. Ecol. 23:1997;903-915.
315. Tamaki Y. Sex Pheromones. Kerkut G.A., Gilbert L.I. Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. 9:1985;145-191 Pergamon Press, Oxford.
316. Tanaka Y., Honda H., Ohsawa K., Yamamoto I. A sex attractant of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., and its role in the mating behavior. J. Pesticide Sci. 11:1986;49-55.
317. Tanaka Y., Honda H., Ohsawa K., Yamamoto I. Absolute configuration of 4-methyl-1-nonanol, a sex attractant of the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor L. J. Pesticide Sci. 14:1989;197-202.
318. Tang J.D., Charlton R.E., Cardé R.T., Yin C.M. Effect of allatectomy and ventral nerve cord transection on calling, pheromone emission, and pheromone production in Lymantria dispar. J. Insect Physiol. 33:1987;469-476.
319. Tang J.D., Charlton R.E., Jurenka R.A., Wolf W.A., Phelan P.L., Sreng L., Roelofs W.L. Regulation of pheromone biosynthesis by a brain hormone in two moth species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;1806-1810.
320. Tang J.D., Wolf W.A., Roelofs W.L., Knipple D.C. Development of functionally competent cabbage looper moth sex pheromone glands. Insect Biochem. 21:1991;573-581.
321. Teal P.E.A., Tumlinson J.H. Terminal steps in pheromone biosynthesis by Heliothis virescens and H. zea. J. Chem. Ecol. 12:1986;353-366.
322. Teal P.E.A., Tumlinson J.H. Properties of cuticular oxidases used for sex pheromone biosynthesis by Heliothis zea. J. Chem. Ecol. 14:1988;2131-2145.
323. Teal P.E.A., Tumlinson J.H., Oberlander H. Neural regulation of sex pheromone biosynthesis in Heliothis moths. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;2488-2492.
324. Teal P.E.A., Abernathy R.L., Nachman R.J., Fang N., Meredith J.A., Tumlinson J.H. Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptides: Function and chemistry. Peptides. 17:1996;337-344.
325. Thompson A.C., Mitlin N. Biosynthesis of the sex pheromone of the male boll weevil from monoterpene precursors. Insect Biochem. 9:1979;293-294.
326. Tillman-Wall J.A., Vanderwel D., Kuenzli M.E., Reitz R.C., Blomquist G.J. Regulation of sex pheromone biosynthesis in the housefly, Musca domestica: Relative contribution of the elongation and reductive step. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 299:1992;92-99.
327. Tillman J.A., Holbrook G.L., Dallara P.L., Schal C., Wood D.L., Blomquist G.J., Seybold S.J. Endocrine regulation of de novo aggregation pheromone biosynthesis in the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 28:1998;705-715.
328. Tittiger C., Blomquist G.J., Ivarsson P., Borgeson C.E., Seybold S.J. Juvenile hormone regulation of HMG-R gene expression in the bark beetle, Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): Implications for male aggregation pheromone biosynthesis. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 55:1999;121-127.
329. Tsai M.-J., O'Malley B.W. Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 63:1994;451-486.
330. Tumlinson J.H., Hardee D.D., Gueldner R.C., Thompson A.C., Hedin P.A., Minyard J.P. Sex pheromones produced by male boll weevil: Isolation, identification, and synthesis. Science. 166:1969;1010-1012.
331. Tumlinson J.H., Klein M.G., Doolittle R.E., Ladd T.L., Proveaux A.T. Identification of the female Japanese beetle sex pheromone: Inhibition of male response by an enantiomer. Science. 197:1977;789-792.
332. Tumlinson J.H., Fang N., Teal P.E.A. The effect of PBAN on conversion of fatty acyls to pheromone aldehydes in female Manduca sexta. Cardé R.T., Mink A.K. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. 1997;54-55 Chapman and Hall, New York.
333. Uebel E.C., Sonnet P.E., Miller R.W. Housefly sex pheromone: Enhancement of mating strike activity by combination of (Z)-9-tricosene with branched saturated hydrocarbons. J. Econ. Entomol. 5:1976;905-908.
334. Uebel E.C., Schwarz M., Lusby W.R., Miller R.W., Sonnet P.E. Cuticular non-hydrocarbons of the female housefly and their evaluation as mating stimulants. Lloydia. 41:1978;63-67.
335. Vanderwel D. Factors affecting pheromone production in beetles. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 25:1994;347-362.
336. Vanderwel D., Oehschlager A.C. Biosynthesis of pheromones and endocrine regulation of pheromone production in Coleoptera. Blomquist G.J., Prestwich G.D. Pheromone Biochemistry. 1987;175-215 Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
337. Vanderwel D., Pierce H.D. Jr., Oehlschlager A.C., Borden J.H., Pierce A.M. Macrolide (cucujolide) biosynthesis in the rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus. Insect Biochem. 20:1990;567-572.
338. Vanderwel D., Oehlschlager A.C. Mechanism of brevicomin biosynthesis from (Z)-6-nonen-2-one in a bark beetle. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 14:1992;5081-5086.
339. Vanderwel D., Gries G., Singh S.M., Borden J.H., Oehlschlager A.C. (E)- and (Z)-6-nonen-2-one: Biosynthetic precursor of endo- and exo-brevicomin in two bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 18:1992;1389-1404.
340. Vanderwel D., Johnston B., Oehschlager A.C. Cucujolide biosynthesis in the merchant and rusty grain beetles. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 22:1992;875-883.
341. Vanderwel, D., Seybold, S.J., Oehlschlager, A.C., 1999. A study of the terminal steps of ipsdienol and/or ipsenol biosynthesis in Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, Ips paraconfusus Lanier, and two populations of Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. (submitted).
342. Vaz A.H., Blomquist G.J., Wakayama E.J., Reitz R.C. Characterization of the fatty acyl elongation reactions involved in hydrocarbon biosynthesis in the housefly Musca domestica L. Insect Biochem. 18:1987;177-184.
343. Voerman S. The pheromone bank: A collection of unsaturated compounds indispensible for discovery of sex attractants for Lepidoptera. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 21:1988;31-41.
344. Wang D.L., Dillwith J.W., Ryan R.O., Blomquist G.J., Reitz R.C. Characterization of the acyl-CoA desaturase in the housefly Musca domestica L. Insect Biochem. 12:1982;545-551.
345. Weatherston J., Percy J.E. The biosynthesis of phenethyl alcohol in the male brain armyworm Mamestra configurata. Insect Biochem. 6:1976;413-417.
346. Weatherston J., Roelofs W.L., Comeau A., Sanders C.J. Studies of physiologically active arthropod secretions. X. Sex pheromone of the eastern spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Can. Entomol. 103:1971;1741-1747.
347. Webster R.P., Cardé R.T. The effects of mating, exogenous juvenile hormone, and a juvenile hormone analog on pheromone titer, calling, and oviposition in the omnivorous leafroller moth (Platynota stultana). J. Insect Physiol. 30:1984;113-118.
348. Weller, S.J., Jacobson, N.L., Conner, W.E., 1999. The evolution of chemical defenses and mating systems in tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. (in press).
349. Werner R.A. Morphology and histology of the sex pheromone gland of a geometrid Rheumaptera hastata. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 70:1977;264-266.
350. White R.A. Jr., Franklin R.T., Agosin M. Conversion of α-pinene
351. White R.A. Jr., Agosin M., Franklin R.T., Webb J.W. Bark beetle pheromones: Evidence for physiological synthesis mechanisms and their ecological implications Z. angew. Entomol. 90:1980;255-274.
352. Wicker C., Jallon J.-M. Hormonal control of sex pheromone biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Insect Physiol. 41:1995;65-70.
353. Wicker C., Jallon J.-M. Influence of ovary and ecdysteroids on pheromone biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Eur. J. Entomol. 92:1995;197-202.
354. Wicker-Thomas C., Henriet C., Dallerac R. Partial characterization of a fatty acid desaturase gene in Drosophila melanogaster. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 27:1997;963-972.
355. Wilkinson D.L. In situ hybridization - a practical approach. 1992;Oxford University Press, New York.
356. Wiygul G., MacGown M.W., Sikorowski P.P., Wright J.E. Localization of pheromone in male boll weevils Anthonomus grandis. Ent. Exp. and Appl. 31:1982;330-331.
357. Wiygul G., Dickens J.C., Smith J.W. Effect of juvenile hormone III and beta-bisabolol on pheromone production in fat bodies from male boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 95B:1990;489-491.
358. Wolf W.A., Roelofs W.L. Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of sex pheromones in moths. Whitaker J.R., Sonnet P.E. Biocatalysis in Agricultural Biotechnology. 1989;323-331 American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
359. Wolf W.A., Bjostad L.B., Roelofs W.L. Correlation of fatty acid and pheromone component structures in sex pheromone glands of ten lepidopteran species. Environ. Entomol. 10:1981;943-946.
360. Wood D.L. The attraction created by males of a bark beetle Ips confusus (LeConte) attacking ponderosa pine. Pan. Pac. Entomol. 38:1962;141-145.
361. Wood D.L. The role of pheromones, kairomones, and allomones in the host selection and colonization behavior of bark beetles. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 27:1982;411-446.
362. Wood D.L., Bushing R.W. The olfactory response of Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to the secondary attraction in the laboratory. Can. Ent. 95:1963;1066-1078.
363. Wood D.L., Browne L.E., Silverstein R.M., Rodin J.O. Sex pheromones of bark beetles-I. Mass production, bio-assay, source, and isolation of sex pheromone of Ips confusus (LeC.). J. Ins. Physiol. 12:1966;523-536.
364. Wood D.L., Stark R.W., Silverstein R.M., Rodin J.O. Unique synergistic effects produced by the principal sex attractant compounds of Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Nature. 215:1967;206.
365. Wood, S.L., Bright, D.E., 1992. A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2, Taxonomic index, Volume A. Great Basin Naturalist No. 13.
366. Yin L.R.S., Schal C., Cardé R.T. Sex pheromone gland of the female tiger moth Holomelina lamae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Can. J. Zool. 69:1991;1916-1921.
367. Zethner-Møller O., Rudinsky J.A. Studies on the site of sex pheromone production in Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 60:1967;575-582.
368. Zeidler J.G., Lichtenthaler H.K., May H.U., Lichtenthaler F.W. Is isoprene emitted by plants synthesized via the novel isopentenyl pyrophosphate pathway? Z. Naturforsch. 52:1997;15-23.
369. Zhao C.-H., Löfstedt C., Wang X. Sex pheromone biosynthesis in the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (II): Biosynthesis of (E)- and (Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetate involves 14 desaturation. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 15:1990;57-65.
370. Zhao C.-H., Lu F., Bengtsson M., Löfstedt C. Substrate specificity of acetyltransferase and reductase enzyme systems used in pheromone biosynthesis by the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis. J. Chem. Ecol. 21:1995;1495-1510.
371. Zhao J.Z., Haynes K.F. Does PBAN play an alternative role of controlling pheromone emission in the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)? J. Insect Physiol. 43:1997;695-700.