Dipeptidyl peptidase II (DPPII), a review

Clinica Chimica Acta

Volumn 380, Issue 1-2, 2007, Pages 31-49

  Maes, Marie Berthe ^a   Scharpé, Simon ^a   De Meester, Ingrid ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Dipeptidyl peptidase; DPP7; DPPII; DPPIV; QPP

Indexed keywords

ALANINE; CHROMOGENIC SUBSTRATE; COLLAGEN; DIAMINOBUTYRIC ACID PIPERIDIDE; DIPEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE 8; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE 9; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE II; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE II INHIBITOR; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; DIPROTIN A; ENZYME INHIBITOR; FLUORINE DERIVATIVE; LYSYLPIPERIDIDE; MUSCLE PROTEIN; N (4 CHLOROBENZYL) 4 OXO 4 (1 PIPERIDINYL) 1,3 BUTANEDIAMINE; NEUROPEPTIDE; OLIGOPEPTIDE; PEPTIDE HORMONE; PROLINE; PROTEINASE; SEPRASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACIDITY; AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; BODY FLUID; CANCER; CELL DEATH; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CYTOCHEMISTRY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; HEMATOPOIETIC CELL; HISTOCHEMISTRY; HUMAN; MACROPHAGE; MAST CELL; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PARKINSON DISEASE; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; APOPTOSIS; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASES; ENZYME INHIBITORS; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 33947667742     PISSN: 00098981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.01.024     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. Rosenblum J.S., and Kozarich J.W. Prolyl peptidases: a serine protease subfamily with high potential for drug discovery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 7 4 (2003) 496-504
2. Lambeir A.M., Durinx C., Scharpé S., and De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV from bench to bedside: an update on structural properties, functions, and clinical aspects of the enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 40 (2003) 209-294
3. Weber A.E. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes. J Med Chem 47 17 (2004) 4135-4141
4. McIntyre J.A., and Castaner J. Talabostat. Oncolytic, hematopoietic agent, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26) inhibitor, fibroblast activation protein inhibitor. Drugs Future 29 (2004) 882-886
5. McDonald J.K., Ellis S., and Reilly T.J. Properties of dipeptidyl arylamidase I of the pituitary. Chloride and sulfhydryl activation of seryltyrosyl-beta-naphthylamide hydrolysis. J Biol Chem 241 7 (1966) 1494-1501
6. McDonald J.K., Reilly T.J., Zeitman B.B., and Ellis S. Dipeptidyl arylamidase II of the pituitary. Properties of lysylalanyl-beta-naphthylamide hydrolysis: inhibition by cations, distribution in tissues, and subcellular localization. J Biol Chem 243 8 (1968) 2028-2037
7. McDonald J.K., Leibach F.H., Grindeland R.E., and Ellis S. Purification of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II (dipeptidyl arylamidase II) of the anterior pituitary gland. Peptidase and dipeptide esterase activities. J Biol Chem 243 15 (1968) 4143-4150
8. Eisenhauer D.A., and McDonald J.K. A novel dipeptidyl peptidase II from the porcine ovary. Purification and characterization of a lysosomal serine protease showing enhanced specificity for prolyl bonds. J Biol Chem 261 19 (1986) 8859-8865
9. Kato T., Hama T., and Nagatsu T. Separation of two dipeptidyl aminopeptidases in the human brain. J Neurochem 34 3 (1980) 602-608
10. Hopsu-Havu V.K., Jansen C.T., and Jarvinen M. Partial purification and characterization of an acid dipeptide naphthylamidase (carboxytripeptidase) of the rat skin. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 236 3 (1970) 282-296
11. McDonald J.K. Dipeptidyl peptidase II. In: Barret A.J., Rawlings N.D., and Woessner J.F. (Eds). Handbook of proteolytic enzymes (2004), Academic Press, London 1938-1943
12. Stein U., Weber U., and Buddecke E. On a new carboxypeptidase (EC 3.4.2.?) from spleen. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 349 4 (1968) 472-484
13. McDonald J.K., and Schwabe C. Dipeptidyl peptidase II of bovine dental pulp. Initial demonstration and characterization as a fibroblastic, lysosomal peptidase of the serine class active on collagen-related peptides. Biochim Biophys Acta 616 1 (1980) 68-81
14. Huang K., Takagaki M., Kani K., and Ohkubo I. Dipeptidyl peptidase II from porcine seminal plasma: purification, characterization, and its homology to granzymes, cytotoxic cell proteinases (CCP1-4). Biochim Biophys Acta 1290 2 (1996) 149-156
15. Rawlings N.D., and Barrett A.J. Dipeptidyl-peptidase II is related to lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1298 1 (1996) 1-3
16. Abbott C.A., Yu D., McCaughan G.W., and Gorrell M.D. Post-proline-cleaving peptidases having DP IV like enzyme activity. Post-proline peptidases. Adv Exp Med Biol 477 (2000) 103-109
17. Araki H., Li Y., Yamamoto Y., et al. Purification, molecular cloning, and immunohistochemical localization of dipeptidyl peptidase II from the rat kidney and its identity with quiescent cell proline dipeptidase. J Biochem (Tokyo) 129 2 (2001) 279-288
18. Fukasawa K.M., Fukasawa K., Higaki K., et al. Cloning and functional expression of rat kidney dipeptidyl peptidase II. Biochem J 353 Pt 2 (2001) 283-290
19. Chiravuri M., Schmitz T., Yardley K., Underwood R., Dayal Y., and Huber B.T. A novel apoptotic pathway in quiescent lymphocytes identified by inhibition of a post-proline cleaving aminodipeptidase: a candidate target protease, quiescent cell proline dipeptidase. J Immunol 163 6 (1999) 3092-3099
20. Maes M.B., Lambeir A.M., Gilany K., et al. Kinetic investigation of human dipeptidyl peptidase II (DPPII)-mediated hydrolysis of dipeptide derivatives and its identification as quiescent cell proline dipeptidase (QPP)/dipeptidyl peptidase 7 (DPP7). Biochem J 386 (2005) 315-324
21. Chiravuri M., Agarraberes F., Mathieu S.L., Lee H., and Huber B.T. Vesicular localization and characterization of a novel post-proline-cleaving aminodipeptidase, quiescent cell proline dipeptidase. J Immunol 165 10 (2000) 5695-5702
22. MEROPS-The protease database. http://merops.sanger.ac.uk
23. Chiravuri M., Lee H., Mathieu S.L., and Huber B.T. Homodimerization via a leucine zipper motif is required for enzymatic activity of quiescent cell proline dipeptidase. J Biol Chem 275 35 (2000) 26994-26999
24. Mentlein R., and Struckhoff G. Purification of two dipeptidyl aminopeptidases II from rat brain and their action on proline-containing neuropeptides. J Neurochem 52 4 (1989) 1284-1293
25. Lynn K.R. The isolation and some properties of dipeptidyl peptidases II and III from porcine spleen. Int J Biochem 23 1 (1991) 47-50
26. Fukasawa K., Fukasawa K.M., Hiraoka B.Y., and Harada M. Purification and properties of dipeptidyl peptidase II from rat kidney. Biochim Biophys Acta 745 1 (1983) 6-11
27. Imai K., Hama T., and Kato T. Purification and properties of rat brain dipeptidyl aminopeptidase. J Biochem (Tokyo) 93 2 (1983) 431-437
28. Sentandreu M.A., and Toldra F. Partial purification and characterisation of dipeptidyl peptidase II from porcine skeletal muscle. Meat Sci 57 (2001) 93-103
29. Underwood R., Chiravuri M., Lee H., et al. Sequence, purification, and cloning of an intracellular serine protease, quiescent cell proline dipeptidase. J Biol Chem 274 48 (1999) 34053-34058
30. Sannes P.L., McDonald J.K., Allen R.C., and Spicer S.S. Cytochemical localization and biochemical characterization of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II in macrophages and mast cells. J Histochem Cytochem 27 11 (1979) 1496-1498
31. Allen R.C., Sannes P.L., Spicer S.S., and Hong C.C. Comparisons of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages: soluble protein, esterase, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II, and proteinase inhibitor. J Histochem Cytochem 28 9 (1980) 947-952
32. Randell S.H., and Sannes P.L. Cytochemical localization and biochemical evaluation of a lysosomal serine protease in lung: dipeptidyl peptidase II in the normal rat. J Histochem Cytochem 33 7 (1985) 677-686
33. Krepela E., Prochazka J., Mynarikova H., Karova B., Cermak J., and Roubkova H. Lysosomal dipeptidyl-peptidases I and II in human squamous cell lung carcinoma and lung parenchyma. Neoplasma 43 3 (1996) 171-178
34. Sannes P.L., McDonald J.K., and Spicer S.S. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II in rat peritoneal wash cells. Cytochemical localization and biochemical characterization. Lab Invest 37 3 (1977) 243-253
35. Sakai T., Kojima K., and Nagatsu T. Rapid chromatographic purification of dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase II from human kidney. J Chromatogr 416 1 (1987) 131-137
36. Leiting B., Pryor K.D., Wu J.K., et al. Catalytic properties and inhibition of proline-specific dipeptidyl peptidases II, IV and VII. Biochem J 371 Pt 2 (2003) 525-532
37. Gorenstein C., Tran V.T., and Snyder S.H. Brain peptidase with a unique neuronal localization: the histochemical distribution of dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase II. J Neurosci 1 10 (1981) 1096-1102
38. McDonald J.K., Eisenhauer D.A., and Hoisington A.R. Complementary specificities of ovarian dipeptidyl peptidase II and tripeptidyl peptidase: collagenolytic potential and increased activity associated with ovulation in the hog. Prog Clin Biol Res 180 (1985) 673-675
39. Brandt I., Lambeir A.M., Maes M.B., Scharpé S., and De Meester I. Peptide substrates of dipeptidyl peptidases. Adv Exp Med Biol 575 (2006) 3-18
40. Gossrau R., and Lojda Z. Study on dipeptidylpeptidase II (DPP II). Histochemistry 70 1 (1980) 53-76
41. Lampelo S., Lalu K., and Vanha-Perttula T. Biochemical studies on dipeptidyl peptidases I to IV of the human placenta. Placenta 8 4 (1987) 389-398
42. Stevens B.R., Raizada M., Sumners C., and Fernandez A. Dipeptidyl peptidase-II activity in cultured astroglial cells from neonatal rat brain. Brain Res 406 1-2 (1987) 113-117
43. Stevens B.R., Fernandez A., Sumners C., and Hearing L. Neonatal rat brain astroglial dipeptidyl peptidase II activity regulation by cations and anions. Neurosci Lett 89 3 (1988) 319-322
44. Cummins P., Mulcahy P., and O'Connor B. Identification of a dipeptidyl aminopeptidase type-II in the cytosolic fraction of bovine brain. Biochem Soc Trans 20 1 (1991) 56S
45. Kar N.C., and Pearson C.M. Dipeptidyl peptidases in human muscle disease. Clin Chim Acta 82 1-2 (1978) 185-192
46. Mantle D. Characterization of dipeptidyl and tripeptidyl aminopeptidases in human kidney soluble fraction. Clin Chim Acta 196 2-3 (1991) 135-142
47. Struckhoff G., and Heymann E. Rat peritoneal mast cells release dipeptidyl peptidase II. Biochem J 236 1 (1986) 215-219
48. Agrawal Y., and Vanha-Perttula T. Dipeptidyl peptidases in bovine reproductive organs and secretions. Int J Androl 9 6 (1986) 435-452
49. Alba F., Arenas J.C., and Lopez M.A. Properties of rat brain dipeptidyl aminopeptidases in the presence of detergents. Peptides 16 2 (1995) 325-329
50. Stockel-Maschek A., Mrestani-Klaus C., Stiebitz B., Demuth H., and Neubert K. Thioxo amino acid pyrrolidides and thiazolidides: new inhibitors of proline specific peptidases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1479 (2000) 15-31
51. Coutts S.J., Kelly T.A., Snow R.J., et al. Structure-activity relationships of boronic acid inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. 1. Variation of the P2 position of Xaa-boroPro dipeptides. J Med Chem 39 10 (1996) 2087-2094
52. Belyaev A., Zhang X., Augustyns K., et al. Structure-activity relationship of diaryl phosphonate esters as potent irreversible dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. J Med Chem 42 6 (1999) 1041-1052
53. Senten K., Daniels L., Van der Veken P., et al. Rapid parallel synthesis of dipeptide diphenyl phosphonate esters as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidases. J Comb Chem 5 3 (2003) 336-344
54. Van der Veken P., Senten K., Kertesz I., et al. Fluoro-olefins as peptidomimetic inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidases. J Med Chem 48 6 (2005) 1768-1780
55. Senten K., Van der Veken P., De Meester I., et al. Design, synthesis, and SAR of potent and selective dipeptide-derived inhibitors for dipeptidyl peptidases. J Med Chem 46 23 (2003) 5005-5014
56. Senten K., Van der Veken P., Bal G., et al. Development of potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase II inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 12 20 (2002) 2825-2828
57. Senten K., Van Der Veken P., De Meester I., et al. Gamma-amino-substituted analogues of 1-[(S)-2,4-diaminobutanoyl]piperidine as highly potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase II inhibitors. J Med Chem 47 11 (2004) 2906-2916
58. Maes M.B., Martinet W., Schrijvers D.M., et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase II and leukocyte cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 72 (2006) 70-79
59. Maes M.B., Lambeir A.M., Van der Veken P., et al. In vivo effects of a potent, selective DPPII inhibitor: UAMC00039 is a possible tool for the elucidation of the physiological function of DPPII. Adv Exp Med Biol 575 (2006) 73-85
60. Hu Y., Ma L., Wu M., et al. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of N-alkyl Gly-boro-Pro inhibitors of DPP4, FAP, and DPP7. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15 19 (2005) 4239-4242
61. Shreder K.R., Wong M.S., Corral S., et al. Boro-norleucine as a P1 residue for the design of selective and potent DPP7 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15 19 (2005) 4256-4260
62. Akiyama T., Harada S., Kojima F., et al. Epostatin, new inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase II, produced by Streptomyces sp. MJ995-OF5. I. Taxonomy of producing strain, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 51 3 (1998) 253-260
63. Akiyama T., Sawa R., Naganawa H., Muraoka Y., Aoyagi T., and Takeuchi T. Epostatin, new inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase II, produced by streptomyces sp. MJ995-OF5 II. Structure elucidation. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 51 3 (1998) 372-373
64. Nagatsu T., Sakai T., Kojima K., et al. A sensitive and specific assay for dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase II in serum and tissues by liquid chromatography-fluorometry. Anal Biochem 147 1 (1985) 80-85
65. Bury A.F., and Pennington R.J. Hydrolysis of dipeptide 2-naphthylamides by human muscle enzymes. Biochem J 145 2 (1975) 413-416
66. Parsons M.E., and Pennington R.J. Separation of rat muscle aminopeptidases. Biochem J 155 2 (1976) 375-381
67. Smith R.E., and Dean P.N. A study of acid phosphatase and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II in monodispersed anterior pituitary cells using flow cytometry and electron microscopy. J Histochem Cytochem 27 11 (1979) 1499-1504
68. Dolbeare F., and Vanderlaan M. A fluorescent assay of proteinases in cultured mammalian cells. J Histochem Cytochem 27 11 (1979) 1493-1495
69. Lojda Z. The importance of protease histochemistry in pathology. Histochem J 17 10 (1985) 1063-1089
70. Lojda Z. The use of substrates with 7-amino-3-trifluoromethylcoumarine (AFC) leaving group in the localization of protease activities in situ. Acta Histochem 98 2 (1996) 215-228
71. Dikov A., Dimitrova M., Pajpanova T., Krieg R., and Halbhuber K.J. Histochemical method for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II with a new anthraquinonyl hydrazide substrate. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 46 7 (2000) 1213-1218
72. Khalaf M.R., Bevan P.C., and Hayhoe F.G. Comparative cytochemical study of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DAP) II and IV in normal and malignant haemic cells. J Clin Pathol 39 8 (1986) 891-896
73. Khalaf M.R., Aqel N.M., and Hayhoe F.G. Histochemistry of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DAP) II and IV in reactive lymphoid tissues and malignant lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 40 5 (1987) 480-485
74. Frederiks W.M., Ouwerkerk I.J., Bosch K.S., Marx F., Kooij A., and Van Noorden C.J. The effects of storage on the retention of enzyme activity in cryostat sections. A quantitative histochemical study on rat liver. Histochem J 25 2 (1993) 119-122
75. Lojda Z. Proteinases in pathology. Usefulness of histochemical methods. J Histochem Cytochem 29 3A Suppl (1981) 481-493
76. Lojda Z. Dipeptidyl peptidases of human lymphocytes. Czech Med 11 4 (1988) 181-194
77. Vanha-Perttula T., and Kalliomaki J.L. Comparison of dipeptide arylamidase I and II. Amino acid arylamidase and acid phosphatase activities in normal and pathological human sera. Clin Chim Acta 44 2 (1973) 249-258
78. Gossrau R. Histochemical and biochemical studies of dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP I) in laboratory rodents. Acta Histochem 91 1 (1991) 85-100
79. Bogitsh B.J., and Dresden M.H. Fluorescent histochemistry of acid proteases in adult Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. J Parasitol 69 1 (1983) 106-110
80. Kramer J.D., and Bogitsh B.J. Schistosoma japonicum: biochemistry and cytochemistry of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-II-like activity in adults. Exp Parasitol 60 2 (1985) 163-170
81. Bogitsh B.J. Haematoloechus medioplexus: light and electron microscope localization of dipeptidyl aminopeptidases I and II in the gastrodermis. Exp Parasitol 59 3 (1985) 300-306
82. Chan S.A., Toursarkissian K., Sweeney J.P., and Jones T.H. Dipeptidyl-aminopeptidases and aminopeptidases in Dictyostelium discoideum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 127 3 (1985) 962-968
83. Choi W.S., Fu Q., and Jones T.H. Purification and characterization of a novel dipeptidyl peptidase from Dictyostelium discoideum. Biochem Mol Biol Int 47 3 (1999) 455-464
84. White B.A., and Clewell D.B. Identification and partial purification of a dipeptidyl aminopeptidase from Streptococcus faecalis. J Gen Microbiol 132 5 (1986) 1269-1276
85. Murao S., Kitade T., Oyama H., and Shin T. Isolation and characterization of a dipeptidyl aminopeptidase from Streptomyces sp. WM-23. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58 8 (1994) 1545-1546
86. Vanha-Perttula T. Aminopeptidases of rat testis. II. Effects of puberty, cryptorchidism and cadmium chloride treatment. J Reprod Fertil 32 1 (1973) 45-53
87. Stauber W.T., and Schottelius B.A. Isopycnic-zonal centrifugation of plasma membrane, sarcoplasmic reticular fragments, lysosomes, and cytoplasmic proteins from phasic skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta 640 1 (1981) 285-297
88. Smid J.R., Monsour P.A., Rousseau E.M., and Young W.G. Cytochemical localization of dipeptidyl peptidase II activity in rat incisor tooth ameloblasts. Anat Rec 233 4 (1992) 493-503
89. Gorenstein C., and Ribak C.E. Dendritic transport. II. Somatofugal movement of neuronal lysosomes induced by colchicine: evidence for a novel transport system in dendrites. J Neurosci 5 8 (1985) 2018-2027
90. Gorenstein C., Roberts V.J., and Bundman M.C. Redistribution of lipofuscin in aged neurons induced by colchicine. Mech Ageing Dev 42 1 (1988) 63-73
91. Mentlein R., von Kolszynski M., Sprang R., and Lucius R. Proline-specific proteases in cultivated neuronal and glial cells. Brain Res 527 1 (1990) 159-162
92. Ito M., Yoshida M., Karasawa N., et al. Immunohistochemical distribution of DAP II and tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat brain. Biog Amines 3 4 (1986) 267-277
93. Luiken J.J., Aerts J.M., and Meijer A.J. The role of the intralysosomal pH in the control of autophagic proteolytic flux in rat hepatocytes. Eur J Biochem 235 3 (1996) 564-573
94. Sannes P.L. Subcellular localization of dipeptidyl peptidases II and IV in rat and rabbit alveolar macrophages. J Histochem Cytochem 31 5 (1983) 684-690
95. Sannes P.L., and Spicer S.S. The heterophagic granules of mast cells: dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II activity and resistance to exocytosis. Am J Pathol 94 3 (1979) 447-457
96. Prina E., Antoine J.C., Wiederanders B., and Kirschke H. Localization and activity of various lysosomal proteases in Leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages. Infect Immun 58 6 (1990) 1730-1737
97. Cozzi M., Gloghini A., Volpe R., and Carbone A. Immunohistocytochemical correlation of DAP IV-CD 26 reactivity with immunologic markers of lymphocyte activation in human lymphoid tissues. Br J Haematol 75 3 (1990) 325-332
98. Scott C.S., Stark A.N., Minowada J., and Drexler H.G. Quantitative and qualitative studies of leukaemic cell dipeptidylpeptidases II and IV. Leuk Res 12 2 (1988) 129-134
99. Invernizzi R., Bertolino G., Girino M., Perseghin P., Michienzi M., and Nano R. Cytochemistry of dipeptidylaminopeptidase IV and II in normal and neoplastic lymphoid cells. Blut 50 5 (1985) 277-285
100. Klener P., Lojda Z., Haber J., Kvasnicka J., and Cmunt E. Problems with prognostic criteria in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with special reference to DPP II assessment. Neoplasma 32 6 (1985) 737-740
101. Klener P., Lojda Z., Haber J., and Kvasnicka J. Possible prognostic significance of the assessment of dipeptidylpeptidase II in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Neoplasma 34 5 (1987) 581-586
102. Danilov A.V., Klein A.K., Lee H.J., Baez D.V., and Huber B.T. Differential control of G0 programme in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a novel prognostic factor. Br J Haematol 128 4 (2005) 472-481
103. Pontremoli S., Melloni E., Salamino F., et al. Identification of proteolytic activities in the cytosolic compartment of mature human erythrocytes. Eur J Biochem 110 2 (1980) 421-430
104. Melloni E., Salamino F., Sparatore B., et al. Decay of proteinase and peptidase activities of human and rabbit erythrocytes during cellular aging. Biochim Biophys Acta 675 1 (1981) 110-116
105. Schön E., Demuth H.U., Barth A., and Ansorge S. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV of human lymphocytes. Evidence for specific hydrolysis of glycylproline p-nitroanilide in T-lymphocytes. Biochem J 223 1 (1984) 255-258
106. Smyth M., and O'Cuinn G. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activities of guinea-pig brain. Int J Biochem 26 7 (1994) 913-921
107. Imai K., and Kato T. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase in neonatal rat brain regions. Experientia 40 3 (1984) 263-264
108. Mantle D., Falkous G., Ishiura S., Perry R.H., and Perry E.K. Comparison of cathepsin protease activities in brain tissue from normal cases and cases with Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. J Neurol Sci 131 1 (1995) 65-70
109. Struckhoff G. Dipeptidyl peptidase II in astrocytes of the rat brain. Meningeal cells increase enzymic activity in cultivated astrocytes. Brain Res 620 1 (1993) 49-57
110. Gorenstein C., and Swett J.E. Distribution of dipeptidyl peptidase II (Dpp II) in rat spinal cord. Am J Anat 173 1 (1985) 29-41
111. Gorenstein C., Bundman M.C., Lew P.J., Olds J.L., and Ribak C.E. Dendritic transport. I. Colchicine stimulates the transport of lysosomal enzymes from cell bodies to dendrites. J Neurosci 5 8 (1985) 2009-2017
112. Kato T., Ishihara H., Shimizu A., Yokosawa H., Ishii S., and Komiya Y. The axonal transport of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II, angiotensin-converting enzyme and other peptidases in rat sciatic nerves. Neurosci Res 4 3 (1987) 241-248
113. Koshiya K., Kato T., Tanaka R., and Kato T. Brain peptidases: their possible neuronal and glial localization. Brain Res 324 2 (1984) 261-270
114. Struckhoff G. Transforming growth factor beta 1 and parathyroid hormone-related protein control the secretion of dipeptidyl peptidase II by rat astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 189 2 (1995) 117-120
115. Duve H., Johnsen A.H., Scott A.G., and Thorpe A. Isolation, identification and functional significance of [Hyp2]Met-callatostatin and des Gly-Pro Met-callatostatin, two further post-translational modifications of the blowfly neuropeptide Met-callatostatin. Regul Pept 57 3 (1995) 237-245
116. Nagy I., Rappay G., Makara G.B., Horvath G., Bacsy E., and MacLeod R.M. Is there a direct correlation between the activities of various lysosomal enzymes and prolactin secretion in the rat anterior pituitary?. Endocrinology 112 2 (1983) 470-475
117. Hagihara M., Mihara R., Togari A., and Nagatsu T. Dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase II in human cerebrospinal fluid: changes in patients with Parkinson's disease. Biochem Med Metab Biol 37 3 (1987) 360-365
118. Mannisto P.T., Tuomainen P., Kutepova O., Borisenko S.A., Zolotov N., and Voronina T. Effects of bilateral cholinotoxin infusions on the behavior and brain biochemistry of the rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 49 1 (1994) 33-40
119. McAlhaney W.W., Banik N.L., Greenfield S., and Hogan E.L. Proteolysis in quaking mouse brain and spinal cord. Neurochem Res 11 2 (1986) 173-183
120. Mantle D., and Perry E.K. Comparison of aminopeptidase, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase and tripeptidyl aminopeptidase activities in brain tissue from normal and Alzheimer's disease cases. J Neurol Sci 98 1 (1990) 13-20
121. Jedrzejewski K., and Kugler P. Peptidases in the kidney and urine of rats after castration. Histochemistry 74 1 (1982) 63-84
122. Kugler P., Wolf G., and Scherberich J. Histochemical demonstration of peptidases in the human kidney. Histochemistry 83 4 (1985) 337-341
123. Kugler P. Quantitative histochemistry of the lysosomal dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. Histochemistry 76 4 (1982) 557-566
124. Kugler P., and Vornberger G. Renal cathepsin-B activities in rats after castration and treatment with sex hormones. Histochemistry 85 2 (1986) 157-161
125. Howard M.A. Nephroscreen: a diagnostic test for predicting acute renal failure?. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 5 5 (2005) 633-642
126. Vanha-Perttula T. Studies on alanine aminopeptidase, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I and II of the human seminal fluid and prostasomes. Sel Top Clin Enzymol 2 (1984) 545-564
127. Vanha-Perttula T., Ronkko S., and Lahtinen R. Hydrolases from bovine seminal vesicle, prostate and Cowper's gland. Andrologia 22 Suppl 1 (1990) 10-24
128. Schaller J., and Glander H.J. Flow cytometric analysis of enzymes in live spermatozoa before and after cryostorage. Andrologia 32 6 (2000) 357-364
129. Talbot P., and Dicarlantonio G. Cytochemical localization of dipeptidyl peptidase II (DPP-II) in mature guinea pig sperm. J Histochem Cytochem 33 11 (1985) 1169-1172
130. DiCarlantonio G., and Talbot P. Evidence for sequential deployment of secretory enzymes during the normal acrosome reaction of guinea pig sperm in vitro. Gamete Res 21 4 (1988) 425-438
131. Hardy D.M., Oda M.N., Friend D.S., and Huang Jr. T.T. A mechanism for differential release of acrosomal enzymes during the acrosome reaction. Biochem J 275 Pt 31 (1991) 759-766
132. Gossrau R., Graf R., Ruhnke M., and Hanski C. Proteases in the human full-term placenta. Histochemistry 86 4 (1987) 405-413
133. McDonald J.K., Hoisington A.R., and Eisenhauer D.A. Partial purification and characterization of an ovarian tripeptidyl peptidase: a lysosomal exopeptidase that sequentially releases collagen-related (Gly-Pro-X) triplets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 126 1 (1985) 63-71
134. Stauber W.T., and Ong S.H. Fluorescence demonstration of dipeptidyl peptidase II in skeletal, cardiac, and vascular smooth muscles. J Histochem Cytochem 29 5 (1981) 672-677
135. Stoward P.J., Christie K.N., and Thomson C. Dipeptidyl peptidases in the soleus muscle of the rat before and after treatment with 5-hydroxytryptamine. Histochemistry 89 1 (1988) 11-24
136. Stauber W.T., Gauthier F., and Ong S.H. Identification and possible regulation of muscle cell lysosomal protease activity by exogenous protease inhibitors. Acta Biol Med Ger 40 10-11 (1981) 1317-1322
137. Christie K.N., and Modi B.V. Some histochemical observations on invasive cells in a myopathy induced in rats with 5-hydroxytryptamine. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 10 6 (1984) 447-460
138. Salminen A., and Vihko V. Changes of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activities in mouse skeletal muscle following prolonged running. Comp Biochem Physiol B 71 1 (1982) 23-27
139. Koll M., Ahmed S., Mantle D., et al. Effect of acute and chronic alcohol treatment and their superimposition on lysosomal, cytoplasmic, and proteosomal protease activities in rat skeletal muscle in vivo. Metabolism 51 1 (2002) 97-104
140. Stauber W.T., and Fritz V.K. Decreased lysosomal protease content of skeletal muscles from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: a biochemical and histochemical study. Histochem J 17 5 (1985) 613-622
141. Pearson C.M., and Kar N.C. Muscle breakdown and lysosomal activation (biochemistry). Ann N Y Acad Sci 317 (1979) 465-477
142. White M.G., Stoward P.J., Christie K.N., and Anderson J.M. Proteases in normal and diseased human skeletal muscle: a preliminary histochemical survey. Histochem J 17 7 (1985) 819-832
143. Christie K.N., Stewart R.J., and Bacciocchi G. An enzyme histochemical study of large muscle fibres in the neonatal mouse. J Anat 170 (1990) 139-149
144. Saleem M.A., Williams F.M., Wilkins R.M., Shakoori A.R., and Mantle D. Effect of Tri-O-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) on proteolytic enzyme activities in mouse liver in vivo. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 17 1 (1998) 69-73
145. Reilly M.E., Mantle D., Salisbury J., Peters T.J., and Preedy V.R. Comparative effects of acute ethanol dosage on liver and muscle protein metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 60 12 (2000) 1773-1785
146. Blommaart E.F., Krause U., Schellens J.P., Vreeling-Sindelarova H., and Meijer A.J. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 inhibit autophagy in isolated rat hepatocytes. Eur J Biochem 243 1-2 (1997) 240-246
147. Meban C. Cytochemistry of the gas-exchange area in vertebrate lungs. Prog Histochem Cytochem 17 1 (1987) 1-54
148. Randell S.H., and Sannes P.L. Biochemical quantitation and histochemical localization of cathepsin B, dipeptidyl peptidases I and II, and acid phosphatase in pulmonary granulomatosis and fibrosis in rats. Inflammation 12 1 (1988) 67-86
149. Gossrau R., Merker H.J., Gunther T., Graf R., and Vormann J. Enzymatic and morphological response of the thymus to drugs in normal and zinc-deficient pregnant rats and their fetuses. Histochemistry 86 3 (1987) 321-329
150. Dunn A.D. Stimulation of thyroidal thiol endopeptidases by thyrotropin. Endocrinology 114 2 (1984) 375-382
151. Dunn A.D., Myers H.E., and Dunn J.T. The combined action of two thyroidal proteases releases T4 from the dominant hormone-forming site of thyroglobulin. Endocrinology 137 8 (1996) 3279-3285
152. Swanson A.A., Davis R.M., and Meinhardt N.C. Proteases in human lenses and their possible significance. Curr Eye Res 4 1 (1985) 43-48
153. Gorthy W.C., and Azari P. Biochemical and histochemical evidence for lysosomal proteases in rodent lenses. Exp Eye Res 44 6 (1987) 747-753
154. Gorthy W.C., Steward D.E., and McDonald J.K. Localization of the lysosomal protease dipeptidyl peptidase II in the young normal rat lens: a correlative light and electron microscopic analysis. Curr Eye Res 11 6 (1992) 531-542
155. Zhan H., Yamamoto Y., Shumiya S., et al. Peptidases play an important role in cataractogenesis: an immunohistochemical study on lenses derived from Shumiya cataract rats. Histochem J 33 9-10 (2001) 511-521
156. Cejkova J., and Lojda Z. Histochemistry of some proteases in the normal rabbit, pig and ox corneas. Histochemistry 84 1 (1986) 67-71
157. Dropcova S., Denyer S.P., Lloyd A.W., et al. A standard strain of human ocular keratocytes. Ophthalmic Res 31 1 (1999) 33-41
158. Cejkova J., Labsky J., and Vacik J. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by xanthine oxidase in the corneal epithelium and their potential participation in the damage of the corneal epithelium after prolonged use of contact lenses in rabbits. Acta Histochem 100 2 (1998) 171-184
159. Frohlich E., and Klessen C. Regional differences and post-mortem stability of enzymatic activities in the retinal pigment epithelium. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 241 5 (2003) 385-393
160. Smid J.R., Monsour P.A., Harbrow D.J., and Young W.G. A histochemical study of the effects of high doses of sodium fluoride on dipeptidyl peptidase II activity in the rat incisor ameloblast. Arch Oral Biol 35 8 (1990) 671-675
161. Smid J.R., Young W.G., and Monsour P.A. Dipeptidyl-peptidase II and cathepsin B activities in amelogenesis of the rat incisor. Eur J Oral Sci 109 4 (2001) 260-266
162. Sannes P.L., Schofield B.H., and McDonald D.F. Histochemical localization of cathepsin B, dipeptidyl peptidase I, and dipeptidyl peptidase II in rat bone. J Histochem Cytochem 34 8 (1986) 983-988
163. Fukushima O., and Yamashita H. Aminopeptidases and dipeptidyl peptidases activities in chicken bone tissue. Acta Histochem Cytochem 28 3 (1995) 281-286
164. Kojima K., Mihara R., Sakai T., et al. Serum activities of dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase II and dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase IV in tumor-bearing animals and in cancer patients. Biochem Med Metab Biol 37 1 (1987) 35-41
165. Hagihara M., Ohhashi M., and Nagatsu T. Activities of dipeptidyl peptidase II and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in mice with lupus erythematosus-like syndrome and in patients with lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chem 33 8 (1987) 1463-1465
166. Hagihara M., Fujiwara M., and Nagatsu T. Activities of dipeptidyl peptidases in BXSB mice and MRL/lpr mice with lupus erythematosus-like syndrome. Biochem Med Metab Biol 42 3 (1989) 224-231
167. Fujita K., Hagihara M., Nagatsu T., Iwata H., and Miura T. The activity of dipeptidyl peptidase II and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in mice immunized with type II collagen. Biochem Med Metab Biol 48 3 (1992) 227-234
168. Hagihara M., Sekiguchi K., Fujiwara M., Aoyagi T., Takeuchi T., and Nagatsu T. Effects of deoxyspergualin on dipeptidyl peptidase-II and -IV in the spleen of BXSB mice and MRL/lpr mice during the development of the lupus erythematosus-like syndrome. Biochem Pharmacol 43 6 (1992) 1380-1383
169. Kalliomaki J.L., and Vanha-Perttula T. Activity of four hydrolytic enzymes in serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1 1 (1972) 21-26
170. Gotoh H., Hagihara M., Nagatsu T., Iwata H., and Miura T. Activities of dipeptidyl peptidase II and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Clin Chem 35 6 (1989) 1016-1018
171. Kamori M., Hagihara M., Nagatsu T., Iwata H., and Miura T. Activities of dipeptidyl peptidase II, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, prolyl endopeptidase, and collagenase-like peptidase in synovial membrane from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Biochem Med Metab Biol 45 2 (1991) 154-160
172. Sohar N., Hammer H., and Sohar I. Lysosomal peptidases and glycosidases in rheumatoid arthritis. Biol Chem 383 5 (2002) 865-869
173. Sohar N., Sohar I., and Hammer H. Lysosomal enzyme activities: new potential markers for Sjogren's syndrome. Clin Biochem 38 12 (2005) 1120-1126
174. Komatsu M., Urade M., Yamaoka M., Fukasawa K., and Harada M. Alteration in dipeptidyl peptidase activities in cultured human carcinoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 78 5 (1987) 863-868
175. Schlagenhauff B., Klessen C., Teichmann-Dorr S., Breuninger H., and Rassner G. Demonstration of proteases in basal cell carcinomas. A histochemical study using amino acid-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamides as chromogenic substrates. Cancer 70 5 (1992) 1133-1140
176. Rao A.J., Hagihara M., Nagatsu T., and Yanagita N. Presence of dipeptidyl peptidase II, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and prolyl endopeptidase in effusion from patients with serous otitis media. Biochem Med Metab Biol 43 3 (1990) 276-282
177. Avasarala J.R., Naoi M., Sasaki S., et al. Distribution of peptidases in cultured cells from middle ear mucosa: prolyl endopeptidase is localized in fibroblasts and dipeptidyl peptidase IV and II in epithelial cells. Biochem Med Metab Biol 45 3 (1991) 355-358
178. Cox S.W., Gazi M.I., and Eley B.M. Dipeptidyl peptidase II- and IV-like activities in gingival tissue and crevicular fluid from human periodontitis lesions. Arch Oral Biol 37 3 (1992) 167-173
179. Mizutani T., Mizutani H., Kaneda T., Hagihara M., and Nagatsu T. Activity of dipeptidyl peptidase II and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in human gingiva with chronic marginal periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 35 11 (1990) 891-894
180. Kennett C.N., Cox S.W., and Eley B.M. Investigations into the cellular contribution to host tissue proteases and inhibitors in gingival crevicular fluid. J Clin Periodontol 24 6 (1997) 424-431
181. Kennett C.N., Cox S.W., and Eley B.M. Histochemical and immunocytochemical localization of dipeptidyl peptidases II and IV in human gingiva. J Periodontol 67 9 (1996) 846-852
182. Eley B.M., and Cox S.W. Correlation between gingival crevicular fluid dipeptidyl peptidase II and IV activity and periodontal attachment loss. A 2-year longitudinal study in chronic periodontitis patients. Oral Dis 1 4 (1995) 201-213
183. Altorjay A., Juhasz A., Kellner V., Sohar G., Fekete M., and Sohar I. Metabolic changes in the lower esophageal sphincter influencing the result of anti-reflux surgical interventions in chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease. World J Gastroenterol 11 11 (2005) 1623-1628
184. Mercer J., Eagles M.E., and Talbot I.C. Brush border enzymes in coeliac disease: histochemical evaluation. J Clin Pathol 43 4 (1990) 307-312
185. Berberian P.A., and Fowler S. The subcellular biochemistry of human arterial lesions. I. Biochemical constituents and marker enzymes in diseased and unaffected portions of human aortic specimens. Exp Mol Pathol 30 1 (1979) 27-40
186. Fornas E., Mayordomo F., Renau-Piqueras J., and Alborch E. Effect of cholesterol and its autooxidation derivatives on endocytosis and dipeptidyl peptidases of aortic endothelial cells. Histol Histopathol 7 2 (1992) 163-168
187. Danilova O., Li B., Szardenings A.K., Huber B.T., and Rosenblum J.S. Synthesis and activity of a potent, specific azabicyclo[3.3.0]-octane-based DPPII inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 17 2 (2007 Jan 15) 507-510 [Electronic publication ahead of print 2006 Oct 10]
188. Landschulz W.H., Johnson P.F., and McKnight S.L. The leucine zipper: a hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins. Science 240 4860 (1988) 1759-1764