Postoperative pain-clinical implications of basic research

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 3-13

  Pogatzki Zahn, Esther M ^c   Zahn, Peter K ^a   Brennan, Timothy J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

central sensitization; gabapentin; hyperalgesia; peripheral sensitization; pre emptive analgesia; pregabalin

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; AMPA RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BUPIVACAINE; CLONIDINE; DECAHYDRO 6 [2 (1H TETRAZOL 5 YL)ETHYL] 3 ISOQUINOLINECARBOXYLIC ACID; DEXTROMETHORPHAN; GABAPENTIN; KAINIC ACID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; KETAMINE; KETOROLAC; MORPHINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PREGABALIN;

ANALGESIA; ANTINOCICEPTION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE MODEL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DIZZINESS; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; GENERAL SURGERY; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; HYPERSENSITIVITY; META ANALYSIS; MORBIDITY; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; REVIEW; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VOMITING;

AMINES; ANALGESIA; CYCLOHEXANECARBOXYLIC ACIDS; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID ANTAGONISTS; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; HUMANS; HYPERALGESIA; PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE; RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE;

EID: 33947608433     PISSN: 15216896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2006.11.003     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Kehlet H., and Wilmore D.W. Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome. American Journal of Surgery 183 (2002) 630-641
2. Kehlet H., and Holte K. Effect of postoperative analgesia on surgical outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 87 (2001) 62-72
3. Vaurio L.E., Sands L.P., Wang Y., et al. Postoperative delirium: the importance of pain and pain management. Anesthesia and Analgesia 102 (2006) 1267-1273
4. Perkins F.M., and Kehlet H. Chronic pain as an outcome of surgery. A review of predictive factors. Anesthesiology 93 (2000) 1123-1133
5. Kehlet H., Jensen T.S., and Woolf C.J. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet 367 (2006) 1618-1625
6. Gottschalk A., and Raja S.N. Severing the link between acute and chronic pain: the anesthesiologist's role in preventive medicine. Anesthesiology 101 (2004) 1063-1065
7. Apfelbaum J.L., Chen C., Mehta S.S., and Gan T.J. Postoperative pain experience: results from a national survey suggest postoperative pain continues to be undermanaged. Anesthesia and Analgesia 97 (2003) 534-540
8. Pavlin D.J., Chen C., Penaloza D.A., et al. Pain as a factor complicating recovery and discharge after ambulatory surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 95 (2002) 627-634
9. Woolf C.J., and Decosterd I. Implications of recent advances in the understanding of pain pathophysiology for the assessment of pain in patients. Pain supplement 6 (1999) S141-S147
10. Woolf C.J., Bennett G.J., Doherty M., et al. Towards a mechanism-based classification of pain?. Pain 77 (1998) 227-229
11. Honore P., Rogers S.D., Schwei M.J., et al. Murine models of inflammatory, neuropathic and cancer pain each generates a unique set of neurochemical changes in the spinal cord and sensory neurons. Neuroscience 98 (2000) 585-598
12. Hunt S.P., and Mantyh P.W. The molecular dynamics of pain control. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2 (2001) 83-91
13. Obata H., Li X., and Eisenach J.C. Spinal adenosine receptor activation reduces hypersensitivity after surgery by a different mechanism than after nerve injury. Anesthesiology 100 (2004) 1258-1262
14. Brennan T.J., Vandermeulen E.P., and Gebhart G.F. Characterization of a rat model of incisional pain. Pain 64 (1996) 493-501
15. Buvanendran A., Kroin J.S., Kerns J.M., et al. Characterization of a new animal model for evaluation of persistent postthoracotomy pain. Anesthesia and Analgesia 99 (2004) 1453-1460
16. Martin T.J., Buechler N.L., Kahn W., et al. Effects of laparotomy on spontaneous exploratory activity and conditioned operant responding in the rat: a model for postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 101 (2004) 191-203
17. Martin T.J., Kahn W.R., and Eisenach J.C. Abdominal surgery decreases food-reinforced operant responding in rats: relevance of incisional pain. Anesthesiology 103 (2005) 629-637
18. Duarte A.M., Pospisilova E., Reilly E., et al. Reduction of postincisional allodynia by subcutaneous bupivacaine: findings with a new model in the hairy skin of the rat. Anesthesiology 103 (2005) 113-125
19. Whiteside G.T., Harrison J., Boulet J., et al. Pharmacological characterisation of a rat model of incisional pain. British Journal of Pharmacology 141 (2004) 85-91
20. Dirks J., Moiniche S., Hilsted K.L., and Dahl J.B. Mechanisms of postoperative pain: clinical indications for a contribution of central neuronal sensitization. Anesthesiology 97 (2002) 1591-1596
21. Zahn P.K., and Brennan T.J. Primary and secondary hyperalgesia in a rat model for human postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 90 (1999) 863-872
22. Hamalainen M.M., Gebhart G.F., and Brennan T.J. Acute effect of an incision on mechanosensitive afferents in the plantar rat hindpaw. Journal of Neurophysiology 87 (2002) 712-720
23. Pogatzki E.M., Gebhart G.F., and Brennan T.J. Characterization of Adelta- and C-fibers innervating the plantar rat hindpaw one day after an incision. Journal of Neurophysiology 87 (2002) 721-731
24. Woo Y.C., Park S.S., Subieta A.R., and Brennan T.J. Changes in tissue pH and temperature after incision indicate acidosis may contribute to postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 101 (2004) 468-475
25. Lavand'homme P. Perioperative pain. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 19 (2006) 556-561
26. Brennan T.J., Zahn P.K., and Pogatzki-Zahn E.M. Mechanisms of incisional pain. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America 23 (2005) 1-20
27. Zahn P.K., and Brennan T.J. Incision-induced changes in receptive field properties of rat dorsal horn neurons. Anesthesiology 91 (1999) 772-785
28. Zahn P.K., Pogatzki-Zahn E.M., and Brennan T.J. Spinal administration of MK-801 and NBQX demonstrates NMDA-independent dorsal horn sensitization in incisional pain. Pain 114 (2005) 499-510
29. Stubhaug A., Breivik H., Eide P.K., et al. Mapping of punctate hyperalgesia around a surgical incision demonstrates that ketamine is a powereful suppressor of central sensitization to pain following surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 41 (1997) 1124-1132
30. Kawamata M., Takahashi T., Kozuka Y., et al. Experimental incision-induced pain in human skin: effects of systemic lidocaine on flare formation and hyperalgesia. Pain 100 (2002) 77-89
31. Kawamata M., Watanabe H., Nishikawa K., et al. Different mechanisms of development and maintenance of experimental incision-induced hyperalgesia in human skin. Anesthesiology 97 (2002) 550-559
32. Wilder-Smith O.H., Tassonyi E., Crul B.J., and Arendt-Nielsen L. Quantitative sensory testing and human surgery: effects of analgesic management on postoperative neuroplasticity. Anesthesiology 98 (2003) 1214-1222
33. Brennan T., Lee S., Subieta A., and Park S. Decreased tissue pH parallels pain behaviors caused by plantar incision. Journal of Neuroscience (2001) 928.1
34. De Kock M., Lavand'homme P., and Waterloos H. 'Balanced analgesia' in the perioperative period: is there a place for ketamine?. Pain 92 (2001) 373-380
35. Werner M.U., Duun P., and Kehlet H. Prediction of postoperative pain by preoperative nociceptive responses to heat stimulation. Anesthesiology 100 (2004) 115-119
36. Lavand'homme P., De Kock M., and Waterloos H. Intraoperative epidural analgesia combined with ketamine provides effective preventive analgesia in patients undergoing major digestive surgery. Anesthesiology 103 (2005) 813-820
37. Wilder-Smith O.H., and Arendt-Nielsen L. Postoperative hyperalgesia: its clinical importance and relevance. Anesthesiology 104 (2006) 601-607
38. Woolf C.J., and Chong M.S. Preemptive analgesia-treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesthesia and Analgesia 77 (1993) 362-379
39. Brennan T.J., Umali E.F., and Zahn P.K. Comparison of pre- versus post-incision administration of intrathecal bupivacaine and intrathecal morphine in a rat model of postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 87 (1997) 1517-1528
40. Pogatzki E.M., Zahn P.K., and Brennan T.J. Effect of pretreatment with intrathecal excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists on the development of pain behavior caused by plantar incision. Anesthesiology 93 (2000) 489-496
41. Pogatzki E.M., Vandermeulen E.P., and Brennan T.J. Effect of plantar local anesthetic injection on dorsal horn neuron activity and pain behaviors caused by incision. Pain 97 (2002) 151-161
42. Dahl J.B., and Moiniche S. Pre-emptive analgesia. British Medical Bulletin 71 (2004) 13-27
43. Moiniche S., Kehlet H., and Dahl J.B. A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief: the role of timing of analgesia. Anesthesiology 96 (2002) 725-741
44. Ong C.K., Lirk P., Seymour R.A., and Jenkins B.J. The efficacy of preemptive analgesia for acute postoperative pain management: a meta-analysis. Anesthesia and Analgesia 100 (2005) 757-773
45. Ririe D.G., Barclay D., Prout H., et al. Preoperative sciatic nerve block decreases mechanical allodynia more in young rats: is preemptive analgesia developmentally modulated?. Anesthesia and Analgesia 99 (2004) 140-145
46. Kissin I. Preemptive analgesia: terminology and clinical relevance. Anesthesia and Analgesia 79 (1994) 809-810
47. Katz J., and Cohen L. Preventive analgesia is associated with reduced pain disability 3 weeks but not 6 months after major gynecologic surgery by laparotomy. Anesthesiology 101 (2004) 169-174
48. Katz J., and McCartney C.J. Current status of pre-emptive analgesia. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 15 (2002) 435-441
49. McCartney C.J., Sinha A., and Katz J. A qualitative systematic review of the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in preventive analgesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia 98 (2004) 1385-1400
50. Macintyre P.E., Power I., Schug S.A., et al. Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence. 2nd edn. (2005), ANZCA, Melbourne
51. Brennan T.J., and Kehlet H. Preventive analgesia to reduce wound hyperalgesia and persistent postsurgical pain: not an easy path. Anesthesiology 103 (2005) 681-683
52. Gilron I., and Coderre T.J. Preemptive analgesic effects of steroid anesthesia with alphaxalone in the rat formalin test. Evidence for differential GABA(A) Receptor modulation in persistent nociception. Anesthesiology 84 (1996) 572-579
53. Gilron I. Review article: the role of anticonvulsant drugs in postoperative pain management: a bench-to-bedside perspective. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 53 (2006) 562-571
54. Kaneko M., Mestre C., Sanchez E.H., and Hammond D.L. Intrathecally administered gabapentin inhibits formalin-evoked nociception and the expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the rat. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 292 (2000) 743-751
55. Field M.J., Holloman E.F., McCleary S., et al. Evaluation of gabapentin and S-(+)-3-isobutylgaba in a rat model of postoperative pain. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 282 (1997) 1242-1246
56. Cheng J.K., Pan H.L., and Eisenach J.C. Antiallodynic effect of intrathecal gabapentin and its interaction with clonidine in a rat model of postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 92 (2000) 1126-1131
57. Smiley M.M., Lu Y., Vera-Portocarrero L.P., et al. Intrathecal gabapentin enhances the analgesic effects of subtherapeutic dose morphine in a rat experimental pancreatitis model. Anesthesiology 101 (2004) 759-765
58. Sills G.J. The mechanisms of action of gabapentin and pregabalin. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 6 (2006) 108-113
59. Dahl J.B., Mathiesen O., and Moiniche S. 'Protective premedication': an option with gabapentin and related drugs? A review of gabapentin and pregabalin in in the treatment of post-operative pain. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 48 (2004) 1130-1136
60. Ho K.Y., Gan T.J., and Habib A.S. Gabapentin and postoperative pain - a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Pain (2006)
61. Seib R.K., and Paul J.E. Preoperative gabapentin for postoperative analgesia: a meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 53 (2006) 461-469
62. Hurley R.W., Cohen S.P., Williams K.A., et al. The analgesic effects of perioperative gabapentin on postoperative pain: a meta-analysis. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 31 (2006) 237-247
63. Fassoulaki A., Patris K., Sarantopoulos C., and Hogan Q. The analgesic effect of gabapentin and mexiletine after breast surgery for cancer. Anesthesia and Analgesia 95 (2002) 985-991
64. Gilron I., Orr E., Tu D., et al. A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of perioperative administration of gabapentin, rofecoxib and their combination for spontaneous and movement-evoked pain after abdominal hysterectomy. Pain 113 (2005) 191-200
65. Turan A., White P.F., Karamanlioglu B., et al. Gabapentin: an alternative to the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for perioperative pain management. Anesthesia and Analgesia 102 (2006) 175-181
66. Rorarius M.G., Mennander S., Suominen P., et al. Gabapentin for the prevention of postoperative pain after vaginal hysterectomy. Pain 110 (2004) 175-181
67. Fassoulaki A., Triga A., Melemeni A., and Sarantopoulos C. Multimodal analgesia with gabapentin and local anesthetics prevents acute and chronic pain after breast surgery for cancer. Anesthesia and Analgesia 101 (2005) 1427-1432
68. Fassoulaki A., Stamatakis E., Petropoulos G., et al. Gabapentin attenuates late but not acute pain after abdominal hysterectomy. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 23 (2006) 136-141
69. Hill C.M., Balkenohl M., Thomas D.W., et al. Pregabalin in patients with postoperative dental pain. European Journal of Pain 5 (2001) 119-124
70. Dougherty P.M., Palacek J., Paleckova V., et al. The role of NMDA and non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors in the excitation of primate spinothalamic tract neurons by mechanical, chemical, thermal, and electrical stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience 12 (1992) 3025-3041
71. Popratiloff A., Weinberg R.J., and Rustioni A. AMPA receptor subunits underlying terminals of fine-caliber primary afferent fibers. Journal of Neuroscience 16 (1996) 3363-3372
72. Ferraguti F., and Shigemoto R. Metabotropic glutamate receptors. Cell and Tissue Research 326 (2006) 483-504
73. Zahn P.K., Umali E., and Brennan T.J. Intrathecal non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists inhibit pain behaviors in a rat model of postoperative pain. Pain 74 (1998) 213-223
74. Zahn P.K., and Brennan T.J. Lack of effect of intrathecally administered N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in a rat model for postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 88 (1998) 143-156
75. Schmid R.L., Sandler A.N., and Katz J. Use and efficacy of low-dose ketamine in the management of acute postoperative pain: a review of current techniques and outcomes. Pain 82 (1999) 111-125
76. Vranken J.H., Troost D., de Haan P., et al. Severe toxic damage to the rabbit spinal cord after intrathecal administration of preservative-free S(+)-ketamine. Anesthesiology 105 (2006) 813-818
77. Vranken J.H., Troost D., Wegener J.T., et al. Neuropathological findings after continuous intrathecal administration of S(+)-ketamine for the management of neuropathic cancer pain. Pain 117 (2005) 231-235
78. Elia N., and Tramer M.R. Ketamine and postoperative pain-a quantitative systematic review of randomised trials. Pain 113 (2005) 61-70
79. Himmelseher S., and Durieux M.E. Ketamine for perioperative pain management. Anesthesiology 102 (2005) 211-220
80. Duedahl T.H., Romsing J., Moiniche S., and Dahl J.B. A qualtitative systematic review of peri-operative detromethorphan in post-operative pain. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 50 (2006) 1-13
81. Pogatzki E.M., Niemeier J.S., Sorkin L.S., and Brennan T.J. Spinal glutamate receptor antagonists differentiate primary and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia caused by incision. Pain 105 (2003) 97-107
82. Sang C.N., Hostetter M.P., Gracely R.H., et al. AMPA/kainate antagonist LY293558 reduces capsaicin-evoked hyperalgesia but not pain in normal skin in humans [see comments]. Anesthesiology 89 (1998) 1060-1067
83. Gilron I., Max M.B., Lee G., et al. Effects of the 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-proprionic acid/kainate antagonist LY293558 on spontaneous and evoked postoperative pain. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 68 (2000) 320-327