Oligarchs, tapes and oranges: 'Kuchmagate' to the orange revolution

Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 30-56

  Kuzio, Taras ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33947577000     PISSN: 13523279     EISSN: 17439116     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13523270701194839     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. One of the few studies of the rise of Ukraine's oligarchs is by Rosaria Puglisi, 'The Rise of the Ukrainian Oligarchs', Democratization, Vol.10, No.3 (Autumn 2003), pp.99-123
2. see also Lucan A. Way, 'Rapacious Individualism and Competitive Authoritarianism in Ukraine, 1992-2004', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol.38, No.2 (June 2005), pp.191-206.
3. Taras Kuzio, 'Kuchma to Yushchenko: Ukraine's 2004 Elections and "Orange Revolution", Problems of Post-Communism, Vol.52, No.2 (March-April 2005), pp.29-44;
4. Lucan A. Way, 'Kuchma's Failed Authoritarianism, Journal of Democracy, Vol.16, No.2 (April 2005), pp.131-45;
5. Paul D'Anieri, 'What Has Changed in Ukrainian Politics? Assessing the Implications of the Orange Revolution', Problems of Post-Communism, Vol.52, No.5 (Sept.-Oct. 2005), pp.82-91;
6. and Special issue of Communist and Post-Communist Studies on 'Democratic Revolutions in Post-Communist States', Vol.39, No.3 (Sept. 2006).
7. See special issue guest edited by Paul D'Anieri and Taras Kuzio of Problems of Post-Communism on 'A Decade of Leonid Kuchma in Ukraine', Vol.52, No.5 (Sept.-Oct. 2005).
8. Lazarenko was imprisoned on money-laundering charges in the US in 2006.
9. On the phenomenon of 'constructive opposition' in Ukraine see T. Kuzio, 'Groundhog Day Politics', Kyiv Post, 12 Oct. 2006;
10. 'Yushchenko: Constructing an Opposition', Transitions On Line, 11 Aug. 2006, at, , accessed 8 Feb. 2007;
11. and 'How to Understand Yushchenko', Kyiv Post, 15 June 2006.
12. See O. Haran and O. Majboroda, Ukraiins'ki Livi: Mizh Leninizmom i Sotsial-Demokratieiu (Kyiv: KM Academia, 2000).
13. On the Ukrainian left see Andrew Wilson, 'The Ukrainian Left: In Transition to Social Democracy or Still in Thrall to the USSR?', Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.49, No.7 (1997), pp.1293-316,
14. and 'The Long March of the Ukrainian Left: Backwards Towards Communism, Sideways to Social-Democracy or Forwards to Socialism?', The Masaryk Journal, Vol.3, No.1 (2000), pp.122-40.
15. On Yevhen Marchuk's knowledge of the murder of Rukh leader Vyacheslav Chornovil see, , accessed 10 Dec. 2000
16. Ukrayinska Pravda, 11 Dec. 2000;
17. and Kyiv Post, 26 Jan. 2001.
18. Rukh's conclusion that Chornovil was murdered can be found in Ukrayinska Pravda, 24 March, 2, 10 and 18 Nov. 2003. Taras Chornovil remembers his father, Vyacheslav, and discusses his murder in, , accessed 25 March 2004.
19. Liberal Party leader Volodymyr Shcherban fled Ukraine in early 2005 fearing arrest on corruption charges; he was extradited to Ukraine in November 2006.
20. Marta Dyczok, 'Was Kuchma's Censorship Effective? Mass Media in Ukraine before 2004', Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.58, No.2 (March 2006), pp.215-38.
21. Kuchma deflected blame for economic stagnation and high levels of corruption: See Thomas F. Klobucar, Arthur H. Miller and Gwyn Erb, 'The 1999 Ukrainian Presidential Elections: Personalities, Ideology, Partnership and the Economy', Slavic Review, Vol.61, No.2 (2002), pp.315-44.
22. See T. Kuzio, 'Loyal Nationalism in Post-Communist States', RFE-RL Newsline, 30 June 2003.
23. 'Violence, mud-slinging mar Ukraine election campaign', 20 Oct. 1999, available at, , accessed 20 Oct. 1999.
24. Thomas F. Klobucar, Arthur H. Miller and Gwyn Erb, 'The 1999 Ukrainian Presidential Election: Personalities, Ideology, Partisanship, and the Economy' Slavic Review, Vol.61, No.2 (Summer 2002), pp.315-44.
25. See Keith Darden, 'Blackmail as a Tool of State Domination: Ukraine under Kuchma', East European Constitutional Review, Vol.10, Nos.2/3 (2001), pp.67-71.
26. Constitutional Referendum in Ukraine, Venice 31 March 2000, available at, , accessed 31 March 2000.
27. 'Kuchma gets chance of third term', 30 Dec. 2003, available at, , accessed 30 Dec. 2003.
28. See John T. Ishiyama and Ryan Kennedy, 'Superpresidentialism and Political Party Development in Russia, Ukraine, Armenia and Kyrgystan', Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.53, No.8 (2001), pp.1177-91.
29. See Anders Åslund, 'Ukraine's Return to Economic Growth', Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, Vol.42, No.5 (2001), pp.313-28.
30. 'UKRAINE: Anti-Americanism an Election Tool for Kuchma', Oxford Analytica, 8 Jan. 2004.
31. T. Kuzio, 'Large Scale Anti-American Campaign Planned in Ukraine', Jamestown Foundation, Eurasian Daily Monitor, Vol.1, No.102 (8 Oct. 2004).
32. T. Kuzio, 'Russia and State-Sponsored Terrorism in Ukraine. Parts 1 and 2', Jamestown Foundation, Eurasian Daily Monitor, Vol.1, Nos.90 and 91 (22 and 23 Sept. 2004).
33. T. Kuzio, 'Civil Society, Youth and Societal Mobilization in Democratic Revolutions', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol.39, No.3 (Sept. 2006), pp.365-86;
34. and T. Kuzio, 'Ukraine is Not Russia: Ukrainian and Russian Youth Compared', SAIS Review, Vol.XXVI, No.2 (2006), pp.67-83.
35. T. Kuzio, 'Russians Run Censorship of Ukrainian Media', Jamestown Foundation, Eurasian Daily Monitor, Vol.1, No.35 (21 June 2004).
36. For an expanded study, see T. Kuzio, 'Russian Policy to Ukraine During Elections', Demokratizatsiya, Vol.13, No.4 (2005), pp.491-517.
37. Anatoliy Halchynsky in Den, 15 April 2004. Halchynsky called it a major mistake that the pro-Kuchma camp aligned itself with the left, rather than with Our Ukraine, as the left is uninterested in Ukraine's Euro-Atlantic integration.
38. T. Kuzio, 'When Oligarchs go into Opposition: The Case of Pavel Pazarenko', Russia and Eurasia Review, Vol.2, No.11 (27 May 2003),
39. and T. Kuzio, 'Dissident Oligarchs Under Attack in US and Ukraine', Jamestown Foundation, Eurasian Daily Monitor, Vol.1, No.30 (14 June 2004).
40. Special issue of Communist and Post-Communist Studies, guest edited by Taras Kuzio and Paul D'Anieri, on 'Regime Politics and Democratisation in Ukraine', Vol.38, No.2 (June 2005).
41. See Stephen Levitsky and LucanWay, 'Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regime Change in Peru and Ukraine in Comparative Perspective', paper presented to the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA, 30 Aug.-2 Sept. 2001;
42. Stephen Levitsky and Lucan Way, 'Autocracy by Democratic Rules: The Dynamics of Competitive Authoritarianism in the Post-Cold War Era', paper given to the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA, 28-31 August 2002;
43. and Stephen Levitsky and Lucan Way, 'The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism', Journal of Democracy, Vol.13, No.2 (April 2002), pp.51-65.
44. Moloda Ukrayina, 12 Dec. 2001.
45. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 9 Aug. 2001.
46. Zerkalo Nedeli/Dzerkalo Tyzhnya, 10-17 Aug. 2002.
47. Zerkalo Nedeli/Dzerkalo Tyzhnya, 5 July 2003.
48. Ukrayinska Pravda, 26 May 2004.
49. Yulia Mostova, 'No Air to Breathe', Zerkalo Nedeli/Dzerkalo Tyzhnya, 26 Dec. 2003.
50. The Razumkov Centre, available at, , acted as the analytical centre of the Yushchenko election campaign in 2004
51. Hrytsenko became defence minister. Zerkalo Nedeli/Dzerkalo Tyzhnya, 8-14 March 2003.
52. Moroz, interviewed in Zerkalo Nedeli/Dzerkalo Tyzhnya, 13 Feb. 2004.
53. T. Kuzio, 'Will Kuchma Seek a Third Term?', RFE-RL Newsline, 4 Nov. 2003. A secret document prepared in November 2003 by Russian 'political technologists' working for Medvedchuk was leaked to Ukrayinska Pravda, 25 June 2004. The document outlines a strategy for Kuchma to stand for a third term, which the December 2003 constitutional court's decision allowed him to do.
54. In 2006, Freedom House upgraded Ukraine from 'partly free' to 'free' status, the first CIS state to enter this category. See map at, .