Controlled generation of black carbon particles from a diffusion flame and applications in evaluating black carbon measurement methods

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 41, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 1874-1888

  Kirchstetter, Thomas W ^a   Novakov, T ^a  

^a LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aethalometer; Black carbon; Carbonaceous aerosol; Elemental and organic carbon; Particle soot absorption photometer; Thermal optical analysis

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); LIGHT ABSORPTION; OPTIMIZATION; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; PHOTOMETERS; SCATTERING;

AETHALOMETER; BLACK CARBON; CARBONACEOUS AEROSOL; ORGANIC CARBON (OC); SINGLE SCATTERING;

AEROSOLS;

CARBON;

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; AEROSOL COMPOSITION; ALBEDO; BLACK CARBON; COMBUSTION; DIFFUSION; FILTER; LIGHT ATTENUATION; MEASUREMENT METHOD; PHOTOMETER;

ACCURACY; AEROSOL; ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; COMBUSTION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DIFFUSION; EVALUATION; MASS; MEASUREMENT; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIABILITY; STANDARD; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; THERMAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 33846552454     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.067     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Ackerman A.S., Toon O.B., Stevens D.E., Heymsfield A.J., Ramanathan V., and Welton E.J. Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot. Science 288 (2000) 1042-1047
2. Andreae M.O., and Gelencser A. Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussion 6 (2006) 3419-3463
3. Arnott W.P., Hamasha K., Moosmuller H., Sheridan P.J., and Ogren J.A. Towards aerosol light absorption measurements with a 7-wavelength aethalometer: evaluation with a photoacoustic instrument and a 3-wavelength nephelometer. Aerosol Science and Technology 39 (2005) 17-29
4. Birch M.E., and Cary R.A. Elemental carbon-based method for occupational monitoring of particulate diesel exhaust: methodology and exposure issues. Analyst 121 (1996) 1183-1190
5. Bond T.C., Anderson T.L., and Campbell D. Calibration and intercomparison of filter-based measurements of visible light absorption by aerosols. Aerosol Science and Technology 30 (1999) 582-600
6. Bond T.C., and Bergstrom R.W. Light absorption by carbonaceous particles. An investigative review. Aerosol Science and Technology 40 (2006) 27-67
7. Cachier H., Bremond M.P., and Buat-Ménard P. Thermal separation of soot carbon. Aerosol Science and Technology 10 (1989) 358-364
8. Cal EPA, Chemicals known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity, http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single052005.pdf, Proposition 65 list of chemicals, effective May 2005.
9. CARB, California Air Resources Board, Proposed identification of diesel exhaust as a Toxic Air Contaminant. AppendixIII, PartA, ExposureAssessment. ARB, Sacramento, CA, 1998.
10. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Crow D., Lowenthal D.H., and Merrifield T. Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements. Aerosol Science and Technology 34 (2001) 23-34
11. Conny J.M., Klinedinst D.B., Wight S.A., and Paulsen J.L. Optimizing thermal-optical methods for measuring atmospheric elemental (black) carbon: a response surface study. Aerosol Science and Technology 37 (2003) 703-723
12. Countess R.J. Interlaboratory analyses of carbonaceous aerosol samples. Aerosol Science and Technology 12 (1990) 114-121
13. Currie L.A., Benner B.A., Kessler J.D., et al. A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 107 (2002) 279-298
14. Fruin S.A., Winer A.M., and Rodes C.E. Black carbon concentrations in California vehicles and estimation of in-vehicle diesel exhaust particulate matter exposures. Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004) 4123-4133
15. Gundel L.A., Dod R.L., Rosen H., and Novakov T. The relationship between optical attenuation and black carbon concentrations for ambient and source particles. The Science of the Total Environment 36 (1984) 197-202
16. Grosjean D., Williams E.L., Grosjean E., and Novakov T. Evolved gas-analysis of secondary organic aerosols. Aerosol Science and Technology 21 (1994) 306-324
17. Hansen A.D.A., Rosen H., and Novakov T. The aethalometer-an instrument for the real-time measurement of optical absorption by aerosol particles. The Science of the Total Environment 36 (1984) 191-196
18. Hansen J., and Nazarenko L. Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 101 (2003) 423-428
19. Hays, M., VanderWal, R., 2006. Heterogeneous soot nanostructure in atmospheric and combustion source aerosols. Energy and Fuels, submitted.
20. Horvath H. Experimental calibration for aerosol light absorption measurements using the integrating plate method-summary of the data. Journal of Aerosol Science 28 (1997) 1149-1161
21. Jacobson M.Z. Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols. Nature 409 (2001) 695-697
22. Jiménez, J., Claiborn, C., Larson, T., Gould, T., Kirchstetter, T.W., Gundel, L., 2006. Loading effect correction for real-time aethalometer measurements of fresh diesel soot. JAWMA, submitted.
23. Kim E., and Hopke P.K. Source apportionment of fine particles at Washington, DC, utilizing temperature-resolved carbon fractions. JAWMA 54 (2004) 773-785
24. Kirchstetter T.W., Corrigan C.E., and Novakov T. Laboratory and field investigation of the adsorption of gaseous organic compounds onto quartz filters. Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 1663-1671
25. Kirchstetter, T.W., Novakov, T., Hobbs, P.V., Evidence that spectral light absorption by aerosols emitted from biomass burning and motor vehicles is different due to organic carbon. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D21208, DOI:10.1029/2004JD004999, 2004.
26. Klouda G.A., Filliben J.J., Parish H.J., Chow J.J., Watson J.G., and Cary R.A. Reference material 8785: air particulate matter on filter media. Aerosol Science and Technology 39 (2005) 173-183
27. LaRosa L.E., Buckley T.J., and Wallace LA. Real-time indoor and outdoor measurements of black carbon in an occupied house: an examination of sources. JAWMA 52 (2002) 41-49
28. Lavanchy V.M.H., Gaggeler H.W., Nyeki S., and Baltensperger U. Elemental carbon (EC) and black carbon (BC) measurements with a thermal method and an aethalometer at the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch. Atmospheric Environment 33 (1999) 2759-2769
29. Lin C., and Friedlander S.K. A note on the use of glass fiber filters in the thermal analysis of carbon containing aerosols. Atmospheric Environment 22 (1988) 605-607
30. Liousse C., Cachier H., and Jennings S.G. Optical and thermal measurements of black carbon aerosol content in different environments: variations of the specific attenuations cross-section. Atmospheric Environment 27A (1993) 1203-1211
31. Martins J.V., Artaxo P., Liousse C., Reid J.S., Hobbs P.V., and Kaufman Y.J. Effects of black carbon content, particle size, and mixing on light absorption by aerosols from biomass burning in Brazil. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 32041-32050
32. Menon S., Hansen J., Nazarenko L., and Luo Y.F. Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India. Science 297 (2002) 2250-2253
33. Novakov T. Microchemical characterization of aerosols. In: Malissa H., Grasserbaure M., and Belcher R. (Eds). Nature, Aim and Methods of Microchemistry (1981), Springer, New York 141-165
34. Novakov T., and Corrigan C.E. Thermal characterization of biomass smoke particles. Mikrochimica Acta 119 (1995) 157-166
35. Petzold A., Kopp C., and Niessner R. The dependence of the specific attenuation cross-section on black carbon mass fraction and particle size. Atmospheric Environment 31 (1997) 661-672
36. Petzold A., Schloesser H., Sheridan P.J., Arnott W.P., Ogren J.A., and Virkkula A. Evaluation of multiangle absorption photometry for measuring aerosol light absorption. Aerosol Science and Technology 39 (2005) 40-51
37. Reid J.S., Hobbs P.V., Liousse C., Martins J.V., Weiss R.E., and Eck T.F. Comparisons of techniques for measuring shortwave absorption and black carbon content of aerosols from biomass burning in Brazil. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 32031-32040
38. Rupprecht E.G., Patashnick H., Beeson D.E., Green R.E., and Meyer M.B. A new automated monitor for the measurement of particulate carbon in the atmosphere. In: Cooper J.A., and Grant L.D. (Eds). Proceedings, Particulate Matter: Health and Regulatory Issues (1995), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA 262-267
39. Sadler M., Charlson R.J., Rosen H., and Novakov T. An intercomparison of the integrating plate and the laser transmission methods for determination of aerosol absorption coefficients. Atmospheric Environment 15 (1981) 1265-1268
40. Scherrer, H.C., Kittelson, D.B., Dolan, D.F. (1981). Light Absorption Measurements of Diesel Particulate Matter: SAE Paper 810181.
41. Schmid H., Laskus L., Abraham H.J., et al. Results of the "carbon conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I. Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 2111-2121
42. Schnaiter M., Horvath H., Mohler O., Naumann K.H., Saathoff H., and Schock O.W. UV-VIS-NIR spectral optical properties of soot and soot-containing aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science 34 (2003) 1421-1444
43. Shah J.J., and Rau J.A. Carbonaceous Species Methods Comparison Study: Interlaboratory Round Robin Interpretation of Results (1991), Final Report to Research Division, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA
44. Sharma S., Brook J.R., Cachier H., Chow J., Gaudenzi A., and Lu G. Light absorption and thermal measurements of black carbon in different regions of Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (2002) 10.1029/2002JD002496
45. Sheridan P.J., Arnott W.P., Ogren J.A., Andrews E., Atkinson D.B., Covert D.S., Moosmuller H., Petzold A., Schmid B., Strawa A.W., Varma R., and Virkkula A. The Reno aerosoloptics study: an evaluation of aerosol absorption measurement methods. Aerosol Science and Technology 39 (2005) 1-16
46. Stipe C.B., Higgins B.S., Lucas D., Koshland C.P., and Sawyer R.F. Inverted co-flow diffusion flame for producing soot. Reviews of Scientific Instruments 76 (2005) 023908
47. Subramanian R., Khlystov A., and Robinson A.L. Effect of peak inert-mode temperature on elemental carbon measured using thermal-optical analysis. Aerosol Science and Technology 40 (2006) 763-780
48. Turner, J., et al., 2005. Presented at the American Association for Aerosol Research 24th Annual Conference.
49. Virkkula A., Ahlquist N.C., Covert D.S., Arnott W.P., Sheridan P.J., Quinn P.K., and Coffman D.J. Modification, calibration and field test of an instrument for measuring light absorption by particles. Aerosol Science and Technology 39 (2005) 68-83
50. VanderWal R.L., Tomasek A.J., Pamphlet M.I., Taylor C.D., and Thompson W.K. Analysis of HRTEM images for carbon nanostructure quantification. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 6 (2004) 555-568
51. Watson J.G., Chow J.C., and Antony Chen L.W. Summary of organic and elemental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 5 (2005) 65-102
52. Weingartner E., Saathoff H., Schnaiter M., Streit N., Bitnar B., and Baltensperger U. Absorption of light by soot particles: determination of the absorption coefficient by means of aethalometers. Journal of Aerosol Science 34 (2003) 1445-1463
53. Wentzel M., Gorzawski H., Naumann K.-H., Saathoff H., and Weinbruch S. Transmission electron microscopical and aerosol dynamical characterization of soot aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science 34 (2003) 1347-1370