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Penner, J.E.1
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Previous studies of aerosol effects on regional climate have used satellite data to study the role of smoke particles in clouds in Amazonia [Y.] J. Kaufman, R. S. Fraser, Science 277, 1573 (1997)] and the effect of aerosols in suppressing precipitation: dust in the eastern Mediterranean [D. Rosenfeld, Y. Rudich, R. Lahav, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 5975 (2001)] and sulfates in the Sahel [L. D. Rotstayn, U. Lohmann, J. Clim. 15, 2103
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Previous studies of aerosol effects on regional climate have used satellite data to study the role of smoke particles in clouds in Amazonia [Y.] J. Kaufman, R. S. Fraser, Science 277, 1573 (1997)] and the effect of aerosols in suppressing precipitation: dust in the eastern Mediterranean [D. Rosenfeld, Y. Rudich, R. Lahav, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 5975 (2001)] and sulfates in the Sahel [L. D. Rotstayn, U. Lohmann, J. Clim. 15, 2103 (2002)].
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Rosenfeld, D.1
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13
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0036693782
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Previous studies of aerosol effects on regional climate have used satellite data to study the role of smoke particles in clouds in Amazonia [Y.] J. Kaufman, R. S. Fraser, Science 277, 1573 (1997)] and the effect of aerosols in suppressing precipitation: dust in the eastern Mediterranean [D. Rosenfeld, Y. Rudich, R. Lahav, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 5975 (2001)] and sulfates in the Sahel [L. D. Rotstayn, U. Lohmann, J. Clim. 15, 2103 (2002)].
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Rotstayn, L.D.1
Lohmann, U.2
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2142681938
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aer) over India and China ∼0.1 at wavelength λ = 0.55 μm [figure 8 of (12)].
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2142834747
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-1 or slightly faster, this corresponds to an assumption that about two-thirds of current aerosols in China are anthropogenic, which is probably not a great exaggeration.
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20
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2142680682
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-2 at the surface), causing an increase in atmospheric heating by as much as 0.3 K/day in the lower troposphere. A value of 0.9, instead of 0.85, would imply about one-third less absorption, thus decreasing the magnitude of temperature and precipitation changes that we obtain in experiment A.
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Observed global warming is about 0.5 K in the past 50 years (10), as is simulated global and regional warming due to increasing greenhouse gases (12). Thus the magnitude of our simulated aerosol cooling is consistent with observations.
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24
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2142738889
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The cooling that we find in our experiment A for the south central United States (Fig. 2A) is consistent with the calculated warming of the troposphere over the tropical Pacific Ocean.
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27
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Sun, B.1
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Keimig, F.T.4
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30
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2142669481
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We note that cloud changes in response to climate change are notoriously difficult for climate models to simulate with confidence. In addition, the indirect effect of aerosols on cloud microphysics, which is thought to cause cloud cover to increase, is not included in our simulations, However, the indirect effect of anthropogenic aerosols on clouds may have been partially saturated by the time the cloud cover observations originated.
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32
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0034640239
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The results from (30) were based on a single meteorological scenario and may be linked to the dynamical conditions prevalent over the Indian Ocean at the time.
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34
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More precise knowledge of the horizontal and vertical distribution of the aerosols is needed. The vertical distribution affects the radiative heating profile and thus may influence the atmospheric dynamical response to aerosols [M. Jacobson, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 10593 (1998)]. Present global observations do not define the aerosol vertical profile, but future satellite measurements that include lidar and precision polarimetry offer the potential of defining the aerosol height distribution accurately.
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J. Geophys. Res.
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Jacobson, M.1
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Kunzli, N.1
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We thank T. Novakov, A. Hansen, P. Stone, A. Del Genio, C. Jakob, and W. Lau for generous discussions on soot aerosols and climate change. Our research is supported by NASA programs managed by J. Kaye, T. Lee, and E. Lindstrom and by NSF grant 0074176.
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