Morpheus Unbound: Reimagining the Morphogen Gradient

Cell

Volumn 128, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 245-256

  Lander, Arthur D ^a  

^a University of California at Irvine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DECAPENTAPLEGIC PROTEIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; MORPHOGEN; POLYPEPTIDE; PROTEIN NODAL; RETINOID; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; WNT PROTEIN;

CELL FATE; CELL MOTION; CELL TRANSPORT; CELL TYPE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; DIFFUSION; EMBRYO PATTERN FORMATION; ENDOCYTOSIS; INTERNEURON; LYSOSOME; MORPHOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPATIAL ORIENTATION; UPREGULATION;

EID: 33846300352     PISSN: 00928674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.004     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Ashe H.L., and Briscoe J. The interpretation of morphogen gradients. Development 133 (2006) 385-394
2. Ayala F.J. Adaptation and novelty: teleological explanations in evolutionary biology. Hist. Philos. Life Sci. 21 (1999) 3-33
3. Belenkaya T.Y., Han C., Yan D., Opoka R.J., Khodoun M., Liu H., and Lin X. Drosophila Dpp morphogen movement is independent of dynamin-mediated endocytosis but regulated by the glypican members of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Cell 119 (2004) 231-244
4. Bellaiche Y., The I., and Perrimon N. Tout-velu is a Drosophila homologue of the putative tumour suppressor EXT-1 and is needed for Hh diffusion. Nature 394 (1998) 85-88
5. Ben-Haim N., Lu C., Guzman-Ayala M., Pescatore L., Mesnard D., Bischofberger M., Naef F., Robertson E.J., and Constam D.B. The Nodal Precursor Acting via Activin Receptors Induces Mesoderm by Maintaining a Source of Its Convertases and BMP4. Dev. Cell 11 (2006) 313-323
6. Berg H.C. Random Walks in Biology. 2nd ed. (1993), Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ
7. Bollenbach T., Kruse K., Pantazis P., Gonzalez-Gaitan M., and Julicher F. Robust formation of morphogen gradients. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (2005) 018103
8. Burz D.S., and Hanes S.D. Isolation of mutations that disrupt cooperative DNA binding by the Drosophila bicoid protein. J. Mol. Biol. 305 (2001) 219-230
9. Cadigan K.M. Regulating morphogen gradients in the Drosophila wing. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 13 (2002) 83-90
10. Christian J.L. BMP, Wnt and Hedgehog signals: how far can they go?. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12 (2000) 244-249
11. Chuang P.T., and McMahon A.P. Vertebrate Hedgehog signalling modulated by induction of a Hedgehog-binding protein. Nature 397 (1999) 617-621
12. Csete M.E., and Doyle J.C. Reverse engineering of biological complexity. Science 295 (2002) 1664-1669
13. Davidson E.H., Rast J.P., Oliveri P., Ransick A., Calestani C., Yuh C.H., Minokawa T., Amore G., Hinman V., Arenas-Mena C., et al. A genomic regulatory network for development. Science 295 (2002) 1669-1678
14. De Robertis E.M., and Kuroda H. Dorsal-ventral patterning and neural induction in Xenopus embryos. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 20 (2004) 285-308
15. Dobbs-McAuliffe B., Zhao Q., and Linney E. Feedback mechanisms regulate retinoic acid production and degradation in the zebrafish embryo. Mech. Dev. 121 (2004) 339-350
16. Dorfman R., and Shilo B.Z. Biphasic activation of the BMP pathway patterns the Drosophila embryonic dorsal region. Development 128 (2001) 965-972
17. Driever W., and Nusslein-Volhard C. The bicoid protein determines position in the Drosophila embryo in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell 54 (1988) 95-104
18. Dubrulle J., and Pourquie O. Coupling segmentation to axis formation. Development 131 (2004) 5783-5793
19. Dyson S., and Gurdon J.B. The interpretation of position in a morphogen gradient as revealed by occupancy of activin receptors. Cell 93 (1998) 557-568
20. Eaton S. Release and trafficking of lipid-linked morphogens. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 16 (2006) 17-22
21. Eldar A., Dorfman R., Weiss D., Ashe H., Shilo B.Z., and Barkai N. Robustness of the BMP morphogen gradient in Drosophila embryonic patterning. Nature 419 (2002) 304-308
22. Eldar A., Rosin D., Shilo B.Z., and Barkai N. Self-enhanced ligand degradation underlies robustness of morphogen gradients. Dev. Cell 5 (2003) 635-646
23. Entchev E.V., Schwabedissen A., and Gonzalez-Gaitan M. Gradient formation of the TGF-beta homolog Dpp. Cell 103 (2000) 981-991
24. Ferguson E.L., and Anderson K.V. Decapentaplegic acts as a morphogen to organize dorsal-ventral pattern in the Drosophila embryo. Cell 71 (1992) 451-461
25. Fujise M., Takeo S., Kamimura K., Matsuo T., Aigaki T., Izumi S., and Nakato H. Dally regulates Dpp morphogen gradient formation in the Drosophila wing. Development 130 (2003) 1515-1522
26. Gierer A., and Meinhardt H. A theory of biological pattern formation. Kybernetik 12 (1972) 30-39
27. Goentoro L.A., Reeves G.T., Kowal C.P., Martinelli L., Schupbach T., and Shvartsman S.Y. Quantifying the Gurken morphogen gradient in Drosophila oogenesis. Dev. Cell 11 (2006) 263-272
28. Goldbeter A., and Koshland Jr. D.E. An amplified sensitivity arising from covalent modification in biological systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78 (1981) 6840-6844
29. Greco V., Hannus M., and Eaton S. Argosomes: a potential vehicle for the spread of morphogens through epithelia. Cell 106 (2001) 633-645
30. Green J. Morphogen gradients, positional information, and Xenopus: interplay of theory and experiment. Dev. Dyn. 225 (2002) 392-408
31. Gregor T., Bialek W., de Ruyter van Steveninck R.R., Tank D.W., and Wieschaus E.F. Diffusion and scaling during early embryonic pattern formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (2005) 18403-18407
32. Gursky V.V., Jaeger J., Kozlov K.N., Reinitz J., and Samsonov A.M. Pattern formation and nuclear division are uncoupled in Drosophila segmentation: comparison of spatially discrete and continuous models. Physica D. 197 (2004) 286-302
33. Holley S.A., Neul J.L., Attisano L., Wrana J.L., Sasai Y., O'Connor M.B., De Robertis E.M., and Ferguson E.L. The Xenopus dorsalizing factor noggin ventralizes Drosophila embryos by preventing DPP from activating its receptor. Cell 86 (1996) 607-617
34. Iglesias P.A., and Levchenko A. Modeling the cell's guidance system. Sci. STKE 2002 (2002) RE12
35. Ingolia N.T. Topology and robustness in the Drosophila segment polarity network. PLoS Biol. 2 (2004) e123
36. Irvine K.D., and Rauskolb C. Boundaries in development: formation and function. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 17 (2001) 189-214
37. Jaeger J., Surkova S., Blagov M., Janssens H., Kosman D., Kozlov K.N., Manu, Myasnikova E., Vanario-Alonso C.E., Samsonova M., Sharp D.H., et al. Dynamic control of positional information in the early Drosophila embryo. Nature 430 (2004) 368-371
38. Jazwinska A., Rushlow C., and Roth S. The role of brinker in mediating the graded response to Dpp in early Drosophila embryos. Development 126 (1999) 3323-3334
39. Kawano Y., and Kypta R. Secreted antagonists of the Wnt signalling pathway. J. Cell Sci. 116 (2003) 2627-2634
40. Kerszberg M. Accurate reading of morphogen concentrations by nuclear receptors: a formal model of complex transduction pathways. J. Theor. Biol. 183 (1996) 95-104
41. Kerszberg M., and Wolpert L. Mechanisms for positional signalling by morphogen transport: a theoretical study. J. Theor. Biol. 191 (1998) 103-114
42. Kirkbride K.C., Ray B.N., and Blobe G.C. Cell-surface co-receptors: emerging roles in signaling and human disease. Trends Biochem. Sci. 30 (2005) 611-621
43. Klein D.E., Nappi V.M., Reeves G.T., Shvartsman S.Y., and Lemmon M.A. Argos inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor signalling by ligand sequestration. Nature 430 (2004) 1040-1044
44. Kruse K., Pantazis P., Bollenbach T., Julicher F., and Gonzalez-Gaitan M. Dpp gradient formation by dynamin-dependent endocytosis: receptor trafficking and the diffusion model. Development 131 (2004) 4843-4856
45. Lai K., Robertson M.J., and Schaffer D.V. The sonic hedgehog signaling system as a bistable genetic switch. Biophys. J. 86 (2004) 2748-2757
46. Lander A.D. A calculus of purpose. PLoS Biol. 2 (2004) e164
47. Lander A.D., Nie Q., Vargas B., and Wan F.Y.M. Aggregation of a Distributed Source in Morphogen Gradient Formation. Stud. Appl. Math. 114 (2005) 343-374
48. Lander A.D., Nie Q., and Wan F.Y. Do morphogen gradients arise by diffusion?. Dev. Cell 2 (2002) 785-796
49. Lawrence P.A. Morphogens: how big is the big picture?. Nat. Cell Biol. 3 (2001) E151-E154
50. Lin X. Functions of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cell signaling during development. Development 131 (2004) 6009-6021
51. Marois E., Mahmoud A., and Eaton S. The endocytic pathway and formation of the Wingless morphogen gradient. Development 133 (2006) 307-317
52. Meinhardt H., and Gierer A. Pattern formation by local self-activation and lateral inhibition. Bioessays 22 (2000) 753-760
53. Meir E., von Dassow G., Munro E., and Odell G.M. Robustness, flexibility, and the role of lateral inhibition in the neurogenic network. Curr. Biol. 12 (2002) 778-786
54. Melen G.J., Levy S., Barkai N., and Shilo B.Z. Threshold responses to morphogen gradients by zero-order ultrasensitivity. Mol. Syst. Biol. (2005) 10.1038/msb4100036 Published online December 13, 2005
55. Meyers J., Craig J., and Odde D.J. Potential for control of signaling pathways via cell size and shape. Curr. Biol. 16 (2006) 1685-1693
56. Mizutani C.M., Nie Q., Wan F.Y., Zhang Y.T., Vilmos P., Sousa-Neves R., Bier E., Marsh J.L., and Lander A.D. Formation of the BMP activity gradient in the Drosophila embryo. Dev. Cell 8 (2005) 915-924
57. Nellen D., Burke R., Struhl G., and Basler K. Direct and long-range action of a DPP morphogen gradient. Cell 85 (1996) 357-368
58. Nguyen M., Park S., Marques G., and Arora K. Interpretation of a BMP activity gradient in Drosophila embryos depends on synergistic signaling by two type I receptors, SAX and TKV. Cell 95 (1998) 495-506
59. Nonaka S., Yoshiba S., Watanabe D., Ikeuchi S., Goto T., Marshall W.F., and Hamada H. De novo formation of left-right asymmetry by posterior tilt of nodal cilia. PLoS Biol. 3 (2005) e268
60. O'Connor M.B., Umulis D., Othmer H.G., and Blair S.S. Shaping BMP morphogen gradients in the Drosophila embryo and pupal wing. Development 133 (2006) 183-193
61. Pages F., and Kerridge S. Morphogen gradients. A question of time or concentration?. Trends Genet. 16 (2000) 40-44
62. Paulsson J., Berg O.G., and Ehrenberg M. Stochastic focusing: fluctuation-enhanced sensitivity of intracellular regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 7148-7153
63. Pfeiffer S., and Vincent J.P. Signalling at a distance: transport of Wingless in the embryonic epidermis of Drosophila. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 10 (1999) 303-309
64. Pfeiffer S., Alexandre C., Calleja M., and Vincent J.P. The progeny of wingless-expressing cells deliver the signal at a distance in Drosophila embryos. Curr. Biol. 10 (2000) 321-324
65. Ramirez-Weber F.A., and Kornberg T.B. Cytonemes: cellular processes that project to the principal signaling center in Drosophila imaginal discs. Cell 97 (1999) 599-607
66. Reas P.G., and Ballaro B. Reaction-diffusion equations for simulation of calcium signalling in cell systems. Riv. Biol. 97 (2004) 443-468
67. Reeves G.T., Muratov C.B., Schupbach T., and Shvartsman S.Y. Quantitative models of developmental pattern formation. Dev. Cell 11 (2006) 289-300
68. Rogulja D., and Irvine K.D. Regulation of cell proliferation by a morphogen gradient. Cell 123 (2005) 449-461
69. Ross A.C. Cellular metabolism and activation of retinoids: roles of cellular retinoid-binding proteins. FASEB J. 7 (1993) 317-327
70. Ross J.J., Shimmi O., Vilmos P., Petryk A., Kim H., Gaudenz K., Hermanson S., Ekker S.C., O'Connor M.B., and Marsh J.L. Twisted gastrulation is a conserved extracellular BMP antagonist. Nature 410 (2001) 479-483
71. Rusakov D.A., and Kullmann D.M. Geometric and viscous components of the tortuosity of the extracellular space in the brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 8975-8980
72. Saha K., and Schaffer D.V. Signal dynamics in Sonic hedgehog tissue patterning. Development 133 (2006) 889-900
73. Schier A.F., and Talbot W.S. Molecular genetics of axis formation in zebrafish. Annu. Rev. Genet. 39 (2005) 561-613
74. Scholpp S., and Brand M. Endocytosis controls spreading and effective signaling range of Fgf8 protein. Curr. Biol. 14 (2004) 1834-1841
75. Schrodinger E. What is Life? (1944), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
76. Shimizu K., and Gurdon J.B. A quantitative analysis of signal transduction from activin receptor to nucleus and its relevance to morphogen gradient interpretation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 6791-6796
77. Shimmi O., and O'Connor M.B. Physical properties of Tld, Sog, Tsg and Dpp protein interactions are predicted to help create a sharp boundary in Bmp signals during dorsoventral patterning of the Drosophila embryo. Development 130 (2003) 4673-4682
78. Shvartsman S.Y., Muratov C.B., and Lauffenburger D.A. Modeling and computational analysis of EGF receptor-mediated cell communication in Drosophila oogenesis. Development 129 (2002) 2577-2589
79. Small S., Blair A., and Levine M. Regulation of even-skipped stripe 2 in the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 11 (1992) 4047-4057
80. Stelling J., Sauer U., Szallasi Z., Doyle III F.J., and Doyle J. Robustness of cellular functions. Cell 118 (2004) 675-685
81. Strigini M., and Cohen S.M. Formation of morphogen gradients in the Drosophila wing. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 10 (1999) 335-344
82. Tabata T., and Takei Y. Morphogens, their identification and regulation. Development 131 (2004) 703-712
83. Teleman A.A., and Cohen S.M. Dpp gradient formation in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. Cell 103 (2000) 971-980
84. Turing A.M. The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B237 (1952) 37-72
85. Umulis D.M., Serpe M., O'Connor M.B., and Othmer H.G. Robust, bistable patterning of the dorsal surface of the Drosophila embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006) 11613-11618 10.1073/pnas.0510398103 Published online July 24, 2006
86. Vilmos P., Sousa-Neves R., Lukacsovich T., and Marsh J.L. crossveinless defines a new family of Twisted-gastrulation-like modulators of bone morphogenetic protein signalling. EMBO Rep. 6 (2005) 262-267
87. von Dassow G., Meir E., Munro E.M., and Odell G.M. The segment polarity network is a robust developmental module. Nature 406 (2000) 188-192
88. Von Dassow G., and Odell G.M. Design and constraints of the Drosophila segment polarity module: robust spatial patterning emerges from intertwined cell state switches. J. Exp. Zool. 294 (2002) 179-215
89. Wang Y.-C., and Ferguson E.L. Spatial bistability of Dpp-receptor interactions during Drosophila dorsal-ventral patterning. Nature 434 (2005) 229-234
90. Wiley H.S., Shvartsman S.Y., and Lauffenburger D.A. Computational modeling of the EGF-receptor system: a paradigm for systems biology. Trends Cell Biol. 13 (2003) 43-50
91. Wolpert L. Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation. J. Theor. Biol. 25 (1969) 1-47
92. Yamamoto M., Saijoh Y., Perea-Gomez A., Shawlot W., Behringer R.R., Ang S.L., Hamada H., and Meno C. Nodal antagonists regulate formation of the anteroposterior axis of the mouse embryo. Nature 428 (2004) 387-392
93. Yu K., Sturtevant M.A., Biehs B., Francois V., Padgett R.W., Blackman R.K., and Bier E. The Drosophila decapentaplegic and short gastrulation genes function antagonistically during adult wing vein development. Development 122 (1996) 4033-4044