Relationship between estrogen and schizophrenia

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 45-55

  Mortimer, A M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antipsychotic; Estrogen; Estrogen receptor; Prolactin; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

CHLORPROMAZINE; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; HALOPERIDOL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PLACEBO; PROGESTERONE; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; RISPERIDONE;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; AMENORRHEA; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSKINESIA; DYSTONIA; ESTROGEN ACTIVITY; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; MENARCHE; NERVE CELL EXCITABILITY; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PSYCHOSIS; PUERPERAL PSYCHOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; HUMANS; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 33846190228     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.1.45     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Cho J, Lannucci F, Fraile M et al. The role of the estrogen in neuroprotection: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 24(3/4), 141-147 (2003).
2. Zhao L, Brinton R. Estrogen receptor beta as a therapeutic target for promoting neurogenesis and preventing neurodegeneration. Drug Dev. Res 66(2), 103-117 (2005).
3. Mhyre A, Dorsa D. Estrogen activates rapid signaling in the brain: role of estrogen receptor a and estrogen receptor β in neurons and glia. Neuroscience 138(3), 851-858 (2006).
4. Funakoshi T, Yanai A, Shinoda K et al. G protein-coupled receptor 30 is an estrogen receptor in the plasma membrane. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 346(3), 904-910 (2006).
5. Qiu J, Bosch M, Tobias S et al. A G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor is involved in hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis. J. Neurosci. 26(21), 5649-5655 (2006).
6. Doncarlos L, Greene G, Morrell J. Distribution of estrogen receptor-immunoreactive cells in the forebrain of the female guinea pig. J. Comp. Neurol. 305, 591-612 (1991).
7. Kuppers E, Beyer C. Expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beat mRNA in the developing and adult mouse stratium. Neurosci. Lett. 276, 95-98 (1999).
8. Ostlund H, Keller E, Nordstrom A-L. Estrogen receptor gene expression in relation to neuropsychiatric disorders. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1007, 54-63 (2003).
9. Cowley S, Hoare S, Mosselman S et al. Estrogen receptor alpha and beta form heterodimers on DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 18862-19858 (1997).
10. Kukstas L, Domec C, Bascles L et al. Different expression of the two dopaminergic D2 receptors, D2415 and D2444, in two types of lactotroph each characterised by their response to dopamine and modification of expression by sex steroids. Endocrinology 129, 1101-1103 (1991).
11. Manthey D, Behl C. From structural biochemistry to expression profiling: neuroprotective activities of estrogen. Neuroscience 138(3), 845-850 (2006).
12. Amantea D, Russo R, Bagetta G et al. From clinical evidence to molecular mechanisms underlying neuroprotection afforded by estrogens. Pharmacol. Res. 52(2), 119-132 (2005).
13. Murphy S, McCullough L, Littleton-Kearney M et al. Estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators: neuroprotection in the women's health initiative era. Endocrine 21(1), 17-26 (2003).
14. Duenas M, Luquin S, Chowen J et al. Gonadal hormone regulation of insulin growth factor-I-like immunoreactivity in hypotalamic astroglia of developing and adult rat. Neuroendocrinology 59, 528-538 (1994).
15. Zhao L, O'Neill K, Brinton R. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for the brain: current status and remaining challenges for developing neuroSERMs. Brain Res. Rev. 49(3), 472-493 (2005).
16. Zandi P, Carlso B, Plassman K et al. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: the Cache County Study. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 288, 2123-2129 (2002).
17. Shumaker S, Legault C, Rapp S et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 289, 2651-2662 (2003).
18. Zhang Y, Champagne N, Beitel L. Estrogen and androgen protection of human neurons against intracellular amyloid beta 1-42 toxicity through heat shock protein 70. J. Neurosci. 24(23), 5315-5321 (2004).
19. Tang Y, Haslam S, Conrad S et al. Estrogen increases brain expression of the mRNA encoding transthyretin, an amyloid beta scanenger protein. J. Alzheimers Dis. 6(4), 414-420 (2004).
20. Peri A, Danza G, Serio M. Seladin-1 as a target of estrogen receptor activation in the brain: a new gene for a rather old story? J. Endocrinol. Invest. 28(3), 285-293 (2005).
21. Arita J, Kimura F. Director inhibitory effect of long term estradiol treatment on dopamine synthesis in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons: studies using hypothalamic slices. Endocrinology 121, 692-698 (1987).
22. Molitch M. The pituitary. Prolactin. Blackwell Science, Cambridge (MA), USA, 136-186 (1995).
23. Nordstrom A-L, Olsson H, Halldin C. A PET study of D2 dopamine receptor density at different phases of the menstrual cycle. Psych. Res. 83, 1-6 (1998).
24. Cyr M, Calon F, Morissette M et al. Estrogenic modulation of brain activity: implications for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 27, 12-27 (2002).
25. Oesterlund M. The role of estrogens in neuropsychiatric disorder. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 15, 307-312 (2002).
26. Di Paolo T. Modulation of brain dopamine transmission by sex steroids. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 27-41 (1994).
27. Moses E, Drevets W, Smith G et al. Effects of estradiol and progesterone administration on human serotonin 2A receptor binding: a PET study. Biol. Psychiatry 48, 854-860 (2000).
28. Salokangas R, Honkonen T, Saarinen S. Women have later onset than men in schizophrenia - but only in its paranoid form. Results of the DSP project. Eur. Psychiatry 18, 274-281 (2003).
29. Gruzelier J. Syndromes of schizophrenia and schizotypy, hemispheric imbalance and sex differences: implications for developmental psychopathology. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 18, 167-178 (1994).
30. Yonkers K, Kando J, Cole J. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropic medication. Am. J. Psychiatry 149, 587-595 (1992).
31. Di Paolo T, Poyet P, Labrie F. Effect of prolactin and estradiol on rat striatal dopamine receptors. J. Life Sci. 31, 2921-2929 (1982).
32. Pearlstein T, Rosen K, Stone A. Mood disorders and menopause. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am. 26, 279-294 (1997).
33. Sichel D, Cohen L, Robertson L et al. Prophylactic estrogen in recurrent postpartum affective disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 38, 814-818 (1995).
34. Gregoire A, Kumar R, Everitt B et al. Transdermal oestrogen for treatment of severe postnatal depression. Lancet 347, 930-933 (1996).
35. Best N, Rees M, Barlow D et al. Effect of estradiol implant on noradrenergic function and mood in menopausal subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 17, 87-93 (1992).
36. Grigoriadis S, Seeman M. The role of estrogen in schizophrenia: implications for schizophrenia practice guidelines for women. Can. J. Psychiatry 47(5), 437-442 (2002).
37. Riecher-Rossler A, Hafner H. Schizophrenia and oestrogens - is there an association? Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 242, 323-328 (1993).
38. Hafner H, Riecher-Rossler A, Maurer K et al. First onset and early symptomatology of schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 242, 109-118 (1992).
39. Hambrecht M, Maurer K, Hafner H. Evidence for a gender bias in epidemiological studies of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res. 8, 223-231 (1992).
40. Galdos P, Van Os J, Murray R. Puberty and the onset of psychosis. Schizophrenia Res. 10, 7-14 (1993).
41. Faraone S, Chen W, Goldstein J et al. Gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 164(625), 629 (1994).
42. Szymanski S, Lieberman J, Alvir J et al. Gender differences in onset of illness, treatment response, course and biological indexes in first-episode schizophrenic patient. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 698-703 (1995).
43. Konneke R, Hafner H, Maurer K et al. Main risk factors for schizophrenia: increased familial loading and pre- and peri-natal complications antagonize the protective effect of oestrogen in women. Schizophrenia Res. 44, 81-93 (2000).
44. Hafner H. Gender differences in schizophrenia. In: Estrogen Effects in Psychiatric Disorders. Bergemann N, Riecher-Rossler A (Eds). Wien, Springer, NY, USA. (2003).
45. De Bellis M, Keshavan M, Beers S et al. Sex differences in brain maturation during childhood and adolescence. Cereb. Cortex 11, 552-557 (2001).
46. Chang S, Renshaw D. Psychosis and pregnancy. Compr. Therapy 12, 36-41 (1986).
47. Riecher-Rossler A, Loffler W, Munk-Jorgenssen P. What do we really know about late-onset schizophrenia? Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 247, 195-208 (1997).
48. Riecher-Rossler A. Estrogen effects in schizophrenia and their potential therapeutic implications: review. Arch. Womens Ment. Health 5, 111-118 (2002).
49. Riecher-Rossler A, Rossler W. The course of schizophrenic psychoses: what do we really know? A selective review from an epidemiological perspective. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 248, 189-202 (1998).
50. Seeman M. Interaction of sex, age and antipsychotic dose. Compr.Psychiatry 24, 125-128 (1983).
51. Salokangas R. Gender and the use of neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res. 66, 41-49 (2004).
52. Lindamer L, Buse D, Lohr J et al. Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia: positive effect on negative symptoms? Biol. Psychiatry 49(1), 47-51 (2001).
53. Gardiner S, Morrison M, Mozley P et al. Pilot study on the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on brain dopamine transporter availability in healthy, postmenopausal women. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 12(6), 621-630 (2004).
54. Thompson K, Sergejew A, Kulkarni J. Estrogen affects cognition in women with psychosis. Psych. Res. 94, 201-209 (2000).
55. Seeman M. Current outcome in schizophrenia: women vs men. Acta Psych. Scand. 73, 609-617 (1986).
56. Hafner H, Riecher-Rossler A, an der Heiden W et al. Generating and testing a causal explanation of gender difference in age at first onset of schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 23, 925-940 (1993).
57. Grigoriadis S, Seeman M. The role of estrogen in schizophrenia: implications for schizophrenia practice guidelines for women. Can. J. Psychiatry 47(5), 437-442 (2002).
58. Riecher-Rossler A, Hafner H, Maurer K et al. Schizophrenic symptomatology varies with serum estradiol levels during menstrual cycle. Schizophrenia Res. 6, 114-115 (1992).
59. Hallonquist J, Seeman M, Lang M et al. Variation in symptoms severity over the menstrual cycle of schizophrenics. Biol. Psychiatry 33, 207-209 (1993).
60. Gattaz W, Vogel P, Riecher-Rossler A et al. Influence of the menstrual cycle phase on the therapeutic response in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 36, 137-139 (1994).
61. Seeman M. The role of estrogen in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 21, 123-127 (1996).
62. Choi S, Kang S, Joe S. Changes in premenstrual symptoms in women with schizophrenia: a prospective study. Psychosom. Med. 6, 822-829 (2001).
63. Akhondzadeh S, Mokhberi K, Amini H et al. Is there a relationship between estrogen serum level and symptom severity throughout the menstrual cycle of patients with schizophrenia? Therapy 2(5), 745-751 (2005).
64. Halari R, Kumari V, Mehrotra R et al. The relationship of sex hormones and cortisol with cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. J. Psychopharmacol. 18(3), 366-374 (2004).
65. Hendrick V, Altshuler L, Burt V. Course of psychiatric disorders across the menstrual cycle. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 4(4), 200-207 (1996).
66. Kumar C, McIvor R, Davies T et al. Estrogen administration does not reduce the rate of recurrence of affective psychosis after childbirth. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64, 112-118 (2003).
67. Bosanac P, Buist A, Burrows G. Motherhood and schizophrenic illnesses: a review of the literature. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, 24-30 (2003).
68. Byrnes E, Byrnes J, Bridges R. Increased sensitivity of dopamine systems following reproductive experiences in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 68, 481-489 (2001).
69. Cohen R, Seeman M, Gotowiec A et al. Earlier puberty as a predictor of later onset of schizophrenia in women. Am.J. Psychiatry 156, 1059-1064 (1999).
70. Cohen R, Seeman M. Puberty and schizophrenia onset. In: Estrogen Effects in Psychiatric Disorders. Bergemann N, Riecher-Rossler A, (Eds). Springer Wien, NY, USA (2003).
71. Hochman K, Lewine R. Ages of menarche and schizophrenia onset in women. Schizophrenia Res. 69, 183-188 (2004).
72. Warner M, Walker A, d'Souza D et al. Lower prolactin bioactivity in unmedicated schizophrenic patients. Psych. Res.102, 249-254 (2001).
73. Perlman W, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Montague D et al. Alteration in estrogen receptor mRNA levels in frontal cortex and hippocampus of patients with major mental illness. Biol. Psychiatry 58, 812-824 (2005).
74. Arato M, Frecska E, Beck C et al. Digit length pattern in schizophrenia suggests disturbed prenatal hemispheric lateralization. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 28, 191-194 (2004).
75. Mahe V, Dumaine A. Oestrogen withdrawal associated psychoses. Acta Psych. Scand. 104, 323-331 (2001).
76. Goekoop R, Duschek E, Knol D et al. Raloxifene exposure enhances brain activation during memory performance in healthy elderly males; its possible relevance to behavior. Neuroimage 25(1), 63-75 (2005).
77. Craig M, Cutter W, Norbury R et al. Ostrogens, brain function and neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 17, 209-214 (2004).
78. Arad M, Weiner I. Loss of latent inhibition in ovariectomized female rats, possible link to the estrogen hypothesis of schizophrenia. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 16(Suppl. 4), S396 (2006).
79. McKenna PCLMMBA. Memory in schizophrenia, what is impaired and what is preserved. Neuropsychologia 31, 1225-1241 (1993).
80. Mortimer A. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Psychiatry 4(10), 26-29 (2005).
81. Hoff A, Kremen W, Wieneke M et al. Association of estrogen levels with neuropsychological performance in women with schizophrenia. Am.J. Psychiatry 158, 1134-1139 (2001).
82. Thompson K, Kulkarni J, Sergejew A. Extrapyradmidal symptoms and oestrogen. Acta. Psychiatrica. Scandinavica. 101(2), 130-134 (2000).
83. Kinon B, Gilmore J, Liu H et al. Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenic patients treated with conventional antipsychotic medications or risperidone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28(Suppl. 2), 55-68 (2003).
84. Rao M, Gross G, Halaris A et al. Hyperdopaminergia in schizophreniform psychosis: a chronobiological study. Psych. Res. 47, 187-203 (1993).
85. Bergemann N, Mundt C, Parzer P et al. Plasma concentrations of estradiol in women suffering from schizophrenia treated with conventional versus atypical antipsychotics. Schizophrenia Res. 73, 357-366 (2005).
86. Gregory B. The menstrual cycle and its disorders in psychiatric patients: 11. J. Psychosom. Res. 2, 199-224 (1957).
87. Haddad P, Wieck A. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia, mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs 64(20), 2291-2314 (2004).
88. Bergemann N. Hypooestrogenism in schizophrenic women. Arch. Womens Ment. Health 3(Suppl. 2), S154 (2001).
89. Canuso C, Goldstein J, Wojcik J et al. Antipsychotic medication, prolactin elevation and ovarian function in women with schizophrenia and schizoafffective disorder. Psych. Res.111, 11-20 (2002).
90. Bergemann N, Mundt C, Parzer P et al. Plasma concentrations of estradiol in women suffering from schizophrenia treated with conventional versus atypical antipsychotics. Schizophrenia Res. 73, 357-366 (2005).
91. Huber T, Borsutzky M, Schneider U et al. Psychotic disorders and gonadal function: evidence supporting the oestrogen hypothesis. Acta. Psychiatrica. Scandinavica. 109, 269-274 (2004).
92. Baptista T, Lacruz A, Angeles F et al. Endocrine and metabolic profile in the obesity associated to typical antipsychotic drug-administration. Pharmacopsychiatry 34, 223-231 (2001).
93. Baptista T, Beaulieu S. The hypothesis of oestrogen withdrawal associated psychoses and the paradox of antipsychotic drug-induced hypoestrogenaemia. Acta. Psychiatrica. Scandinavica. 105(6), 473-474 (2002).
94. Rao M, Kolsch H. Effects of estrogen on brain development and neuroprotection - implications for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28, 83-96 (2003).
95. Hafner H. Gender differences in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2, 17-54 (2003).
96. Felthous A, Robinson D, Conroy R. Prevention of recurrent menstrual psychosis by an oral contraceptive. Am. J. Psychiatry 137(2), 245-246 (1980).
97. Villeneuve A, Cazejust T, Cote M. Estrogens in tardive dyskinesia in male psychiatric patients. Neuropsychobiology 6(3), 145-151 (1980).
98. Koller W, Barr A, Biary N. Estrogen treatment of dyskinetic disorders. Neurology 32(5), 547-549 (1982).
99. O'Connor M, Baker H. Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as an adjunctive treatment in three aggressive schizophrenic patients. Acta. Psych. Scand. 67, 399-403 (1983).
100. Korhonen S, Saarijarvi S, Aito M. Successful estradiol treatment of psychotic symptoms in the premenstrual phase: a case report. Acta. Psych. Scand. 92, 237-238 (1995).
101. Lindamer L, Lohr J, Harris M, Jeste D. Gender, estrogen and schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 33(2), 221-228 (1997).
102. Ahokas A, Aito M, Rimon R. Positive treatment effect of estradiol in postpartum psychosis: a pilot study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 61, 166-169 (2000).
103. Liao D-L, Chen H, Lee S-M et al. Estrogen supplementation for female schizophrenics treated with atypical antipsychotics. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 24(5), 357-359 (2002).
104. Tunde-Ayinmode M, Singh A, Marsden K. Improved functioning in a woman with schizophrenia on exclusive therapy with oestrogen pills. Australasian Psychiatry 10(4), 403-404 (2002).
105. Glazer W, Naftolin F, Morgenstern H. Estrogen replacement and tardive dyskinesia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 10(3), 345-350 (1985).
106. Kulkarni J, Riedel A, de Castella A et al. Estrogen - a potential treatment for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res. 48, 137-144 (2001).
107. Akhondzadeh S, Nejatisafa A, Amini H et al. Adjunctive estrogen treatment in women with chronic schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27, 1007-1012 (2003).
108. Bergemann N, Mundt C, Parzer P et al. Estrogen as an adjuvant therapy to antipsychotics does not prevent relapse in women suffering from schizophrenia, results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Schizophrenia Res. 74, 125-134 (2005).
109. Chua W, de Izquierdo Santiago A, Kulkarni J, Mortimer A. Estrogen for schizophrenia (review). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4) (2005).
110. Good K, Kopala L, Martzke J et al. Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia: preliminary findings. Schizophrenia Res. 12(3), 131 (1999).
111. Mortimer A. Another triumph of hope over experience?: revisiting. treatment of the patient with long-term schizophrenia. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 11, 227-285 (2005).
112. Buchanan R, Kreyenbuhl J, Zito J, Lehman A. Relationship of the use of adjunctive pharmacological agents to symptoms and level of function in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 159(6), 1035-1043 (2002).
113. Lerner V, Libov I, Kotler M, Strous R. Combination of atypical antipsychotic medication in the management of treatment resistant schizphrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 28(1), 89-98 (2004).
114. Stahl S, Grady M. A critical review of atypical antipsychotic utilization: comparing monotherapy with polypharmacy and augmentation. Current Medicinal Chemistry - Central Nervous System Agents 11(3), 313-327 (2004).
115. Rossouw J anderson G, Prentice R et al. Risks and benefits of estogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288(3), 321-333 (2002).
116. Brinton R. Requirements of a brain selective estrogen: advances and remaining challenges for developing a neuroSERM. J. Alzheimers Dis. 6(Suppl.), S27-S35 (2004).
117. Yaffe K, Krueger K, Cummings S et al. Effect of raloxifene on prevention of dementia and cognitive impairment in older women: the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation (MORE) randomized trail. Am. J. Psychiatry 162(4), 683-690 (2006).
118. Labrie F. Future perspectives of selective estrogen receptor modulators used alone and in combination with DHEA. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 13(2), 335-355 (2006).
119. Mazeh D, Zemishlani H, Barak Y et al. Donezepil for negative signs in schizophrenia: an add-on, double -blind, placebo controlled crossover study. Int. Psychogeriatr. 18(3), 429-436 (2006).