Bioequivalence of β-carotene and retinol

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture

Volumn 87, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 13-39

  Thurnham, David I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

carotene; Bioequivalence; Inflammation; Lutein; Retinol

Indexed keywords

VERMES;

EID: 33846060259     PISSN: 00225142     EISSN: 10970010     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.2647     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. FAO/WHO, Requirements of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. FAO/WHO Expert Groups Technical Report Series No. 362, Geneva (1967).
2. US Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc. National Academic Press, Washington, DC (2000).
3. Van Vliet T, van Vlissingen MF, Van Schaik F and Van Den Berg H, Beta-carotene absorption and cleavage in rats is affected by the vitamin A concentration of the diet. J Nutr 126:499-508 (1996).
4. Thurnham DI, McCabe GP, Northrop-Clewes CA and Nestel P, Effect of subclinical infection on plasma tetinol concentrations and assessment of prevalence of vitamin A deficiency: meta-analysis. Lancet 362:2052-2058 (2003).
5. de Pee S, West CE, Permaesih D, Murtuti S, Muhilal and Hautvast GAJ, Orange fruit is more effective than are dark-green, leafy vegetables in increasing serum concentrations of retinol and β-carotene in schoolchildren in Indonesia. Am J Clin Nutr 68:1058-1067 (1998).
6. van Lieshout M, West CE and van Breemen RB, Isotopic tracer techniques for studying the bioavailability and bioefficacy of dietary carotenoids, particularly β-carotene, in humans: a review. Am J Clin Nutr 77:12-28 (2003).
7. Erdman JW Jr, Bierer TL and Gugger ET, Absorption and transport of carotenoids. Ann NY Acad Sci 691:76-85 (1993).
8. Parvin SG and Sivakumar B, Nutritional status affects intestinal carotene cleavage activity and carotene conversion to vitamin A in rats. J Nutr 130:573-577 (1999).
9. Bates CJ, Matthews N, West B, Morison L and Walraven G, Plasma carotenoids and vitamin E concentrations in women living in a rural West African (Gambian) community. Int J Vit Nutr Res 72:133-141 (2001).
10. Van Vliet T, Van Schaik F, Schreurs WHP and Van Den Berg H, In vitro measurement of beta-carotene cleavage activity: methodological considerations and the effect of other carotenoids on beta-carotene cleavage. Int J Vit Nutr Res 66:77-85 (1996).
11. Thurnham DI and Flora PS, Do higher vitamin A requirements in men explain the difference between the sexes in plasma provitamin A carotenoids and retinol? Proc Nutr Soc 47:181A (1988).
12. Howard AN, Williams NR, Palmer CR, Cambou JP, Evans AE, Foote JW, et al, Do hydroxy carotenoids prevent coronary heart disease? A comparison between Belfast and Toulouse. Int J Vit Nutr Res 66:113-118 (1996).
13. Olmedilla B, Granado F, Southon S, Wright AJA, Blanco I, Gil-Martinez E, et al, Serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins A, E, and C in control subjects from five European countries. Br J Nutr 85:227-238 (2001).
14. Scott KJ, Thurnham DI, Hart DJ, Bingham SA and Day K, The correlation between the intake of lutein, lycopene and β-carotene from vegetables and fruits and blood plasma concentrations in a group of women aged 50-65 years in the UK. Br J Nutr 75:409-418 (1996).
15. Lietz G, Henry JK, Mulokozi G, Mugyabuso JKL, Ballart A, Ndossi GD, et al, Comparison of the effects of supplemental red palm oil and sunflower oil on maternal vitamin A status. Am J Clin Nutr 74:501-509 (2001).
16. Mulokozi G, Lietz G, Svanberg U, Mugyabuso JK, Henry JK and Tomkins A, Plasma levels of retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherols in relation to dietary pattern among pregnant Tanzanian women. Int J Vit Nutr Res 73:323-333 (2003).
17. Kritchevsky SB, Bush AJ, Pahor M and Gross MD, Serum carotenoids and markers of inflammation in non-smokers. Am J Epidemiol 152:1065-1071 (2000).
18. Erlinger TP, Guallar E, Miller ER, Stolzenberg-Solomon R and Appel LJ, Relationship between systemic markers of inflammation and serum β-carotene levels. Arch Intern Med 161:1903-1908 (2001).
19. Cser MA, Majchrzak D, Rust P, Sziklai-Laszlo I, Kovacs I, Bocskai E, et al, Serum carotenoid and retinol levels during childhood infections. Ann Nutr Metab 48:156-162 (2004).
20. Thurnham DI, Mburu ASW Mwaniki DL and de Wagt A Micronutrients in childhood and the influence of subclinical inflammation. Proc Nutr Soc 64:502-509 (2005).
21. Tyczkowski JK, Hamilton PB and Ruff MD, Altered metabolism of carotenoids during pale-bird syndrome in chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. Poult Sci 70:2074-2081 (1991).
22. Koutsos EA, Calvert CC and Klasing KC, The effect of an acute phase response on tissue carotenoid levels of growing chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Comp Biochem Physiol A 135:635-646 (2003).
23. Rock CL, Swenseid ME, Jacob RA and McKee RW, Plasma carotenoid levels in human subjects fed a low carotenoid diet. J Nutr 122:96-100 (1992).
24. Micozzi MS, Brown ED, Edwards BK, Bieri JG, Taylor PR, Khachik F, et al, Plasma carotenoid response to chronic intake of selected foods and β-carotene supplements in men. Am J Clin Nutr 55:1120-1125 (1992).
25. Siems W, Wiswedel I, Salerno C, Crifo C, Augustin W, Schild L, et al, β-Carotene breakdown products may impair mitochondrial functions: potential side effects of high-dose β-carotene supplementation. J Nutr Biochem 16:385-397 (2005).
26. Sommerburg O, Langhans C-D, Arnhold J, Leichsenring M, Salerno C, Crifo C, et al, β-Carotene cleavage products after oxidation mediated by hypochlorous acid: a model for neutrophil-derived degradation. Free Rad Biol Med 35:1480-1490 (2003).
27. Hurst JS, Contreras JE, Siems WG and van Kuijk FJ, Oxidation of carotenoids by heat and tobacco smoke. Biofactors 20:23-35 (2004).
28. Heinonen MI, Ollilainen V, Linkola EK, Varo PT and Koivistoinen PE, Carotenoids in Finnish foods: vegetables, fruits, and berries. J Agric Food Chem 37:655-659 (1989).
29. Tang G-W, Gu X-F, Hu S-M, Xu Q-M, Qin J, Dolnikowski GG, et al, Green and yellow vegetables can maintain body stores of vitamin A in Chinese children. Am J Clin Nutr 70:1069-1076 (1999).
30. van het Hof KH, Brouwer IA, West CE, Haddeman E, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, van Dusseldorp M, et al, Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that from β-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr 70:261-268 (1999).
31. Castenmiller JJ, West CE, Linssen JP, van het Hof KH and Voragen AG, The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of beta-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. J Nutr 129:349-355 (1999).
32. Thurnham DI, Northrop-Clewes CA, Paracha PI and McLoone UJ, The possible significance of parallel changes in plasma lutein and retinol in Pakistani infants during the summer season. Br J Nutr 78:775-784 (1997).
33. Granado F, Olmedilla B and Blanco I, Nutritional and clinical relevance of lutein in human health. Br J Nutr 90:487-502 (2003).
34. Thurnham DI, Northrop-Clewes CA and Chopra M, Biomarkers of vegetable and fruit intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 68:756-757 (1998).
35. Gregory JR, Foster K, Tyler H and Wiseman M, The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults. HMSO, London (1990).
36. Gregory JR, Lowe S, Bates CJ, Prentice A, Jackson LV, Smithers G, et al, National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Children 4 to 18 Years. Vol. 1: Report of the Diet and Nutrition Survey. Stationery Office, London (2000).
37. Gregory JR, Collins DL, Davies PSW, Hughes JM and Clarke PC, National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Children Aged 1 1/2 to 4 1/2 years. Stationery Office, London (1995).
38. Ballew C, Bowman BA, Sowell AL and Gillespie C, Serum retinol distribution in residents of the United States: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am J Clin Nutr 73:586-593 (2001).
39. Hume EM and Krebs HA. Vitamin A Requirements of Human Adults: A Report of the Vitamin A Sub-committee of the Accessory Food Factors Committee. Report no. 264, HMSO, London (1949).
40. Sauberlich HE, Hodges RE, Wallace DL, Kolder H, Canham JE, Hood J, et al, Vitamin A metabolism and requirements in the human studied with the use of labeled retinol. Vitam Horm 32:251-275 (1974).
41. Wang X-D, Tang G-W, Fox JG, Krinsky NI and Russell RM, Enzymic conversion of β-carotene in β-apocarotenals and retinoids by human, monkey, ferret, and rat tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys 285:8-16 (1991).
42. von Lintig J and Wyss A, Molecular analysis of vitamin A formation: cloning and characterization of beta-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 385:47-52 (2001).
43. von Lintig J and Vogt K, Filling the gap in vitamin A research: molecular identification of an enzyme cleaving beta-carotene to retinal. J Biol Chem 275:11915-11920 (2000).
44. Beaton GH, Martorell R, Aronson KJ, Edmonston B, McCabe GP, Ross AC, et al, Effectiveness of Vitamin A Supplementation in the Control of Young Child Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Countries. World Health Organization, Geneva (1993).
45. Glasziou PP and Mackerras DEM, Vitamin A supplementation in infectious diseases: a meta-analysis. Br Med J 306:366-370 (1993).
46. Bulux J, Quan de Serrano J, Giuliano AR, Perez R, Lopez CY, Rivera C, et al, Plasma response of children to short-term β-carotene supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 59:1369-1375 (1994).
47. Jalal F, Nesheim MC, Zulkarmain A, Diva S and Habicht J-P, Serum retinol concentrations in children are affected by food sources of β-carotene, fat intake and antihelmintic drug treatment. Am J Clin Nutr 68:623-629 (1998).
48. Northrop-Clewes CA, Rousham EK, Mascie-Taylor CG and Lunn PG, Anthelmintic treatment of rural Bangladeshi children: effect on host physiology, growth and biochemical status. Am J Clin Nutr 73:53-60 (2001).
49. de Pee S, West CE, Muhilal, Karyadi D and Hautvast JGAJ, Lack of improvement in vitamin A status with increased consumption of dark-green leafy vegetables. Lancet 346:75-81 (1995).
50. Wieringa FT, Dijkhuizen MA, West CE, Northrop-Clewes CA and Muhilal, Estimation of the effect of the acute phase response on indicators of micronutrient status in Indonesian infants. J Nutr 132:3061-3066 (2002).
51. Hess SY, Thurnham DI and Hurrell RF, Influence of provitamin A carotenoids on iron, zinc and vitamin A status. Harvest Plus Technical Monographs 6. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC (2005).
52. Thurnham DI and Vitamin A, iron and haematopoiesis. Lancet 342:1312-1313 (1993).
53. Stephensen CB, Franchi LM, Hernandez H, Campos M, Colarossi A and Gilman RH, Assessment of vitamin A status with the relative dose response test in Peruvian children recovering from pneumonia. Am J Clin Nutr 76:1351-1357 (2002).
54. Ahmed F, Mohiduzzaman M and Jackson AA, Vitamin A absorption in children with ascariasis. Br J Nutr 69:817-825 (1993).
55. Brown KH, Gilman RH, Khatun M and Ahmed G, Absorption of macronutrients from a rice-vegetable diet before and after treatment of ascariasis in children. Am J Clin Nutr 33:1975-1982 (1980).
56. Tanumihardjo SA, Permaesih D, Rustan ME, Rusmil K, Fatah AC, Wilbur S, et al, Vitamin A status of Indonesian children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides after dosing with vitamin A supplements and albendazole. J Nutr 126:451-457 (1996).
57. Brown ED, Micozzi MS, Craft NE, Bieri JG, Beecher G, Edwards BK, et al, Plasma carotenoids in normal men after a single ingestion of vegetables or purified β-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr 49:1258-1265 (1989).
58. Rock CL, Lovalvo JL, Emenhiser C, Ruffin MT, Flatt SW and Schwartz SJ, Bioavailability of β-carotene is lower in raw than in processed carrots and spinach in women. J Nutr 128:913-916 (1998).
59. Tyssandier V, Cardinault N, Caris-Veyrat C, Amiot M-J, Grolier P, Bouteloup C, et al, Vegetable-borne lutein, lycopene, and β-carotene complete for incorporation into chylomicrons, with no adverse effect on the medium-term (3-week) plasma status of carotenoids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 75:526-534 (2002).
60. Riso P, Brusamolino A, Scalfi L and Porrini M, Bioavailability of carotenoids from spinach and tomatoes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 14:150-156 (2004).
61. Kostic D, White WS and Olson JA, Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and β-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined doses. Am J Clin Nutr 62:604-610 (1995).
62. Yeum KJ, Lee-Kim YC, Yoon S, Lee KY, Park IS, Lee KS, et al, Similar metabolites formed from beta-carotene by human gastric mucosal homogenates, lipoxygenase, or linoleic acid hydroperoxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 321:167-174 (1995).
63. Tyczkowski JK and Hamilton PB, Metabolism of lutein diester during aflatoxicosis in young chickens. Poult Sci 66:2011-2016 (1987).
64. Ruff MD and Fuller HL, Some mechanisms of reduction of carotenoid levels in chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina or E. tenella. J Nutr 105:1447-1456 (1975).
65. van Lieshout M, West CE, Muhilal, Permaesih D, Wang Y, Xu X, et al, Bioefficacy of β-carotene dissolved in oil studied in children in Indonesia. Am J Clin Nutr 73:949-958 (2001).
66. Parker RS, Absorption, metabolism and transport of carotenoids. FASEB J 10:542-551 (1996).
67. Stahl W, Schwarz W and von Laar J, All-trans β-carotene preferentially accumulates in human chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins compared with the 9-cis geometric isomer. J Nutr 125:2128-2133 (1995).
68. Lin Y, Dueker SR, Burri BJ, Neidlinger TR and Clifford AJ, Variability of the conversion to vitamin A in women measured by using a double-tracer study design. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1545-1554 (2000).
69. Hickenbottom SJ, Follett JR, Lin Y, Dueker SR, Burri BJ, Neidlinger T, et al, Variability in conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A in men as measured by using a double-tracer study design. Am J Clin Nutr 75:900-907 (2002).
70. Tang G, Qin J, Dolnikowski GG and Russell RM, Vitamin A equivalence of β-carotene in a woman as determined by the stable isotope reference method. Eur J Nutr 39:7-11 (2000).
71. Haskell MJ, Jamil KM, Hassan F, Peerson JM, Hossain MI, Fuchs GJ, et al, Daily consumption of Indian spinach (Basella alba) or sweet potatoes has a positive effect on total body vitamin A stores in Bangladeshi men. Am J Clin Nutr 80:705-714 (2004).
72. Albanes D, Virtamo J, Rautalahti M, Haukka J, Palmgren J, Gref C-G, et al, Serum beta-carotene before and after beta-carotene supplementation. Eur J Clin Nutr 46:15-24 (1992).
73. Panter-Brick C, Lunn PG, Baker R and Todd A, Elevated acute-phase protein in stunted Nepali children reporting low morbidity: different rural and urban profiles. Br J Nutr 85:125-131 (2001).
74. Northrop-Clewes CA, Lunn PG and Downes RM, Seasonal fluctuations in vitamin A status and health indicators in Gambian infants. Proc Nutr Soc 53:144A (1994).
75. Filteau SM, Morris SS, Raynes JG, Arthur P, Ross DA, Kirkwood B, et al, Vitamin A supplementation, morbidity, and serum acute-phase proteins in young Ghanaian children. Am J Clin Nutr 62:434-438 (1995).
76. Northrop-Clewes CA, Mwela C, Kankasa C, Welsh J, Politzer E, and Siamasantu W, et al, (2005) Impact of C-reactive protein on retinol concentrations of Zambian children (T40). Editors: International Life Sciences Institute. Washington, International Vitamin A Consultative Group Group. International Vitamin A Consultative Group Meeting, Washington 87 Peru 2004.
77. Bhargava A, Jukes M, Lambo J, Kihamia CM, Lorri W, Nokes C, et al, Antihelmintic treatment improves the hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations of Tanzanian schoolchildren. Food Nutr Bull 24:332-342 (2003).
78. de Pee S and West C, Dietary carotenoids and their role in combatting vitamin A deficiency: a review of the literature. Eur J Clin Nutr 50:38-53 (1996).
79. During A, Nagao A and Terao J, β-Carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase activity and cellular retinol-binding protein type II level are enhanced by dietary unsaturated triacylglycerols in rat intestines. J Nutr 128:1614-1619 (1998).
80. During A, Albaugh G and Smith JC Jr, Characterization of beta-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase activity in TC7 clone of human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 249:467-474 (1998).
81. Gregory JR, Collins DL, Davies PSW, Hughes JM and Clarke PC, National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Children Aged 1 1/2 to 4 1/2 Years. HMSO, London (1995).